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Josifovska S, Panov S, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Mitrokhin V, Kamkin A, Stojchevski R, Avtanski D, Mladenov M. Positive Tetrahydrocurcumin-Associated Brain-Related Metabolomic Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093734. [PMID: 37175144 PMCID: PMC10179939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a metabolite of curcumin (CUR). It shares many of CUR's beneficial biological activities in addition to being more water-soluble, chemically stable, and bioavailable compared to CUR. However, its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. This paper addresses the preventive role of THC on various brain dysfunctions as well as its effects on brain redox processes, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease in various animal or cell culture models. In addition to its strong antioxidant properties, the effects of THC on the reduction of amyloid β aggregates are also well documented. The therapeutic potential of THC to treat patterns of mitochondrial brain dysmorphic dysfunction is also addressed and thoroughly reviewed, as is evidence from experimental studies about the mechanism of mitochondrial failure during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. THC treatment also results in a dose-dependent decrease in ERK-mediated phosphorylation of GRASP65, which prevents further compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is possibly the most involved mechanism in the anti-apoptotic effect of THC. Overall, studies in various animal models of different brain disorders suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against traumatic brain injury and even improve brain function in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We suggest further preclinical studies be conducted to demonstrate the brain-protective, anti-amyloid, and anti-Parkinson effects of THC. Application of the methods used in the currently reviewed studies would be useful and should help define doses and methods of THC administration in different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Josifovska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sasho Panov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Radoslav Stojchevski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M. Neuroprotective Function of Rasagiline and Selegiline, Inhibitors of Type B Monoamine Oxidase, and Role of Monoamine Oxidases in Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911059. [PMID: 36232361 PMCID: PMC9570229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by the accumulation of toxic species of α-synuclein. The common clinical features are chronic progressive decline of motor, cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic functions. They include Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy body, and multiple system atrophy. Their etiology has not been clarified and multiple pathogenic factors include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein degradation systems, and neuroinflammation. Current available therapy cannot prevent progressive neurodegeneration and “disease-modifying or neuroprotective” therapy has been proposed. This paper presents the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by the inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, rasagiline and selegiline. They prevent mitochondrial apoptosis, induce anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family, and pro-survival brain- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors. They also prevent toxic oligomerization and aggregation of α-synuclein. Monoamine oxidase is involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection, independently of the catalytic activity. Type A monoamine oxidases mediates rasagiline-activated signaling pathways to induce neuroprotective genes in neuronal cells. Multi-targeting propargylamine derivatives have been developed for therapy in various neurodegenerative diseases. Preclinical studies have presented neuroprotection of rasagiline and selegiline, but beneficial effects have been scarcely presented. Strategy to improve clinical trials is discussed to achieve disease-modification in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-05-6173-1111 (ext. 3494); Fax: +81-561-731-142
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3
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Zeng F, Fan Y, Brown RW, Drew Gill W, Price JB, Jones TC, Zhu MY. Effects of Manipulation of Noradrenergic Activities on the Expression of Dopaminergic Phenotypes in Aged Rat Brains. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211055064. [PMID: 34812056 PMCID: PMC8613899 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211055064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the pharmacological manipulation of noradrenergic activities on dopaminergic phenotypes in aged rats. Results showed that the administration of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) for 21 days significantly increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of 23-month-old rats. Furthermore, this treatment significantly increased norepinephrine/DA concentrations in the striatum and caused a deficit of sensorimotor gating as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI). Next, old rats were injected with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist 2-methoxy idazoxan or β2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol for 21 days. Both drugs produced similar changes of TH and DAT in the striatum and SN. Moreover, treatments with L-DOPS, 2-methoxy idazoxan, or salmeterol significantly increased the protein levels of phosphorylated Akt in rat striatum and SN. However, although a combination of 2-methoxy idazoxan and salmeterol resulted in a deficit of PPI in these rats, the administration of 2-methoxy idazoxan alone showed an opposite behavioral change. The in vitro experiments revealed that treatments with norepinephrine markedly increased mRNAs and proteins of ATF2 and CBP/p300 and reduced mRNA and proteins of HDAC2 and HDAC5 in MN9D cells. A ChIP assay showed that norepinephrine significantly increased CBP/p300 binding or reduced HDAC2 and HDAC5 binding on the TH promoter. The present results indicate that facilitating noradrenergic activity in the brain can improve the functions of dopaminergic neurons in aged animals. While this improvement may have biochemically therapeutic indication for the status involving the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, it may not definitely include behavioral improvements, as indicated by using 2-methoxy idazoxan only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of the Wuhan University, China.,Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Yan Fan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Nantong University College of Medicine, China
| | - Russell W Brown
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Wesley Drew Gill
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Jennifer B Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Thomas C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, 4154East Tennessee State University, USA
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4
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Keller S, Polanski WH, Enzensperger C, Reichmann H, Hermann A, Gille G. 9-Methyl-β-carboline inhibits monoamine oxidase activity and stimulates the expression of neurotrophic factors by astrocytes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:999-1012. [PMID: 32285253 PMCID: PMC8592951 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Carbolines (BC) are pyridoindoles, which can be found in various exogenous and endogenous sources. Recent studies revealed neurostimulative, neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and anti-inflammatory effects of 9-methyl-BC (9-Me-BC). Additionally, 9-me-BC increased neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic neurons independent of dopamine uptake into these neurons. In this study, the role of astrocytes in neurostimulative, neuroregenerative and neuroprotective properties of 9-me-BC was further explored. 9-Me-BC exerted anti-proliferative effects without toxic properties in dopaminergic midbrain and cortical astrocyte cultures. The organic cation transporter (OCT) but not the dopamine transporter seem to mediate at least part the effect of 9-me-BC on astrocytes. Remarkably, 9-me-BC stimulated the gene expression of several important neurotrophic factors for dopaminergic neurons like Artn, Bdnf, Egln1, Tgfb2 and Ncam1. These factors are well known to stimulate neurite outgrowth and to show neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties to dopaminergic neurons against various toxins. Further, we show that effect of 9-me-BC is mediated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Additionally, 9-me-BC showed inhibitory properties to monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity with an IC50 value of 1 µM for MAO-A and of 15.5 µM for MAO-B. The inhibition of MAO by 9-me-BC might contribute to the observed increased dopamine content and anti-apoptotic properties in cell culture after 9-me-BC treatment in recent studies. Thus, 9-me-BC have a plethora of beneficial effects on dopaminergic neurons warranting its exploration as a new multimodal anti-parkinsonian medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Keller
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Witold Henryk Polanski
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christoph Enzensperger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
- SmartDyeLivery GmbH, Botzstraße 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology and Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriele Gille
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Rasagiline and selegiline modulate mitochondrial homeostasis, intervene apoptosis system and mitigate α-synuclein cytotoxicity in disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:131-147. [PMID: 31993732 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been considered as a motor neuron disease with dopamine (DA) deficit caused by neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, but now proposed as a multi-system disorder associated with α-synuclein accumulation in neuronal and non-neuronal systems. Neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease has intended to halt or reverse cell death of nigro-striatal DA neurons and prevent the disease progression, but clinical studies have not presented enough beneficial results, except the trial of rasagiline by delayed start design at low dose of 1 mg/day only. Now strategy of disease-modifying therapy should be reconsidered taking consideration of accumulation and toxicity of α-synuclein preceding the manifest of motor symptoms. Hitherto neuroprotective therapy has been aimed to mitigate non-specific risk factors; oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, deficits of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), inflammation and accumulation of pathogenic protein. Future disease-modify therapy should target more specified pathogenic factors, including deregulated mitochondrial homeostasis, deficit of NTFs and α-synuclein toxicity. Selegiline and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, have been proved to exhibit potent neuroprotective function: regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis system, maintenance of mitochondrial function, increased expression of genes coding antioxidant enzymes, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-survival NTFs, and suppression of oligomerization and aggregation of α-synuclein and the toxicity in cellular and animal experiments. However, the present available pharmacological therapy starts too late to reverse disease progression, and future disease-modifying therapy should include also non-pharmacological complementary therapy during the prodromal stage.
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6
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Regulation of BDNF-TrkB Signaling and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010257. [PMID: 31963575 PMCID: PMC7019526 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB) are widely distributed in multiple regions of the human brain. Specifically, BDNF/TrkB is highly expressed and activated in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and plays a critical role in neurophysiological processes, including neuro-protection and maturation and maintenance of neurons. The activation as well as dysfunction of the BDNF-TrkB pathway are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of BDNF/TrkB in the substantia nigra is significantly reduced in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the cellular and molecular roles of BNDF/TrkB signaling and its isoform, TrkB.T1, in Parkinson's disease. We have also discussed the effects of current therapies on BDNF/TrkB signaling in Parkinson's disease patients and the mechanisms underlying the mutation-mediated acquisition of resistance to therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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7
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Sidorova YA, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. Neuroregeneration in Parkinson's Disease: From Proteins to Small Molecules. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:268-287. [PMID: 30182859 PMCID: PMC6425072 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180905094123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, the lifetime risk of developing this disease is 1.5%. Motor diagnostic symptoms of PD are caused by degeneration of nigrostria-tal dopamine neurons. There is no cure for PD and current therapy is limited to supportive care that partially alleviates dis-ease signs and symptoms. As diagnostic symptoms of PD result from progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons, drugs restoring these neurons may significantly improve treatment of PD. Method: A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases to discuss the pro-gress achieved in the development of neuroregenerative agents for PD. Papers published before early 2018 were taken into account. Results: Here, we review several groups of potential agents capable of protecting and restoring dopamine neurons in cul-tures or animal models of PD including neurotrophic factors and small molecular weight compounds. Conclusion: Despite the promising results of in vitro and in vivo experiments, none of the found agents have yet shown conclusive neurorestorative properties in PD patients. Meanwhile, a few promising biologicals and small molecules have been identified. Their further clinical development can eventually give rise to disease-modifying drugs for PD. Thus, inten-sive research in the field is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Sidorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konstantin P Volcho
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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8
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Alborghetti M, Nicoletti F. Different Generations of Type-B Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:861-873. [PMID: 30160213 PMCID: PMC7052841 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180830100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three inhibitors of type-B monoamine oxidase (MAOB), selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide, are used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). All three drugs improve motor signs of PD, and are effective in reducing motor fluctuations in patients undergoing long-term L-DOPA treatment. The effect of MAOB inhibitors on non-motor symptoms is not uniform and may not be class-related. Selegiline and rasagiline are irreversible inhibitors forming a covalent bond within the active site of MAOB. In contrast, safinamide is a reversible MAOB inhibitor, and also inhibits voltage- sensitive sodium channels and glutamate release. Safinamide is the prototype of a new generation of multi-active MAOB inhibitors, which includes the antiepileptic drug, zonisamide. Inhibition of MAOB-mediated dopamine metabolism largely accounts for the antiparkinsonian effect of the three drugs. Dopamine metabolism by MAOB generates reactive oxygen species, which contribute to nigro-striatal degeneration. Among all antiparkinsonian agents, MAOB inhibitors are those with the greatest neuroprotective potential because of inhibition of dopamine metabolism, induction of neurotrophic factors, and, in the case of safinamide, inhibition of glutamate release. The recent development of new experimental animal models that more closely mimic the progressive neurodegeneration associated with PD will allow to test the hypothesis that MAOB inhibitors may slow the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Tel: 39-3662816464; E-mail:
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9
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Finberg JPM. Inhibitors of MAO-B and COMT: their effects on brain dopamine levels and uses in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:433-448. [PMID: 30386930 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MAO-B and COMT are both enzymes involved in dopamine breakdown and metabolism. Inhibitors of these enzymes are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This review article describes the scientific background to the localization and function of the enzymes, the physiological changes resulting from their inhibition, and the basic and clinical pharmacology of the various inhibitors and their role in treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P M Finberg
- Neuroscience Group, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
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10
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Chan HH, Tse MK, Kumar S, Zhuo L. A novel selective MAO-B inhibitor with neuroprotective and anti-Parkinsonian properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 818:254-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M. Type A and B monoamine oxidases distinctly modulate signal transduction pathway and gene expression to regulate brain function and survival of neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:1635-1650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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TrkB neurotrophic activities are blocked by α-synuclein, triggering dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10773-10778. [PMID: 28923922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713969114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signaling is essential for dopaminergic neuronal survival, and the activities are reduced in the substantial nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether α-Syn (alpha-synuclein) aggregation, a hallmark in the remaining SN neurons in PD, accounts for the neurotrophic inhibition remains elusive. Here we show that α-Syn selectively interacts with TrkB receptors and inhibits BDNF/TrkB signaling, leading to dopaminergic neuronal death. α-Syn binds to the kinase domain on TrkB, which is negatively regulated by BDNF or Fyn tyrosine kinase. Interestingly, α-Syn represses TrkB lipid raft distribution, decreases its internalization, and reduces its axonal trafficking. Moreover, α-Syn also reduces TrkB protein levels via up-regulation of TrkB ubiquitination. Remarkably, dopamine's metabolite 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) stimulates the interaction between α-Syn and TrkB. Accordingly, MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline disrupts α-Syn/TrkB complex and rescues TrkB neurotrophic signaling, preventing α-Syn-induced dopaminergic neuronal death and restoring motor functions. Hence, our findings demonstrate a noble pathological role of α-Syn in antagonizing neurotrophic signaling, providing a molecular mechanism that accounts for its neurotoxicity in PD.
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Basil AH, Sim JPL, Lim GGY, Lin S, Chan HY, Engelender S, Lim KL. AF-6 Protects Against Dopaminergic Dysfunction and Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Drosophila Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:241. [PMID: 28848400 PMCID: PMC5554356 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Afadin 6 (AF-6) is an F-actin binding multidomain-containing scaffolding protein that is known for its function in cell-cell adhesion. Interestingly, besides this well documented role, we recently found that AF-6 is a Parkin-interacting protein that augments Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Notably, mutations in Parkin and PINK1 are causative of recessively inherited forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis is thought to underlie PD pathogenesis. Given the novel role of AF-6 in mitochondrial quality control (QC), we hypothesized that AF-6 overexpression may be beneficial to PD. Using the Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we demonstrate in this study that transgenic overexpression of human AF-6 in parkin and also pink1 null flies rescues their mitochondrial pathology and associated locomotion deficit, which results in their improved survival over time. Similarly, AF-6 overexpression also ameliorates the pathological phenotypes in flies expressing the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutant, a mutation that is associated with dominantly-inherited PD cases in humans. Conversely, when endogenous AF-6 expression is silenced, it aggravates the disease phenotypes of LRRK2 mutant flies. Aside from these genetic models, we also found that AF-6 overexpression is protective against the loss of dopaminergic neurons in flies treated with rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor commonly used to generate animal models of PD. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AF-6 protects against dopaminergic dysfunction and mitochondrial abnormalities in multiple Drosophila models of PD, and suggest the therapeutic value of AF-6-related pathways in mitigating PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline H Basil
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore
| | - Joan P L Sim
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore
| | - Grace G Y Lim
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore
| | - Shuping Lin
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Chan
- Department of Physiology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringSingapore, Singapore
| | - Simone Engelender
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringSingapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore, Singapore
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14
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Animal models of α-synucleinopathy for Parkinson disease drug development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:515-529. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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The Proliferation Enhancing Effects of Salidroside on Schwann Cells In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4673289. [PMID: 28680451 PMCID: PMC5478829 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4673289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Derived from Rhodiola rosea L., which is a popular plant in Eastern Europe and Asia, salidroside has pharmacological properties including antiviral, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antioxidative effects. Recent studies show that salidroside has neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. However, the effect of salidroside on Schwann cells (SCs) and the underlying mechanisms of the salidroside-induced neurotrophin secretion have seldom been studied. In this study, the effect of salidroside on the survival, proliferation, and gene expression of Schwann cells lineage (RSC96) was studied through the examinations of the cell viability, proliferation, morphology, and expression of neurotrophic factor related genes including BDNF, GDNF, and CDNF at 2, 4, and 6 days, respectively. These results showed that salidroside significantly enhanced survival and proliferation of SCs. The underlying mechanism might involve that salidroside affected SCs growth through the modulation of several neurotrophic factors including BDNF, GDNF, and CDNF. As for the concentration, 0.4 mM, 0.2 mM, and 0.1 mM of salidroside were recommended, especially 0.2 mM. This investigation indicates that salidroside is capable of enhancing SCs survival and function in vitro, which highlights the possibility that salidroside as a drug agent to promote nerve regeneration in cellular nerve scaffold through salidroside-induced neurotrophin secretion in SCs.
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16
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Tsai ST, Chu SC, Liu SH, Pang CY, Hou TW, Lin SZ, Chen SY. Neuroprotection of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Early Stage Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:409-416. [PMID: 27938485 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x694247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease. Both medical and surgical choices provide symptomatic treatment. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a conventional treatment for hematological diseases, has demonstrated its effectiveness in acute and chronic neurological diseases through its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptosis mechanisms. Based on previous in vitro and in vivo studies, we administered a lower dose (3.3 μg/kg) G-CSF injection for 5 days and six courses for 1 year in early-stage PD patients as a phase I trial. The four PD patient's mean unified PD rating scale motor scores in medication off status remained stable from 23 before the first G-CSF injection to 22 during the 2-year follow-up. 3,4-Dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-l-phenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) studies also revealed an annual 3.5% decrease in radiotracer uptake over the caudate nucleus and 7% in the putamen, both slower than those of previous reports of PD. Adverse effects included transient muscular-skeletal pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated liver enzymes. Based on this preliminary report, G-CSF seems to alleviate disease deterioration for early stage PD patients. The effectiveness of G-CSF was possibly due to its amelioration of progressive dopaminergic neuron degeneration.
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Zheng CY, Guo BJ, Cai W, Cui W, Mak SH, Wang YQ, Lee SMY, Han YF, Zhang ZJ. No synergism between bis(propyl)-cognitin and rasagiline on protecting dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease mice. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1339-46. [PMID: 27651784 PMCID: PMC5020835 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.189201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasagiline, a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, and bis(propyl)-cognitin (B3C), a novel dimer are reported to be neuroprotective. Herein, the synergistical neuroprotection produced by rasagiline and B3C was investigated in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mice of Parkinsonism. By using neurobehavioural tests, high-performance liquid chromatography and western blot assay, we showed that B3C at 0.3 mg/kg, rasagiline at 0.02 mg/kg, as well as co-treatment with B3C and rasagiline prevented MPTP-induced behavioural abnormities, increased the concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum, and up-regulated the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra. However, the neuroprotective effects of co-treatment were not significantly improved when compared with those of B3C or rasagiline alone. Collectively, we have demonstrated that B3C at 0.3 mg/kg and rasagline at 0.02 mg/kg could not produce synergistic neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-You Zheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Jian Guo
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shing-Hung Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Fan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zai-Jun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang D, Jacobs SA, Tsien JZ. Targeting the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B for treating or preventing age-related memory decline. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1121-30. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.941286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang JM. Allopregnanolone and neurogenesis in the nigrostriatal tract. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:224. [PMID: 25161608 PMCID: PMC4130099 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinstalling the neurobiological circuits to effectively change the debilitating course of neurodegenerative diseases is of utmost importance. This reinstallation requires generation of new cells which are able to differentiate into specific types of neurons and modification of the local environment suitable for integration of these new neurons into the neuronal circuits. Allopregnanolone (APα) seems to be involved in both of these processes, and therefore, is a potential neurotrophic agent. Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson’s and also in, at least, a subset of Alzheimer’s patients. Therefore, reinstallation of the dopamine neurons in nigrostriatal tract is of unique importance for these neurodegenerative diseases. However, for the neurogenic status and the roles of allopregnanolone in the nigrostriatal tract, the evidence is accumulating and debating. This review summarizes recent studies regarding the neurogenic status in the nigrostriatal tract. Furthermore, special attention is placed on evidence suggesting that reductions in allopregnenalone levels are one of the major pathological features in PD and AD. This evidence has also been confirmed in brains of mice that were lesioned with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or those bearing neurodegenerative mutations. Lastly, we highlight studies showing that allopregnanalone can augment the number of total cells and dopaminergic neurons via peripheral exogenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ming Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia Center, University Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, USA
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Dzamko N, Zhou J, Huang Y, Halliday GM. Parkinson's disease-implicated kinases in the brain; insights into disease pathogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:57. [PMID: 25009465 PMCID: PMC4068290 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence implicates abnormal protein kinase function in various aspects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) etiology. Elevated phosphorylation of the PD-defining pathological protein, α-synuclein, correlates with its aggregation and toxic accumulation in neurons, whilst genetic missense mutations in the kinases PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, increase susceptibility to PD. Experimental evidence also links kinases of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, amongst others, to PD. Understanding how the levels or activities of these enzymes or their substrates change in brain tissue in relation to pathological states can provide insight into disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding when and where kinase dysfunction occurs is important as modulation of some of these signaling pathways can potentially lead to PD therapeutics. This review will summarize what is currently known in regard to the expression of these PD-implicated kinases in pathological human postmortem brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, Australia ; Neuroscience Research Australia Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, Australia ; Neuroscience Research Australia Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, Australia ; Neuroscience Research Australia Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Kensington, NSW, Australia ; Neuroscience Research Australia Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Finberg JPM. Update on the pharmacology of selective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B: focus on modulation of CNS monoamine neurotransmitter release. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:133-52. [PMID: 24607445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were initially used in medicine following the discovery of their antidepressant action. Subsequently their ability to potentiate the effects of an indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amine such as tyramine was discovered, leading to their limitation in clinical use, except for cases of treatment-resistant depression. More recently, the understanding that: a) potentiation of indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amines is caused by inhibitors of MAO-A but not by inhibitors of MAO-B, and b) that reversible inhibitors of MAO-A cause minimal tyramine potentiation, has led to their re-introduction to clinical use for treatment of depression (reversible MAO-A inhibitors and new dose form MAO-B inhibitor) and treatment of Parkinson's disease (MAO-B inhibitors). The profound neuroprotective properties of propargyl-based inhibitors of MAO-B in preclinical experiments have drawn attention to the possibility of employing these drugs for their neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases, and have raised the question of the involvement of the MAO-mediated reaction as a source of reactive free radicals. Despite the long-standing history of MAO inhibitors in medicine, the way in which they affect neuronal release of monoamine neurotransmitters is still poorly understood. In recent years, the detailed chemical structure of MAO-B and MAO-A has become available, providing new possibilities for synthesis of mechanism-based inhibitors. This review describes the latest advances in understanding the way in which MAO inhibitors affect the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS, with an accent on the importance of these effects for the clinical actions of the drugs.
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Polanski W, Reichmann H, Gille G. Stimulation, protection and regeneration of dopaminergic neurons by 9-methyl-β-carboline: a new anti-Parkinson drug? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:845-60. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Inaba-Hasegawa K. Revelation in the neuroprotective functions of rasagiline and selegiline: the induction of distinct genes by different mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:671-84. [PMID: 23739004 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, cell death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra progresses and neuroprotective therapy is required to halt neuronal loss. In cellular and animal models, selegiline [(-)deprenyl] and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, protect neuronal cells from programmed cell death. In this paper, the authors review their recent results on the molecular mechanisms by which MAO inhibitors prevent the cell death through the induction of antiapoptotic, prosurvival genes. MAO-A mediates the induction of antiapoptotic bcl-2 and mao-a itself by rasagiline, whereas a different mechanism is associated with selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline preferentially increase GDNF and BDNF in nonhuman primates and Parkinsonian patients, respectively. Enhanced neurotrophic factors might be applicable to monitor the neurorescuing activity of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
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24
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Wu JC, Tsai ML, Lai CS, Wang YJ, Ho CT, Pan MH. Chemopreventative effects of tetrahydrocurcumin on human diseases. Food Funct 2014; 5:12-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Sai T, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Biochemical evaluation of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and MPP⁺ in embryonic and newborn mice. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:445-58. [PMID: 23665943 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the toxicities caused by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is damage to dopaminergic neurons. When injected into C57BL/6J mice, MPTP penetrates into the brain and is converted to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) by monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B in astrocytes. MPP⁺ has high affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT) on dopaminergic neurons, and is taken up into the cell to cause cell death. There have been relatively few researches on the acute MPTP toxicity to embryonic or newborn mice. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the influence of MPTP and MPP⁺ on embryonic and newborn mice by measuring sequential changes in major indexes of MPTP toxicity and MPTP metabolism; levels of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), DAT, MAO-A and MAO-B. In addition, we measured the levels of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), in the brain of newborn mice. A single injection of MPTP and MPP⁺ reduced the levels of dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, in the brain of newborn mice about 6-12 hr after the injection. Similarly the levels of mRNAs and proteins of DAT and TH were lowered in the brain of embryonic and newborn mice as well. The levels of these indexes were generally recovered at 24 hr after injection, indicating that the neurotoxicity induced by a single injection of MPTP or MPP⁺ is temporary and recoverable in embryonic and newborn mice. By contrast, no significant changes in the expression levels of MAO-A and MAO-B were observed in either MPTP- or MPP⁺-treated mice.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/adverse effects
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/metabolism
- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/metabolism
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology
- Female
- Homovanillic Acid/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- MPTP Poisoning/metabolism
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monoamine Oxidase/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Sai T, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Involvement of monoamine oxidase-B in the acute neurotoxicity of MPTP in embryonic and newborn mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:365-73. [PMID: 22281418 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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27
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Sai T, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Acute toxicity of MPTP and MPP+ in the brain of embryo and newborn mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:113-9. [PMID: 21798732 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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De Deurwaerdère P, Navailles S. What can we expect from the serotonergic side of l-DOPA? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:927-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.01.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Mazzio E, Deiab S, Park K, Soliman KFA. High throughput screening to identify natural human monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Phytother Res 2012; 27:818-28. [PMID: 22887993 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related increase in monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) may contribute to CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, MAO-B inhibitors are used in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson disease as preliminary monotherapy or adjunct therapy with L-dopa. To date, meager natural sources of MAO-B inhibitors have been identified, and the relative strength, potency and rank of many plants relative to standard drugs such as Selegiline (L-deprenyl,Eldepryl) are not known. In this work, we developed and utilized a high throughput enzyme microarray format to screen and evaluate 905 natural product extracts (0.025-.7 mg/ml) to inhibit human MAO-B derived from BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus. The protein sequence of purified enzyme was confirmed using 1D gel electrophoresis-matrix assisted laser desorption ionization -time-of-flight-tandem mass spectroscopy, and enzyme activity was confirmed by [1] substrate conversion (3-mM benzylamine) to H202 and [2] benzaldehyde. Of the 905 natural extracts tested, the lowest IC50s [<0.07 mg/ml] were obtained with extracts of Amur Corktree (Phellodendron amurense), Bakuchi Seed(Cyamopsis psoralioides), Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra/uralensis), Babchi (Psoralea corylifolia seed). The data also show, albeit to a lesser extent, inhibitory properties of herbs originating from the mint family (Lamiaceae) and Turmeric, Comfrey, Bringraj, Skullcap, Kava-kava, Wild Indigo, Gentian and Green Tea. In conclusion, the data reflect relative potency information by rank of commonly used herbs and plants that contain human MAO-B inhibitory properties in their natural form.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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An NR2B-Dependent Decrease in the Expression of trkB Receptors Precedes the Disappearance of Dopaminergic Cells in Substantia Nigra in a Rat Model of Presymptomatic Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:129605. [PMID: 22720191 PMCID: PMC3377358 DOI: 10.1155/2012/129605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory changes occurring during presymptomatic stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) would explain that the clinical symptoms of the disease appear late, when the degenerative process is quite advanced. Several data support the proposition that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could play a role in these plastic changes. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of the specific BDNF receptor, trkB, in a rat model of presymptomatic PD generated by intrastriatal injection of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a decrease in trkB expression in SN pars compacta (SNc) seven days after 6-OHDA injection. At this time point, no change in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive (TH-IR) cells is detected, although a decrease is evident 14 days after neurotoxin injection. The decrease in TH-positive cells and trkB expression in SNc was significantly prevented by systemic administration of Ifenprodil, a specific antagonist of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Therefore, an NR2B-NMDA receptor-dependent decrease in trkB expression precedes the disappearance of TH-IR cells in SNc in response to 6-OHDA injection. These results support the idea that a functional coupling between NMDA receptors and BDNF/trkB signalling may be important for the maintenance of the dopaminergic phenotype in SNc during presymptomatic stages of PD.
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Aspartic acid substitutions in monoamine oxidase-A reveal both catalytic-dependent and -independent influences on cell viability and proliferation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1285-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Ding YX, Xia Y, Jiao XY, Duan L, Yu J, Wang X, Chen LW. The TrkB-positive dopaminergic neurons are less sensitive to MPTP insult in the substantia nigra of adult C57/BL mice. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1759-66. [PMID: 21562748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors TrkB and TrkC mediate neuroprotective effects of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophins in the dopaminergic nigro-striatal system, but it is obscure about their responses or expression changes in the injured substantia nigra under Parkinson's disease. In present study, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade staining and laser scanning confocal microscopy were applied to investigate distribution and changes of TrkB and TrkC in the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra by comparison of control and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model. It revealed that TrkB and TrkC-immunoreactivities were substantially localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane of the substantia nigra neurons of control adults. While neurons double-labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/TrkB, or TH/TrkC were distributed in a large numbers in the substantia nigra of controls, they apparently went down at 36.2-65.7% of normal level, respectively following MPTP insult. In MPTP model, cell apoptosis or degeneration of nigral neurons were confirmed by caspase-3 and Fluoro-Jade staining. More interestingly, TH/TrkB-positive neurons survived more in cell numbers in comparison with that of TH/TrkC-positive ones in the MPTP model. This study has indicated that TrkB-containing dopamine neurons are less sensitive in the substantia nigra of MPTP mouse model, suggesting that specific organization of Trks may be involved in neuronal vulnerability to MPTP insult, and BDNF-TrkB signaling may play more important role in protecting dopamine neurons and exhibit therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xiu Ding
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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Camins A, Sureda FX, Junyent F, Verdaguer E, Folch J, Beas-Zarate C, Pallas M. An overview of investigational antiapoptotic drugs with potential application for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:587-604. [DOI: 10.1517/13543781003781898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Morissette M, Samadi P, Hadj Tahar A, Bélanger N, Di Paolo T. Striatal Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in the development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:446-54. [PMID: 20026151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
L-Dopa treatment, the gold standard therapy for Parkinson's disease, is hampered by motor complications such as dyskinesias. Recently, impairment of striatal Akt/GSK3 signaling was proposed to play a role in the mechanisms implicated in development of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. The present experiment investigated in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys, the effects on Akt/GSK3 of chronic L-Dopa treatment inducing dyskinesias compared to L-Dopa with CI-1041 (NMDA receptor antagonist) or a low dose of cabergoline (dopamine D2 receptor agonist) preventing dyskinesias. The extensive dopamine denervation induced by MPTP was associated with a decrease by about half of phosphorylated Akt(Ser473) levels in posterior caudate nucleus, anterior and posterior putamen; smaller changes were observed for phosphorylated Akt(Thr308) levels that did not reach statistical significance. Dopamine depletion reduced phosphorylated GSK3beta(Ser9) levels, mainly in posterior putamen whereas pGSK3beta(Tyr216) and pGSK3alpha(Ser21) were unchanged. In posterior caudate nucleus, anterior and posterior putamen of dyskinetic L-Dopa-treated MPTP monkeys, pAkt(Ser473) and pGSK3beta(Ser9) were elevated whereas L-Dopa+cabergoline treated MPTP monkeys without dyskinesias had lower values in posterior striatum as vehicle-treated MPTP monkeys. In non-dyskinetic MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa+CI-1041, putamen pAkt(Ser473) and pGSK3beta(Ser9) levels remained elevated as in dyskinetic monkeys while in posterior caudate nucleus, these levels were low as vehicle-treated and lower than L-Dopa treated MPTP monkeys. Extent of phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta in putamen correlated positively with dyskinesias scores of MPTP monkeys; these correlations were higher with dopaminergic drugs (L-Dopa, cabergoline) suggesting implication of additional mechanisms and/or signaling molecules in the NMDA antagonist antidyskinetic effect. In conclusion, our results showed that in MPTP monkeys, loss of striatal dopamine decreased Akt/GSK3 signaling and that increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta was associated with L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Morissette
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Centre, CHUQ, Laval University Medical Centre, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Battaglia G, Molinaro G, Riozzi B, Storto M, Busceti CL, Spinsanti P, Bucci D, Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Corti C, Corsi M, Nicoletti F, Belluardo N, Bruno V. Activation of mGlu3 receptors stimulates the production of GDNF in striatal neurons. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6591. [PMID: 19672295 PMCID: PMC2719807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been considered potential targets
for the therapy of experimental parkinsonism. One hypothetical advantage
associated with the use of mGlu receptor ligands is the lack of the adverse
effects typically induced by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, such as
sedation, ataxia, and severe learning impairment. Low doses of the mGlu2/3
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY379268 (0.25–3 mg/kg, i.p.)
increased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA and protein
levels in the mouse brain, as assessed by in situ
hybridization, real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. This
increase was prominent in the striatum, but was also observed in the cerebral
cortex. GDNF mRNA levels peaked at 3 h and declined afterwards, whereas GDNF
protein levels progressively increased from 24 to 72 h following LY379268
injection. The action of LY379268 was abrogated by the mGlu2/3 receptor
antagonist, LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and was lost in mGlu3 receptor knockout
mice, but not in mGlu2 receptor knockout mice. In pure cultures of striatal
neurons, the increase in GDNF induced by LY379268 required the activation of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathways, as
shown by the use of specific inhibitors of the two pathways. Both in
vivo and in vitro studies led to the conclusion
that neurons were the only source of GDNF in response to mGlu3 receptor
activation. Remarkably, acute or repeated injections of LY379268 at doses that
enhanced striatal GDNF levels (0.25 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) were highly protective
against nigro-striatal damage induced by
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice, as assessed by
stereological counting of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the pars
compacta of the substantia nigra. We speculate that selective mGlu3 receptor
agonists or enhancers are potential candidates as neuroprotective agents in
Parkinson's disease, and their use might circumvent the limitations
associated with the administration of exogenous GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Molinaro
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Barbara Riozzi
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Spinsanti
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University “La
Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Bucci
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Mudò
- DIMES, Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo,
Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Neuroscience Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Corsi
- Neuroscience Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University “La
Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- DIMES, Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo,
Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University “La
Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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36
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Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Neuroprotective actions of sex steroids in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:142-57. [PMID: 19410597 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sex difference in Parkinson's disease, with a higher susceptibility in men, suggests a modulatory effect of sex steroids in the brain. Numerous studies highlight that sex steroids have neuroprotective properties against various brain injuries. This paper reviews the protective effects of sex hormones, particularly estradiol, progesterone and androgens, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) animal model of Parkinson's disease as compared to methamphetamine toxicity. The molecular mechanisms underlying beneficial actions of sex steroids on the brain have been investigated showing steroid, dose, timing and duration specificities and presently focus is on the dopamine signaling pathways, the next frontier. Both genomic and non-genomic actions of estrogen converge to promote survival factors and show sex differences. Neuroprotection by estrogen involves activation of signaling molecules such as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Interaction with growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1, also contributes to protective actions of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Laval University Medical Center, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Recent developments in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 2009; 256:1791-808. [PMID: 19471850 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare late onset neurodegenerative disorder which presents with autonomic failure and a complicated motor syndrome including atypical parkinsonism, ataxia and pyramidal signs. MSA is a glial alpha-synucleinopathy with rapid progression and currently poor therapeutic management. This paper reviews the clinical features, natural history and novel diagnostic criteria for MSA as well as contemporary knowledge on pathogenesis based on evidence from neuropathological studies and experimental models. An outline of the rationale for managing symptomatic deterioration in MSA is provided together with a summary of novel experimental therapeutic approaches to decrease disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor K Wenning
- Section of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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38
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Yuan L, Seo JS, Kang NS, Keinan S, Steele SE, Michelotti GA, Wetsel WC, Beratan DN, Gong YD, Lee TH, Hong J. Identification of 3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones as isoform-selective PKC-zeta inhibitors and potential therapeutics for psychostimulant abuse. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:927-30. [PMID: 19668856 DOI: 10.1039/b903036k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From a screen of small molecule libraries to identify potential therapeutics for psychostimulant abuse, 3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones were shown to be isoform-selective PKC-zeta inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langtian Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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39
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Morissette M, Al Sweidi S, Callier S, Di Paolo T. Estrogen and SERM neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 290:60-9. [PMID: 18515001 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A higher prevalence and incidence of Parkinson disease (PD) is observed in men and beneficial motor effects of estrogens are observed in parkinsonian women. Lesion of the dopamine (DA) nigrostriatal pathway in animals with 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) provides a model of PD and this is based on its use in humans as side-product of a drug abuse. Presently treatment of PD is mainly symptomatic. The MPTP mouse is used to study the neuroprotective roles of estrogenic drugs on the DA system. Estrogens, but not androgens, are active neuroprotectants as well as progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. An estrogen receptor agonist PPT and the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene are also neuroprotective. Striatal DA neurons of estrogen receptor alpha knockout mice are more susceptible to MPTP toxicity than wild-type mice and neuroprotection by estradiol is associated with the activation of the PI3-K pathway involving Akt, GSK3beta, Bcl2 and BAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Morissette
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL), Quebec, QC, Canada
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40
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Stefanova N, Poewe W, Wenning GK. Rasagiline is neuroprotective in a transgenic model of multiple system atrophy. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:421-7. [PMID: 18222424 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline is a novel selective irreversible monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor recently introduced for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson disease. Like other propargylamines rasagiline has also shown neuroprotective effects independent of MAO-B-inhibition in various in vitro and in vivo models. The present study was performed to test the potential of rasagiline as a disease-modifying agent in multiple system atrophy (MSA) using a transgenic mouse model previously described by our group. (PLP)-alpha-synuclein transgenic mice featuring glial cytoplasmic inclusion pathology underwent 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication to model full-blown MSA-like neurodegeneration. Two doses of rasagiline were used (0.8 and 2.5 mg/kg) for a treatment period of 4 weeks. Rasagiline-treated animals were compared to placebo saline-treated mice by evaluation of motor behaviour and neuropathology. Motor behavioural tests including pole test, stride length test and general motor score evaluation showed improvements in motor deficits associated with 2.5 mg/kg rasagiline therapy. Immunohistochemistry and histology showed significant reduction of 3-NP-induced neuronal loss in striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, cerebellar cortex, pontine nuclei and inferior olives of MSA mice receiving 2.5 mg/kg rasagiline. The results of the study indicate that rasagiline confers neuroprotection in a transgenic mouse model of MSA and may therefore be considered a promising disease-modifying candidate for human MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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