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Ngubane NP, Mabandla MV, De Gama BZ. Global perspectives on the traditional approaches used in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 97:104081. [PMID: 38797088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional healing considers a holistic approach when diagnosing and treating patients for mental ailments, and is the preferred approach globally. OBJECTIVE This review documented traditional healing approaches for treatment of schizophrenia used in different regions globally. METHODS PICO framework was used to facilitate literature search from Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, APA PsycINFO, and Web search. Studies documenting methods of treatment from the perspective of traditional healers, patients and/or caregivers were included and also studies which investigated herbal plants used in traditional healing in vitro and in vivo were included. Review articles, magazine/newspaper articles, editorials, letters, comments/opinion articles, and articles with inaccessible full text were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using MMAT and SYRCLE tools. University Capacity Development Programme funded this review. RESULTS 74 articles were included, these documented traditional healing practices used in Africa, Asia, America, Europe, and Oceania. Common approach globally was herbal medicine. Other reported methods included faith-based healing, consultation with the ancestors, performing rituals, acupuncture, and music and yoga therapies. Inhumane approaches included starving, beating, cutting and confining patients. In some cases, traditional healing was used as adjunctive treatment. The overall risk of bias for studies in this review was low. CONCLUSION Traditional healing contributes in bridging the treatment gap for schizophrenia in developing countries. However, there is a lack of standardisation of the approaches employed in the different regions, and the safety and effectiveness of some of these approaches remain questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombifuthi P Ngubane
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Brenda Z De Gama
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Alizadehmoghaddam S, Pourabdolhossein F, Najafzadehvarzi H, Sarbishegi M, Saleki K, Nouri HR. Crocin attenuates the lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation via expression of AIM2 and NLRP1 inflammasome in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25523. [PMID: 38356604 PMCID: PMC10864986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of inflammasome activation and the following dopaminergic neuron loss caused by chronic neuroinflammation remain entirely unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of crocin on the inflammasome complex within an experimental model of Parkinson's disease (PD) using male Wistar rats. PD was induced by the stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and crocin was intraperitoneally administrated one week before the lesion, and then treatment continued for 21 days. Open field (OF) and elevated plus maze tests were applied for behavioral assays. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunostaining were performed on whole brain tissue, while dissected substantia nigra (SN) was used for immunoblotting and real-time PCR to evaluate compartments involved in PD. The time spent in the center of test was diminished in the LPS group, while treatment with 30 mg/kg of crocin significantly increased it. H&E staining showed a significant increase in cell infiltration at the site of LPS injection, which was ameliorated upon crocin treatment. Notably, crocin-treated animals showed a reduced number of caspase-1 and IL-1β positive cells, whereas the number of positive cells was increased in the LPS group (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was also found in the LPS group, while crocin treatment significantly elevated its expression. IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP1, and AIM2 genes expression significantly increased in the LPS group. On the other hand, treatment with 30 mg/kg of crocin significantly downregulated the expression levels of these genes along with NLRP1 (P < 0.05). In summary, our findings suggest that crocin reduces neuroinflammation in PD by diminishing IL-1β and caspase-1 levels, potentially by inhibiting the expression of AIM2 and NLRP1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Alizadehmoghaddam
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Pourabdolhossein
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Najafzadehvarzi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Zhang X, Su X, Yu X, Zhang X, Guo X, Hou G, Wang C, Li H. Preparative separation of iridoid glucosides and crocins from Gardeniae Fructus using sequential macroporous resin column chromatography and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123887. [PMID: 37714051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides (geniposide (GP), genipin-1-gentiobioside (GB), etc.) and crocins (crocin Ⅰ (CR1), crocin Ⅱ(CR2), etc.) are two main bioactive components in Gardeniae Fructus (GF), which is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. Iridoid glycosides exhibit many activities and are used to manufacture gardenia blue pigment for the food industry. Crocins are rare natural water-soluble carotenoids that are often used as food colorants. A sequential macroporous resin column chromatography technology composed of HC-500B and HC-900B resins was developed to selectively separate iridoid glucosides and crocins from GF. The adsorption of GP on HC-900B resin was an exothermic process. The adsorption of CR1 on HC-500B resin was an endothermic process. The two kinds of components were completely separated by a sequential resin column. GB and GP were mainly found in product 1 (P1) with purities of 11.38% and 46.83%, respectively, while CR1 and CR2 were mainly found in product 2 (P2) with purities of 12.32% and 1.40%, respectively. The recovery yields of all the compounds were more than 80%. The above results showed that sequential resin column chromatography technology achieved high selectivity and recovery yields. GF extract, P1 and P2 could significantly inhibit the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, indicating that iridoid glycosides and crocins provide a greater contribution to the anti-inflammatory activity of GF. At the same time, compared to the GF extract and P1, P2 exhibited stronger scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, indicating that crocins may provide a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of GF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Su
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xuelin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
| | - Hongjuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Valuation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
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Saffron extract and crocin exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5004. [PMID: 35322143 PMCID: PMC8943204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus) is a flower from the iridaceous family. Crocin, saffron’s major constituent, and saffron have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. In this work, the neuroprotective effects of saffron and crocin are being investigated in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) mouse model. A weight drop model setup was employed to induce mild brain injury in male albino BABL/c mice weighing 30–40 g. Saffron (50 mg/kg) and crocin (30 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally 30 min before mTBI induction. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess behavioral deficits including the modified neurological severity score (NSS), Morris water maze (MWM), pole climb test, rotarod test, and adhesive test. The levels of TNF alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), malonaldehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. Histological analysis of different brain parts was performed. Both saffron and crocin demonstrated marked improved neurological, cognitive, motor, and sensorimotor functions. Besides, both compounds significantly reduced the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. No abnormal histological features were observed in any of the injured groups. Saffron extract and crocin provide a neuroprotective effect in a mouse model of rmTBI by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and behavioral deficits.
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Crocin Protects Malathion-Induced Striatal Biochemical Deficits by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Increasing α-Synuclein in Rats' Striatum. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:983-993. [PMID: 35274200 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to organophosphates might result in neurodegenerative diseases, comprising Parkinson's disease. Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide with high neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and α-synuclein accumulation are important underlying mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. According to studies, crocin, an active constituent of saffron, has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Thus, the effect of crocin on malathion-induced striatal biochemical deficits in rats was investigated in this study. Six groups of male Wistar rats were used: 1. control (normal saline); 2. malathion (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.); 3. crocin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) + malathion; 4. levodopa (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) + malathion; 5. crocin (40 mg/kg/day, i.p.); and 6. polyethylene glycol (PEG) (vehicle of levodopa) groups. The drugs were administered for 28 days. The amounts of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspases 3, 8, and 9 proteins in the striatum were measured by western blotting. Also, the amounts of protein and mRNA level of the α-synuclein in striatum tissue were measured by western blotting and RT-qPCR methods. Malathion induced apoptosis by increasing the amount of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspases 3 and 9 proteins in rat striatum tissue. It also increased the protein and mRNA level of α-synuclein in striatal tissue. Co-administration of crocin or levodopa with malathion inhibited the toxic effects of malathion on striatal tissue. Crocin ameliorates the neurotoxic effect of malathion by its anti-apoptotic activity and regulating the expression of proteins involved in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. As a result, crocin has the potential to be used as a treatment for malathion-induced neurotoxicity.
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Predieri S, Magli M, Gatti E, Camilli F, Vignolini P, Romani A. Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Saffron. Foods 2021; 10:2604. [PMID: 34828885 PMCID: PMC8618029 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and economic value of saffron, one of the most counterfeited spices, are based on three key substances that are relatively easy to measure: crocines (colour); picrocrocines (bitter); safranal (odour impact). Despite being well-known, as their concentration is correlated to sensory intensity, a detailed sensory evaluation, performed by a trained panel, supported by advanced analytical approaches, may better show the relationships between saffron composition and sensory perception. Three saffron samples of different Italian origins (Sardinia and Tuscany) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and their chemical composition was determined by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and spectrophotometry. Safranal concentration and the perceived odour intensity were positively correlated while relationships between picrocrocine and bitter perception were more complex to detect. By correlating (Multiple Factor Analysis) saffron sensorial and chemical profiles, this work aims at improving saffron characterisation while providing better information on the quality of this valuable spice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Predieri
- IBE-CNR, Institute of BioEconomy, c/o Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, BO, Italy; (S.P.); (M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Massimiliano Magli
- IBE-CNR, Institute of BioEconomy, c/o Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, BO, Italy; (S.P.); (M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Edoardo Gatti
- IBE-CNR, Institute of BioEconomy, c/o Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, BO, Italy; (S.P.); (M.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Francesca Camilli
- IBE-CNR, Institute of BioEconomy, Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, FI, Italy;
| | - Pamela Vignolini
- Phytolab, Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications “G.Parenti”, DiSIA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Romani
- Phytolab, Department of Statistics, Informatics, Applications “G.Parenti”, DiSIA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy;
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Talebi M, Kakouri E, Talebi M, Tarantilis PA, Farkhondeh T, İlgün S, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Samarghandian S. Nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach: recent advances to combat pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:625-642. [PMID: 33910446 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1923479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease accompanying memory deficits. The available pharmaceutical care has some limitations mostly entailing side effects, shelf-life, and patient's compliance. The momentous implications of nutraceuticals in AD have attracted scientists. Several preclinical studies for the investigation of nutraceuticals have been conducted.Areas covered: This review focuses on the potential use of a nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach to treat and prevent AD. Increasing knowledge of AD pathogenesis has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets including pathophysiological mechanisms and various cascades. Hence, the present contribution will attend to the most popular and effective nutraceuticals with proposed brief mechanisms entailing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial homeostasis, and more. Therefore, even though the effectiveness of nutraceuticals cannot be dismissed, it is essential to do further high-quality randomized clinical trials.Expert opinion: According to the potential of nutraceuticals to combat AD as multi-target directed drugs, there is critical importance to assess them as feasible lead compounds for drug discovery and development. To the best of the authors' knowledge, modification of blood-brain barrier permeability, bioavailability, and features of randomized clinical trials should be considered in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Talebi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eleni Kakouri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mohsen Talebi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States.,Food Safety Net Services, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Selen İlgün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Lambrianidou A, Koutsougianni F, Papapostolou I, Dimas K. Recent Advances on the Anticancer Properties of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) and Its Major Constituents. Molecules 2020; 26:E86. [PMID: 33375488 PMCID: PMC7794691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally with an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018 and a sustained rise in its incidence in both developing and developed countries. According to the WHO, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. Despite the emergence of many pioneer therapeutic options for patients with cancer, their efficacy is still time-limited and noncurative. Thus, continuous intensive screening for superior and safer drugs is still ongoing and has resulted in the detection of the anticancer properties of several phytochemicals. Among the spices, Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and its main constituents, crocin, crocetin, and safranal, have attracted the interest of the scientific community. Pharmacological experiments have established numerous beneficial properties for this brilliant reddish-orange dye derived from the flowers of a humble crocus family species. Studies in cultured human malignant cell lines and animal models have demonstrated the cancer prevention and antitumor activities of saffron and its main ingredients. This review provides an insight into the advances in research on the anticancer properties of saffron and its components, discussing preclinical data, clinical trials, and patents aiming to improve the pharmacological properties of saffron and its major ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.L.); (F.K.); (I.P.)
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