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Kondori N, Jaén-Luchoro D, Karlsson R, Abedzaedeh B, Hammarström H, Jönsson B. Exophiala species in household environments and their antifungal resistance profile. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17622. [PMID: 39085337 PMCID: PMC11291800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The black fungus Exophiala causes a wide range of infections from superficial to subcutaneous, but also invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients as well as healthy individuals. In addition, Exophiala, is a common colonizer of the air ways of patients with cystic fibrosis. However, the source of infection and mode of transmission is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Exophiala in samples collected from Swedish indoor environments. We found that the Exophiala species were commonly found in dishwashers and that Exophiala dermatitidis was the most common Exophiala species, being identified in 70% (26 out of the 37) of samples. Almost all E. dermatitidis isolates had the ability to grow at 42 °C (P = 0.0002) and were catalase positive. Voriconazole and posaconazole exhibited the lowest MICs, while caspofungin and anidulafungin lack the antifungal activities in vitro. Future studies are needed to illuminate the transmission mode of the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Kondori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 7193, 402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 7193, 402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 7193, 402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nanoxis Consulting AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bahman Abedzaedeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Hammarström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 7193, 402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bodil Jönsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 7193, 402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gostinčar C, Gunde-Cimerman N. Black yeasts in hypersaline conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:252. [PMID: 38441672 PMCID: PMC10914880 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Extremotolerant and extremophilic fungi are an important part of microbial communities that thrive in extreme environments. Among them, the black yeasts are particularly adaptable. They use their melanized cell walls and versatile morphology, as well as a complex set of molecular adaptations, to survive in conditions that are lethal to most other species. In contrast to extremophilic bacteria and archaea, these fungi are typically extremotolerant rather than extremophilic and exhibit an unusually wide ecological amplitude. Some extremely halotolerant black yeasts can grow in near-saturated NaCl solutions, but can also grow on normal mycological media. They adapt to the low water activity caused by high salt concentrations by sensing their environment, balancing osmotic pressure by accumulating compatible solutes, removing toxic salt ions from the cell using membrane transporters, altering membrane composition and remodelling the highly melanized cell wall. As protection against extreme conditions, halotolerant black yeasts also develop different morphologies, from yeast-like to meristematic. Genomic studies of black yeasts have revealed a variety of reproductive strategies, from clonality to intense recombination and the formation of stable hybrids. Although a comprehensive understanding of the ecological role and molecular adaptations of halotolerant black yeasts remains elusive and the application of many experimental methods is challenging due to their slow growth and recalcitrant cell walls, much progress has been made in deciphering their halotolerance. Advances in molecular tools and genomics are once again accelerating the research of black yeasts, promising further insights into their survival strategies and the molecular basis of their adaptations. KEY POINTS: • Black yeasts show remarkable adaptability to environmental stress • Black yeasts are part of microbial communities in hypersaline environments • Halotolerant black yeasts utilise various molecular and morphological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cene Gostinčar
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Ravenel K, Guegan H, Gastebois A, Bouchara JP, Gangneux JP, Giraud S. Fungal Colonization of the Airways of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: the Role of the Environmental Reservoirs. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:19. [PMID: 38407729 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi frequently colonize the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and may cause severe diseases, such as the allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The most common filamentous fungi capable to chronically colonize the respiratory tract of the patients are Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium species. Defining the treatment strategy may be challenging, the number of available drugs being limited and some of the causative agents being multiresistant microorganisms. The knowledge of the fungal niches in the outdoor and indoor environment is needed for understanding the origin of the contamination of the patients. In light of the abundance of some of the causative molds in compost, agricultural and flower fields, occupational activities related to such environments should be discouraged for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In addition, the microbiological monitoring of their indoor environment, including analysis of air and dust on surfaces, is essential to propose preventive measures aiming to reduce the exposure to environmental molds. Nevertheless, some specific niches were also identified in the indoor environment, in relation with humidity which favors the growth of thermotolerant molds. Potted plants were reported as indoor reservoirs for Scedosporium species. Likewise, Exophiala dermatitidis may be spread in the kitchen via dishwashers. However, genotype studies are still required to establish the link between dishwashers and colonization of the airways of CF patients by this black yeast. Moreover, as nothing is known regarding the other filamentous fungi associated with CF, further studies should be conducted to identify other potential specific niches in the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Ravenel
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Hélène Guegan
- EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Gastebois
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Giraud
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France.
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Kurbessoian T, Murante D, Crocker A, Hogan DA, Stajich JE. In host evolution of Exophiala dermatitidis in cystic fibrosis lung micro-environment. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad126. [PMID: 37293838 PMCID: PMC10484061 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are susceptible to chronic lung infections that lead to inflammation and irreversible lung damage. While most respiratory infections that occur in CF are caused by bacteria, some are dominated by fungi such as the slow-growing black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. Here, we analyze isolates of E. dermatitidis cultured from two samples, collected from a single subject 2 years apart. One isolate genome was sequenced using long-read Nanopore technology as an in-population reference to use in comparative single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion-deletion variant analyses of 23 isolates. We then used population genomics and phylo-genomics to compare the isolates to each other as well as the reference genome strain E. dermatitidis NIH/UT8656. Within the CF lung population, three E. dermatitidis clades were detected, each with varying mutation rates. Overall, the isolates were highly similar suggesting that they were recently diverged. All isolates were MAT 1-1, which was consistent with their high relatedness and the absence of evidence for mating or recombination between isolates. Phylogenetic analysis grouped sets of isolates into clades that contained isolates from both early and late time points indicating there are multiple persistent lineages. Functional assessment of variants unique to each clade identified alleles in genes that encode transporters, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases, iron acquisition, and DNA repair processes. Consistent with the genomic heterogeneity, isolates showed some stable phenotype heterogeneity in melanin production, subtle differences in antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations, and growth on different substrates. The persistent population heterogeneity identified in lung-derived isolates is an important factor to consider in the study of chronic fungal infections, and the analysis of changes in fungal pathogens over time may provide important insights into the physiology of black yeasts and other slow-growing fungi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kurbessoian
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniel Murante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alex Crocker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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5
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Moreno-Perlin T, Valdés-Muñoz G, Jiménez-Gómez I, Gunde-Cimerman N, Yarzábal Rodríguez LA, Sánchez-Carbente MDR, Vargas-Fernández A, Gutiérrez-Cepeda A, Batista-García RA. Extremely chaotolerant and kosmotolerant Aspergillus atacamensis - a metabolically versatile fungus suitable for recalcitrant biosolid treatment. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191312. [PMID: 37455742 PMCID: PMC10338856 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Obligate halophily is extremely rare in fungi. Nevertheless, Aspergillus atacamensis (strain EXF-6660), isolated from a salt water-exposed cave in the Coastal Range hills of the hyperarid Atacama Desert in Chile, is an obligate halophile, with a broad optimum range from 1.5 to 3.4 M of NaCl. When we tested its ability to grow at varied concentrations of both kosmotropic (NaCl, KCl, and sorbitol) and chaotropic (MgCl2, LiCl, CaCl2, and glycerol) solutes, stereoscopy and laser scanning microscopy revealed the formation of phialides and conidia. A. atacamensis EXF-6660 grew up to saturating levels of NaCl and at 2.0 M concentration of the chaotropic salt MgCl2. Our findings confirmed that A. atacamensis is an obligate halophile that can grow at substantially higher MgCl2 concentrations than 1.26 M, previously considered as the maximum limit supporting prokaryotic life. To assess the fungus' metabolic versatility, we used the phenotype microarray technology Biolog FF MicroPlates. In the presence of 2.0 M NaCl concentration, strain EXF-6660 metabolism was highly versatile. A vast repertoire of organic molecules (~95% of the substrates present in Biolog FF MicroPlates) was metabolized when supplied as sole carbon sources, including numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene derivatives, dyes, and several carbohydrates. Finally, the biotechnological potential of A. atacamensis for xenobiotic degradation and biosolid treatment was investigated. Interestingly, it could remove biphenyls, diphenyl ethers, different pharmaceuticals, phenols, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Our combined findings show that A. atacamensis EXF-6660 is a highly chaotolerant, kosmotolerant, and xerotolerant fungus, potentially useful for xenobiotic and biosolid treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonatiuh Moreno-Perlin
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gisell Valdés-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Irina Jiménez-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Alfaniris Vargas-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Adrián Gutiérrez-Cepeda
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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6
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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala dermatitidis in a patient with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:615-619. [PMID: 36921763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A 65-year-old Japanese woman repeatedly withdrew and resumed antibiotics against pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare for more than 10 years. Although she continued to take medications, her respiratory symptoms and chest computed tomography indicated an enlarged infiltrative shadow in the lingular segment of the left lung that gradually worsened over the course of a year or more. Bronchoscopy was performed and mycobacterial culture of the bronchial lavage fluid was negative, whereas Exophiala dermatitidis was detected. After administration of oral voriconazole was initiated, the productive cough and infiltrative shadow resolved. There are no characteristic physical or imaging findings of E. dermatitidis, and it often mimics other chronic respiratory infections. Thus, when confronting refractory non-tuberculous mycobacterial cases, it might be better to assume other pathogenic microorganisms, including E. dermatitidis, and actively perform bronchoscopy.
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8
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Maraki S, Katzilakis N, Neonakis I, Stafylaki D, Meletiadis J, Hamilos G, Stiakaki E. Exophiala dermatitidis Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection in a Child with Ewing's Sarcoma: Case Report and Literature Review on Paediatric Infections. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:595-602. [PMID: 35994217 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Exophiala dermatitidis is a dematiaceous, ubiquitous, dimorphic fungus, which can cause a wide range of invasive diseases in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. Bloodstream infections due to E. dermatitidis are rarely encountered in clinical practice, especially in pediatric patients. We describe a case of central line-associated bloodstream infection due to E. dermatitidis in a 4.5-year-old boy with Ewing's sarcoma. The fungus was isolated from blood specimens taken from the Hickman line. The isolate was identified by its phenotypic characteristics, by MALDI-TOF and by using molecular methods. The infection was successfully treated with voriconazole and catheter removal. The literature was also reviewed on pediatric infections caused by E. dermatitidis, focusing on clinical manifestations and challenges associated with diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Maraki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Katzilakis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion and Laboratory of Blood Diseases and Childhood Cancer Biology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Neonakis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitra Stafylaki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Hamilos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eftichia Stiakaki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion and Laboratory of Blood Diseases and Childhood Cancer Biology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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10
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Isola D, Scano A, Orrù G, Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Zucconi L. Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites: Is There Something More Than Exophiala xenobiotica? New Insights into Black Fungal Diversity Using the Long Cold Incubation Method. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100817. [PMID: 34682237 PMCID: PMC8538888 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-made hydrocarbon-rich environments are important reservoirs of microorganisms with specific degrading abilities and pathogenic potential. In particular, black fungi are of great interest, but their presence in the environment is frequently underestimated because they are difficult to isolate. In the frame of a biodiversity study from fuel-contaminated sites involving 30 diesel car tanks and 112 fuel pump dispensers (52 diesel and 60 gasoline, respectively), a total of 181 black fungal strains were isolated. The long cold incubation (LCI) of water-suspended samples, followed by plating on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC), gave isolation yields up to six times (6.6) higher than those of direct plating on DRBC, and those of enrichment with a phenolic mix. The sequencing of ITS and LSU-rDNA confirmed the dominance of potentially pathogenic fungi from the family Herpotrichiellaceae and Exophiala xenobiotica. Moreover, other opportunistic species were found, including E. opportunistica, E. oligosperma, E. phaeomuriformis, and Rhinocladiella similis. The recurrent presence of E. crusticola, Knufia epidermidis, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium spp., and Scolecobasidium spp. was also recorded. Interestingly, 12% of total isolates, corresponding to 50% of taxa found (16/32), represent new species. All the novel taxa in this study were isolated by LCI. These findings suggest that black fungal diversity in hydrocarbon-rich niches remains largely unexplored and that LCI can be an efficient tool for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Isola
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0761-357138
| | - Alessandra Scano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (G.O.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (G.O.)
| | | | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
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11
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Usuda D, Higashikawa T, Hotchi Y, Usami K, Shimozawa S, Tokunaga S, Osugi I, Katou R, Ito S, Yoshizawa T, Asako S, Mishima K, Kondo A, Mizuno K, Takami H, Komatsu T, Oba J, Nomura T, Sugita M. Exophiala dermatitidis. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7963-7972. [PMID: 34621853 PMCID: PMC8462220 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exophiala is a genus comprising several species of opportunistic black yeasts, which belongs to Ascomycotina. It is a rare cause of fungal infections. However, infections are often chronic and recalcitrant, and while the number of cases is steadily increasing in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent people, detailed knowledge remains scarce regarding infection mechanisms, virulence factors, specific predisposing factors, risk factors, and host response. The most common manifestations of Exophiala infection are skin infections, and the most frequent type of deep infection is pulmonary infection due to inhalation. The invasive disease ranges from cutaneous or subcutaneous infection to systemic dissemination to internal organs. The final identification of the causative organism should be achieved through a combination of several methods, including the newly introduced diagnostic analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, together with sequencing of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid internal transcribed spacer region of the fungi, and histological and culture findings. Regarding treatment, because anti-infective agents and natural compounds exhibited poor antibiofilm activity, few treatments have ultimately been found to be effective for specific antifungal therapy, so the optimal antifungal therapy and duration of therapy for these infections remain unknown. Therefore, most forms of disease caused by Exophiala dermatitidis require aggressive combination therapies: Both surgical intervention and aggressive antifungal therapy with novel compounds and azoles are necessary for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Usuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Higashikawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Himi-shi 935-8531, Toyama-ken, Japan
| | - Yuta Hotchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenki Usami
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shimozawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shungo Tokunaga
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ippei Osugi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Katou
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakurako Ito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Asako
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mishima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takami
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Komatsu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Oba
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nomura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Sugita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Romsdahl J, Schultzhaus Z, Chen A, Liu J, Ewing A, Hervey J, Wang Z. Adaptive evolution of a melanized fungus reveals robust augmentation of radiation resistance by abrogating non-homologous end-joining. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:3627-3645. [PMID: 33078510 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have been observed to exhibit resistance to high levels of ionizing radiation despite sharing most DNA repair mechanisms with other eukaryotes. Radioresistance, in fact, is such a common feature in fungi that it is difficult to identify species that exhibit widely different radiosensitivities, which in turn has hampered the identification of genetic elements responsible for this resistance phenotype. Due to the inherent mutagenic properties of radiation exposure, however, this can be addressed through adaptive laboratory evolution for increased ionizing radiation resistance. Here, using the black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis, we demonstrate that resistance to γ-radiation can be greatly increased through repeated rounds of irradiation and outgrowth. Moreover, we find that the small genome size of fungi situates them as a relatively simple functional genomics platform for identification of mutations associated with ionizing radiation resistance. This enabled the identification of genetic mutations in genes encoding proteins with a broad range of functions from 10 evolved strains. Specifically, we find that greatly increased resistance to γ-radiation is achieved in E. dermatitidis through disruption of the non-homologous end-joining pathway, with three individual evolutionary paths converging to abolish this DNA repair process. This result suggests that non-homologous end-joining, even in haploid cells where homologous chromosomes are not present during much of the cell cycle, is an impediment to repair of radiation-induced lesions in this organism, and that the relative levels of homologous and non-homologous repair in a given fungal species may play a major role in its radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Romsdahl
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zachary Schultzhaus
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | | | - Judson Hervey
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Schultzhaus ZS, Schultzhaus JN, Romsdahl J, Chen A, Hervey IV WJ, Leary DH, Wang Z. Proteomics Reveals Distinct Changes Associated with Increased Gamma Radiation Resistance in the Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1128. [PMID: 32992890 PMCID: PMC7650708 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Exophiala dermatitidis exhibits high resistance to γ-radiation in comparison to many other fungi. Several aspects of this phenotype have been characterized, including its dependence on homologous recombination for the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, and the transcriptomic response invoked by acute γ-radiation exposure in this organism. However, these findings have yet to identify unique γ-radiation exposure survival strategies-many genes that are induced by γ-radiation exposure do not appear to be important for recovery, and the homologous recombination machinery of this organism is not unique compared to more sensitive species. To identify features associated with γ-radiation resistance, here we characterized the proteomes of two E. dermatitidis strains-the wild type and a hyper-resistant strain developed through adaptive laboratory evolution-before and after γ-radiation exposure. The results demonstrate that protein intensities do not change substantially in response to this stress. Rather, the increased resistance exhibited by the evolved strain may be due in part to increased basal levels of single-stranded binding proteins and a large increase in ribosomal content, possibly allowing for a more robust, induced response during recovery. This experiment provides evidence enabling us to focus on DNA replication, protein production, and ribosome levels for further studies into the mechanism of γ-radiation resistance in E. dermatitidis and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Schultzhaus
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Janna N. Schultzhaus
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- National Research Council, Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20744, USA;
| | - Amy Chen
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
| | - W. Judson Hervey IV
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Dagmar H. Leary
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.S.); (J.N.S.); (W.J.H.IV); (D.H.L.)
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14
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Attempted Isolation of Cryptococcus Species and Incidental Isolation of Exophiala dermatitidis from Human Oral Cavities. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:1051-1055. [PMID: 32949296 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular studies suggest that Cryptococcus may inhabit the normal human mouth. We attempted to isolate Cryptococcus from 21 adult non-acutely ill patients and 40 volunteer medical and non-medical staff in Southeastern Wisconsin, USA. An upper lip sulcus culture and an oral rinse specimen were inoculated separately onto Staib (birdseed) agar containing chloramphenicol and incubated in gas impermeable zip lock bags at 35 °C. No cryptococci were grown from any of the 122 samples from the 61 subjects. Both specimens from a woman with no risk factors for fungal disease yielded a black yeast at 4 days on Staib agar. This isolate was shown to be Exophiala dermatitidis by colony and microscopic morphology, analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and sequencing through the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA gene. This appears to be a novel isolation of E. dermatitidis from the oral cavity of a generally healthy human.
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15
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Lima BJFDS, Voidaleski MF, Gomes RR, Fornari G, Soares JMB, Bombassaro A, Schneider GX, Soley BDS, de Azevedo CDMPES, Menezes C, Moreno LF, Attili-Angelis D, Klisiowicz DDR, de Hoog S, Vicente VA. Selective isolation of agents of chromoblastomycosis from insect-associated environmental sources. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:194-204. [PMID: 32220380 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a neglected disease characterized by cutaneous, subcutaneous or disseminated lesions. It is considered an occupational infectious disease that affects mostly rural workers exposed to contaminated soil and vegetal matter. Lesions mostly arise after a traumatic inoculation of herpotrichiellaceous fungi from the Chaetothyriales order. However, the environmental niche of the agents of the disease remains obscure. Its association with insects has been predicted in a few studies. Therefore, the present work aimed to analyze if social insects, specifically ants, bees, and termites, provide a suitable habitat for the fungi concerned. The mineral oil flotation method was used to isolate the microorganisms. Nine isolates were recovered and phylogenetic analysis identified two strains as potential agents of chromoblastomycosis, i.e., Fonsecaea pedrosoi CMRP 3076, obtained from a termite nest (n = 1) and Rhinocladiella similis CMRP 3079 from an ant exoskeleton (n = 1). In addition, we also identified Fonsecaea brasiliensis CMRP 3445 from termites (n = 1), Exophiala xenobiotica CMRP 3077 from ant exoskeleton (n = 1), Cyphellophoraceae CMRP 3103 from bees (n = 1), Cladosporium sp. CMRP 3119 from bees (n = 1), Hawksworthiomyces sp. CMRP 3102 from termites (n = 1), and Cryptendoxyla sp. from termites (n = 2). The environmental isolate of F. pedrosoi CMRP 3076 was tested in two animal models, Tenebrio molitor and Wistar rat, for its pathogenic potential with fungal retention in T. molitor tissue. In the Wistar rat, the cells resembling muriform cells were observed 30 d after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgana Ferreira Voidaleski
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Renata Rodrigues Gomes
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Amanda Bombassaro
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Xavier Schneider
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Derlene Attili-Angelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil; Division of Microbial Resources, CPQBA, University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil.
| | - Débora do Rocio Klisiowicz
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud, University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Vânia Aparecida Vicente
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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16
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Wang C, Xing H, Jiang X, Zeng J, Liu Z, Chen J, Wu Y. Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Exophiala dermatitidis in a Chinese CARD9-Deficient Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Neurol 2019; 10:938. [PMID: 31551907 PMCID: PMC6734004 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exophiala dermatitidis, a dematiaceous fungus typically found in decaying organic matter worldwide, is a rare cause of fungal infections. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is a sporadic but often fatal infection of the brain caused by E. dermatitidis. However, due to limited reports, little is known about its specific predisposing factors, clinical manifestation, and optimal treatment modality. Here, we report a clinical presentation and management of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis in a Chinese patient. An otherwise healthy, young male who was diagnosed with neck fungal lymphadenitis caused by E. dermatitidis 7 months prior and was treated with itraconazole, presented later with progressive intracranial hypertension and persistent coma. Culture of the neck lymphoid tissue produced growth of a black yeast-like fungus, which was identified as E. dermatitidis by sequencing of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) domains. Accordingly, a cerebral biopsy was performed, and the pathological report showed mycelia and fungal granulomas. We also sequenced CARD9 in the patient and found him to be homozygous for loss-of-function mutation; his parents were heterozygous for the same mutation. This is a first case report of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. dermatitidis in a CARD9-deficient Chinese patient. He eventually succumbed to brain herniation and severe lung infection with a poor response to therapy. Thus, previously healthy patients with unexplained invasive E. dermatitidis infection, at any age, should be tested for inherited CARD9 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingsi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Kirchhoff L, Olsowski M, Rath PM, Steinmann J. Exophiala dermatitidis: Key issues of an opportunistic fungal pathogen. Virulence 2019; 10:984-998. [PMID: 30887863 PMCID: PMC8647849 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1596504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous system in otherwise healthy Asian patients. In addition, it is also regularly isolated from respiratory samples from cystic fibrosis patients, with rates varying between 1% and 19%.Melanin, as part of the cell wall of black yeasts, is one major factor known contributing to the pathogenicity of E. dermatitidis and increased resistance against host defense and anti-infective therapeutics. Further virulence factors, e.g. the capability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilm were reported. A better understanding of the pathogenicity of E. dermatitidis is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, the current knowledge of E. dermatitidis prevalence, clinical importance, diagnosis, microbiological characteristics, virulence attributes, susceptibility, and resistances as well as therapeutically strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kirchhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maike Olsowski
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Rath
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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18
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Pinheiro RL, Cognialli RCR, Barros RC, de A Pinto T, Cunha MFM, Tahan TT, Voidaleski MF, Gomes RR, Becker GN, Andrade LV, Queiroz-Telles F, Sybren de Hoog G, Sakiyama RR, Vicente VA. Peritonitis by Exophiala dermatitidis in a pediatric patient. Med Mycol Case Rep 2019; 24:18-22. [PMID: 30859060 PMCID: PMC6395852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal peritonitis is frequent on peritoneal dialysis, with rare cases by Exophiala dermatitidis. A 25-month-old female admitted to the pediatric ICU with acute renal failure was submitted to peritoneal dialysis. After 10 days patient presented fever. Peritoneal fluid culture showed yeast colonies molecularly identified as E. dermatitidis. Patient was treated with voriconazole and hemodialysis. The literature was reviewed. Disseminated infections are frequently fatal, but appropriate diagnose and therapeutic led to cure in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela L Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Mycology, Clinical Analysis Service Unit, Clinical Hospital Complex, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Regielly C R Cognialli
- Laboratory of Mycology, Clinical Analysis Service Unit, Clinical Hospital Complex, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo C Barros
- Laboratory of Mycology, Clinical Analysis Service Unit, Clinical Hospital Complex, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tyane de A Pinto
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectiology Service, Hospital Clinic Complex, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana F M Cunha
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectiology Service, Hospital Clinic Complex, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tony T Tahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectiology Service, Hospital Clinic Complex, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Morgana F Voidaleski
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata R Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme N Becker
- Bacteriology Division, Central Laboratory of Paraná State, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas V Andrade
- Medical College of the União das Faculdades dos Grandes Lagos, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Laboratory of Mycology, Clinical Analysis Service Unit, Clinical Hospital Complex, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Centre / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Jiefang Dadao 1277, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Renata R Sakiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectiology Service, Hospital Clinic Complex, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vânia A Vicente
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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19
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Fungal Respiratory Infections in Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Recent Progress and Future Research Agenda. Mycopathologia 2019; 183:1-5. [PMID: 29349726 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Metin B, Döğen A, Yıldırım E, de Hoog GS, Heitman J, Ilkit M. Mating type (MAT) locus and possible sexuality of the opportunistic pathogen Exophiala dermatitidis. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:29-38. [PMID: 30611834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction among the black yeasts is generally limited to environmental saprobic species and is rarely observed among opportunists in humans. To date, a complete sexual cycle has not been observed in Exophiala dermatitidis. In this study, we aimed to gain insight into the reproductive mode of E. dermatitidis by characterizing its mating type (MAT) locus, conducting MAT screening of environmental and clinical isolates, examining the expression of the MAT genes and analyzing the virulence of the isolates of different mating types. Similar to other members of the Pezizomycotina, the E. dermatitidis genome harbors a high mobility group (HMG) domain gene (MAT1-2-1) in the vicinity of the SLA2 and APN2 genes. The MAT loci of 74 E. dermatitidis isolates (11 clinical and 63 environmental) were screened by PCR, and the surrounding region was amplified using long-range PCR. Sequencing of the ∼ 12-kb PCR product of a MAT1-1 isolate revealed an α-box gene (MAT1-1-1). The MAT1-1 idiomorph was 3544-bp long and harbored the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-4 genes. The MAT1-2 idiomorph was longer, 3771-bp, and harbored only the MAT1-2-1 gene. This structure suggests a heterothallic reproduction mode. The distribution of MAT among 74 isolates was ∼ 1:1 with a MAT1-1:MAT1-2 ratio of 35:39. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the MAT genes are transcribed. No significant difference was detected in the virulence of isolates representing different mating types using a Galleria mellonella model (P > 0.05). Collectively, E. dermatitidis is the first opportunistic black yeast in which both MAT idiomorphs have been characterized. The occurrence of isolates bearing both idiomorphs, their approximately equal distribution, and the expression of the MAT genes suggest that E. dermatitidis might reproduce sexually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Esra Yıldırım
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
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21
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Opportunistic Water-Borne Human Pathogenic Filamentous Fungi Unreported from Food. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030079. [PMID: 30081519 PMCID: PMC6164083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clean drinking water and sanitation are fundamental human rights recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly and the Human Rights Council in 2010 (Resolution 64/292). In modern societies, water is not related only to drinking, it is also widely used for personal and home hygiene, and leisure. Ongoing human population and subsequent environmental stressors challenge the current standards on safe drinking and recreational water, requiring regular updating. Also, a changing Earth and its increasingly frequent extreme weather events and climatic changes underpin the necessity to adjust regulation to a risk-based approach. Although fungi were never introduced to water quality regulations, the incidence of fungal infections worldwide is growing, and changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns are taking place. The presence of fungi in different types of water has been thoroughly investigated during the past 30 years only in Europe, and more than 400 different species were reported from ground-, surface-, and tap-water. The most frequently reported fungi, however, were not waterborne, but are frequently related to soil, air, and food. This review focuses on waterborne filamentous fungi, unreported from food, that offer a pathogenic potential.
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22
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Gülmez D, Doğan Ö, Boral B, Döğen A, İlkit M, de Hoog GS, Arikan-Akdagli S. In vitro activities of antifungal drugs against environmentalExophialaisolates and review of the literature. Mycoses 2018; 61:561-569. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolunay Gülmez
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Özlem Doğan
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
- Medical Microbiology Department; Haydarpaşa Numune Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Barış Boral
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Çukurova University; Adana Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Macit İlkit
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Çukurova University; Adana Turkey
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
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23
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Exophiala dermatitidis Revealing Cystic Fibrosis in Adult Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:71-79. [PMID: 29094263 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic inherited disease due to mutations in the gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Because of the huge diversity of CFTR mutations, the CF phenotypes are highly heterogeneous, varying from typical to mild form of CF, also called atypical CF. These atypical features are more frequently diagnosed at adolescence or adulthood, and among clinical signs and symptoms leading to suspect a mild form of CF, colonization or infection of the respiratory tract due to well-known CF pathogens should be a warning signal. Exophiala dermatitidis is a melanized dimorphic fungus commonly detected in respiratory specimens from CF patients, but only very rarely from respiratory specimens from non-CF patients. We described here two cases of chronic colonization of the airways by E. dermatitidis, with recurrent pneumonia and hemoptysis in one patient, which led clinicians to diagnose mild forms of CF in these elderly patients who were 68- and 87-year-old. These cases of late CF diagnosis suggest that airway colonization or respiratory infections due to E. dermatitidis in patients with bronchiectasis should led to search for a mild form of CF, regardless of the age and associated symptoms. On a broader level, in patients with chronic respiratory disease and recurrent pulmonary infections, an allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis or an airway colonization by CF-related fungi like E. dermatitidis or some Aspergillus, Scedosporium or Rasamsonia species, should be considered as potential markers of atypical CF and should led clinicians to conduct investigations for CF diagnosis.
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