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Giner J, Villanueva-Saz S, Alcover MM, Riera C, Fisa R, Verde M, Fernández A, Yzuel A. Clinical leishmaniosis in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) treated with miltefosine plus allopurinol: Serological and clinical follow-up. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100607. [PMID: 34474800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The published information on the treatment of mustelid leishmaniosis is extremely scarce because there are only two case reports available. In one case, a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was treated with a combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol and, in the other case, a therapeutic regimen with allopurinol was administrated to a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). This article describes for the first time a combined therapeutic protocol with miltefosine (2 mg/kg once a day during 28 days per os), and allopurinol (10 mg/kg twice a day PO sine die) in a domestic ferret with splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly and a facial pyogranulomatous dermatitis, with a moderate level of antibodies to Leishmania infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Giner
- Menescalia Veterinary Clinic, Ismael Merlo Actor, 5, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Florek M, Nawrot U, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Włodarczyk K, Wzorek A, Woźniak-Biel A, Brzozowska M, Galli J, Bogucka A, Król J. An analysis of the population of Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from animals in Poland, in the years 2015-2019. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6639. [PMID: 33758319 PMCID: PMC7987961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex (CNGSC) are pathogens causing severe infections in humans and animals, that for humans may result in a mortality rate ranging up to 70%. The CNGSC is divided into eight major molecular types, that may differ in their virulence and susceptibility. In order to fully understand the epidemiology of cryptococcosis, it is important to study the world distribution and population structure of these pathogens. The present study is the first presenting a population of strains isolated in Poland and one of the few using a multi-species animal group as a source of the specimen. The pathogen was present in 2.375% of the tested animals. The URA5-RFLP and MALDI-TOF MS analyses have revealed that the population consisted exclusively of C. neoformans strains, with a predominance of major molecular type VNIV (C. neoformans var. neoformans). The MALDI-TOF MS was used to perform the CNGSC strains identification on both the species and sub-species level. Despite the fact that the animals providing the specimens were not treated with 5-fluorocytosine, around 10% of the tested population presented MIC values exceeding 64 mg/L, indicating the existence of the 5-fluorocytosine-resistant strains in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Florek
- Department of Pathology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Urszula Nawrot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Wzorek
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Woźniak-Biel
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Brzozowska
- Referral Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Djursjukhusvägen 11, 73494, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | - Józef Galli
- Veterinary Laboratory Vetlab, Wodzisławska 6, 52-017, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka
- Veterinary Laboratory Vetlab, Wodzisławska 6, 52-017, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Król
- Department of Pathology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Danesi P, Falcaro C, Schmertmann LJ, de Miranda LHM, Krockenberger M, Malik R. Cryptococcus in Wildlife and Free-Living Mammals. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010029. [PMID: 33419125 PMCID: PMC7825559 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is typically a sporadic disease that affects a broad range of animal species globally. Disease is a consequence of infection with members of the Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. Although cryptococcosis in many domestic animals has been relatively well-characterized, free-living wildlife animal species are often neglected in the literature outside of occasional case reports. This review summarizes the clinical presentation, pathological findings and potential underlying causes of cryptococcosis in various other animals, including terrestrial wildlife species and marine mammals. The evaluation of the available literature supports the hypothesis that anatomy (particularly of the respiratory tract), behavior and environmental exposures of animals play vital roles in the outcome of host–pathogen–environment interactions resulting in different clinical scenarios. Key examples range from koalas, which exhibit primarily C. gattii species complex disease presumably due to their behavior and environmental exposure to eucalypts, to cetaceans, which show predominantly pulmonary lesions due to their unique respiratory anatomy. Understanding the factors at play in each clinical scenario is a powerful investigative tool, as wildlife species may act as disease sentinels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy;
| | - Laura J. Schmertmann
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (L.J.S.); (L.H.M.d.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Luisa Helena Monteiro de Miranda
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (L.J.S.); (L.H.M.d.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (L.J.S.); (L.H.M.d.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
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4
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Schmertmann LJ, Kan A, Mella VSA, Fernandez CM, Crowther MS, Madani G, Malik R, Meyer W, Krockenberger MB. Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and nasal colonization in a free-ranging koala population. Med Mycol 2020; 57:848-857. [PMID: 30649397 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, caused by environmental fungi in the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes, affects a variety of hosts, including koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Cryptococcal antigenemia and nasal colonization are well characterized in captive koalas, but free-ranging populations have not been studied systematically. Free-ranging koalas (181) from the Liverpool Plains region of New South Wales, Australia, were tested for cryptococcal antigenemia (lateral flow immunoassay) and nasal colonization (bird seed agar culture). Results were related to environmental and individual koala characteristics. Eucalypt trees (14) were also randomly tested for the presence of Cryptococcus spp. by bird seed agar culture. In sum, 5.5% (10/181) and 6.6% (12/181) of koalas were positive for antigenemia and nasal colonization, respectively, on at least one occasion. And 64.3% (9/14) of eucalypts were culture-positive for Cryptococcus spp. URA5 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis identified most isolates as C. gattii VGI, while C. neoformans VNI was only found in one koala and one tree. Colonized koalas were significantly more likely to test positive for antigenemia. No associations between antigenemia or colonization, and external environmental characteristics (the relative abundance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and season), or individual koala characteristics (body condition, sex, and age), could be established, suggesting that antigenemia and colonization are random outcomes of host-pathogen-environment interactions. The relationship between positive antigenemia status and a relatively high abundance of E. camaldulensis requires further investigation. This study characterizes cryptococcosis in a free-ranging koala population, expands the ecological niche of the C. gattii/C. neoformans species complexes and highlights free-ranging koalas as important sentinels for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Schmertmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex Kan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Valentina S A Mella
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cristina M Fernandez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mathew S Crowther
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Madani
- PO Box 3113, Hilltop, New South Wales 2575, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
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5
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Schmertmann LJ, Wardman A, Setyo L, Kan A, Meyer W, Malik R, Krockenberger MB. Identification of the environmental source of infection for a domestic ferret with cryptococcosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:828-835. [PMID: 31551015 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719876968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, caused by the Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans species complexes, is an environmentally acquired mycosis affecting a broad range of host species. Among 9 communally housed ferrets, a 5-y-old castrated male ferret domiciled in an outdoor enclosure in Sydney, Australia was diagnosed with sinonasal cryptococcosis. Clinical signs resolved during 18 mo of itraconazole therapy, but the ferret was eventually euthanized because of splenic hemangiosarcoma. At postmortem, microscopic foci of persistent cryptococcosis were detected. The diagnosis raised concerns that the owners and other ferrets were exposed to a common environmental source of infection, thus prompting an investigation. Soil samples, swabs of a hollow eucalypt log (used for behavioral enrichment), and nasal swabs from 8 asymptomatic ferrets were collected. Nasal exudate (obtained at diagnosis) and tissues (collected at postmortem) were available from the clinical case. Bird seed agar culture resulted in a heavy growth of Cryptococcus spp. from one environmental site (the log), one nasal swab, and nasal exudate and tissues from the clinical case. All other samples were culture-negative. Sub-cultured isolates from the log were a mixture of C. gattii molecular type VGI and C. neoformans molecular type VNI. Ferret isolates were a similar mixture of C. gattii VGI (all disease isolates) and C. neoformans VNI (nasal-colonizing isolate). Multilocus sequence typing further revealed the ferret isolates as identical to environmental isolates collected from the log, confirming the log as the source of clinical disease and nasal colonization. The log was removed to prevent further exposure to a high environmental load of Cryptococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Schmertmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Alison Wardman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Laura Setyo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Alex Kan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Richard Malik
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science (Schmertmann, Setyo, Krockenberger), Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer), Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (Setyo, Krockenberger), Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (Meyer, Krockenberger) and Centre for Veterinary Education (Malik), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Schmertmann, Kan, Meyer)
- Richmond Veterinary Hospital, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia (Wardman)
- Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Meyer)
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Schmertmann LJ, Bodley K, Meyer W, Malik R, Krockenberger MB. Multi-locus sequence typing as a tool to investigate environmental sources of infection for cryptococcosis in captive birds. Med Mycol 2019; 57:653-657. [PMID: 30329084 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic investigation into environmental sources of infection was conducted at an Australian zoological park after cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus gattii VGI, was diagnosed in a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) residing in a large aviary with a diverse range of other avian species. A single tree with an extensive hollow was identified as the likely source of infection based on heavy culture of C. gattii VGI, multi-locus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis of environmental and disease-related isolates. This led to the careful removal of the tree to reduce the risk of future cases of cryptococcosis in this aviary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Schmertmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney - Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Bodley
- Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney - Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
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Seyedmousavi S, Bosco SDMG, de Hoog S, Ebel F, Elad D, Gomes RR, Jacobsen ID, Jensen HE, Martel A, Mignon B, Pasmans F, Piecková E, Rodrigues AM, Singh K, Vicente VA, Wibbelt G, Wiederhold NP, Guillot J. Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538732 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals originating from environmental sources without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. Opportunistic mycoses are responsible for a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and infections caused by melanized fungi. The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis and the Bat White-nose syndrome are due to obligatory fungal pathogens. Zoonotic agents are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. The list of zoonotic fungal agents is limited but some species, like Microsporum canis and Sporothrix brasiliensis from cats, have a strong public health impact. Mycotoxins are defined as the chemicals of fungal origin being toxic for warm-blooded vertebrates. Intoxications by aflatoxins and ochratoxins represent a threat for both human and animal health. Resistance to antifungals can occur in different animal species that receive these drugs, although the true epidemiology of resistance in animals is unknown, and options to treat infections caused by resistant infections are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology (LCMI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra de M G Bosco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences-UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Renata R Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Curitiba Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elena Piecková
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karuna Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Vreulink JM, Khayhan K, Hagen F, Botes A, Moller L, Boekhout T, Vismer H, Botha A. Presence of pathogenic cryptococci on trees situated in two recreational areas in South Africa. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kinne J, Joseph M, Wernery U, Nogradi N, Hagen F. Disseminated Cryptococcus deuterogattii (AFLP6/VGII) infection in an Arabian horse from Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:229-232. [PMID: 28595777 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decades there has been an increase in cryptococcal infections caused by the basidiomycetous yeast species Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato, among humans and animals that live in endemic regions in Australia, Europe and the Americas. Unlike human cryptococcosis, little epidemiological data are available about C. gattii sensu lato infections in horses. CASE REPORT A fatal case of a disseminated C. gattii sensu lato infection in an 11-year-old Arabian gelding imported from South Africa into the United Arab Emitares is reported. Tissue samples were studied by conventional mycology procedures and the obtained cryptococcal isolate was molecularly characterized by mating-type determination, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Phylogenetic analysis was performed to investigate the geographic origin of the cryptococcal isolate. The isolate was identified as Cryptococcus deuterogattii (AFLP6/VGII), mating-type α. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was closely related to another C. deuterogattii isolate from the Middle East. CONCLUSIONS A second case of a C. deuterogattii infection in the Middle East is described. It is likely that the horse acquired the infection in the Middle East, as the isolate is closely related to that of a recent human case from that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kinne
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marina Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nora Nogradi
- Dubai Equine Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Singh K, Rani J, Neelabh, Rai GK, Singh M. The Southeastern Asian house mouse (Mus musculus castaneus Linn.) as a new passenger host for Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii molecular type VNI. Med Mycol 2017; 55:820-827. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Gerstein AC, Nielsen K. It's not all about us: evolution and maintenance of Cryptococcus virulence requires selection outside the human host. Yeast 2017; 34:143-154. [PMID: 27862271 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is predominantly an AIDS-related pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Research studies have historically focused on understanding how the organism causes human disease through the use of in vivo and in vitro model systems to identify virulence factors. Cryptococcus is not an obligate pathogen, however, as human-human transmission is either absent or rare. Selection in the environment must thus be invoked to shape the evolution of this taxa, and directly influences genotypic and trait diversity. Importantly, the evolution and maintenance of pathogenicity must also stem directly from environmental selection. To that end, here we examine abiotic and biotic stresses in the environment, and discuss how they could shape the factors that are commonly identified as important virulence traits. We identify a number of important unanswered questions about Cryptococcus diversity and evolution that are critical for understanding this deadly pathogen, and discuss how implementation of modern sampling and genomic tools could be utilized to answer these questions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza C Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Pemán J, Quindós G. Aspectos actuales de las enfermedades invasoras causadas por Candida y otros hongos levaduriformes. Rev Iberoam Micol 2016; 33:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Environmental sampling of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) trees in Spain reveals the presence of the rare Cryptococcus gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:269-72. [PMID: 25900707 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus gattii is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast that is emerging in temperate climate zones worldwide. C. gattii has repetitively been isolated from numerous tree species. Ongoing environmental sampling and molecular characterization is essential to understand the presence of this primary pathogenic microorganism in the Mediterranean environment. AIMS To report the first isolation of the rare C. gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV from the environment in Europe. METHODS Samples were collected from woody debris of carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua) and olive trees (Olea europaea) in El Perelló, Tarragona, Spain. Cryptococcus species were further characterized by using URA5-RFLP, MALDI-TOF, AFLP and MLST. The antifungal susceptibility profile to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole was determined using Sensititre Yeast One and E-test. RESULTS Cultures from one carob tree revealed the presence of ten Cryptococcus-like colonies. One colony was identified as C. gattii, and subsequent molecular characterization showed that it was an α mating-type that belonged to the rare genotype AFLP7/VGIV. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed values within the range of sensitivity described for other isolates of the same genotype and within the epidemiological cutoff values for this species. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of the rare C. gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV in Spain is the first report in the European environment, implying the possible presence in other regions of the Mediterranean area, and underlines that clinicians must be aware for C. gattii infections in healthy individuals.
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Hagen F, Khayhan K, Theelen B, Kolecka A, Polacheck I, Sionov E, Falk R, Parnmen S, Lumbsch HT, Boekhout T. Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 78:16-48. [PMID: 25721988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of 11 genetic loci and results from many genotyping studies revealed significant genetic diversity with the pathogenic Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Genealogical concordance, coalescence-based, and species tree approaches supported the presence of distinct and concordant lineages within the complex. Consequently, we propose to recognize the current C. neoformans var. grubii and C. neoformans var. neoformans as separate species, and five species within C. gattii. The type strain of C. neoformans CBS132 represents a serotype AD hybrid and is replaced. The newly delimited species differ in aspects of pathogenicity, prevalence for patient groups, as well as biochemical and physiological aspects, such as susceptibility to antifungals. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry readily distinguishes the newly recognized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Hagen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kantarawee Khayhan
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Bart Theelen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Kolecka
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Itzhack Polacheck
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rama Falk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir-David, Israel
| | - Sittiporn Parnmen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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