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Jesmin S, Shima T, Soya M, Takahashi K, Omura K, Ogura K, Koizumi H, Soya H. Long-term light and moderate exercise intervention similarly prevent both hippocampal and glycemic dysfunction in presymptomatic type 2 diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E219-E230. [PMID: 34957860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A prediabetic population has an increased risk of cognitive decline and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated whether the progression of memory dysfunction and dysregulated brain glycogen metabolism is prevented with 4 mo of exercise intervention from the presymptomatic stage in a T2DM rat model. Memory function and biochemical and molecular profiles were assessed in the presymptomatic stage of Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, a T2DM model, with Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats as genetic control. These rats were subjected to light- or moderate-intensity treadmill running for 4 mo with repetition of the same experiments. Significant hippocampal-dependent memory dysfunction was observed in the presymptomatic stage of OLETF rats, accompanied by downregulated levels of hippocampal monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), a neuronal lactate-transporter, without alteration in hippocampal glycogen levels. Four months of light or moderate exercise from the presymptomatic stage of T2DM normalized glycemic parameters and hippocampal molecular normalization through MCT2, glycogen, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels with the improvement of memory dysfunction in OLETF rats. A 4-mo exercise regimen from the presymptomatic stage of T2DM at a light and moderate intensities contributed to the prevention of the development of T2DM and the progression of cognitive decline with hippocampal lactate-transport and BDNF improvement.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for hippocampal memory dysfunction, which would progress since the prediabetic stage. We found that 4 mo of exercise both at the light and moderate intensity prevented the progression of memory dysfunction with an improvement of hippocampal MCT2 expression in presymptomatic diabetes, implying that light intensity exercise could be a therapeutic approach, and the alteration of hippocampal MCT2 would be a therapeutic target of memory dysfunction from presymptomatic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrina Jesmin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeru Shima
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Cooperative Faculty of Education, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koki Omura
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kasane Ogura
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hikaru Koizumi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Takada Y, Hanaoka T, Imagita H, Yasui T, Takeshita D, Abe M, Kawata S, Yamakami T, Okada K, Washio H, Okuda S, Minematsu A, Nakamura T, Terada S, Yamada T, Nakatani A, Sakata S. Long-term wheel-running prevents reduction of grip strength in type 2 diabetic rats. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15046. [PMID: 34558206 PMCID: PMC8461031 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic skeletal muscles show reduced contractile force and increased fatigability. Hands are a target for several diabetes-induced complications. Therefore, reduced handgrip strength often occurs as a consequence of diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine whether long-term exercise can prevent reduction of grip strength in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model OLETF rats, and to explore the mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced grip strength reduction. Ten 5-week-old OLETF rats were used as experimental animals, and five non-diabetic LETO rats as controls of OLETF rats. Half OLETF rats performed daily voluntary wheel-running for 17 months (OLETF + EXE), and the rest of OLETF and LETO rats were sedentary. Grip strength was higher in OLETF + EXE and LETO groups than in OLETF group. OLETF group with hyperglycemia showed an increase in HbA1c, serum TNF-α, and muscle SERCA activity, but a decrease in circulating insulin. Each fiber area, total fiber area, and % total fiber area in type IIb fibers of extensor digitorum longus muscles were larger in OLETF + EXE and LETO groups than in OLETF group. There was a positive correlation between grip strength and the above three parameters concerning type IIb fiber area. Therefore, type IIb fiber atrophy may be the major direct cause of grip strength reduction in OLETF group, although there seems multiple etiological mechanisms. Long-term wheel-running may have blocked the diabetes-induced reduction of grip strength by preventing type IIb fiber atrophy. Regular exercise may be a potent modality for preventing not only the progression of diabetes but muscle dysfunction in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takada
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
- Department of Human DevelopmentGraduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Tomoko Hanaoka
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Hidetaka Imagita
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Toshihide Yasui
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
- Department of Health and SportsMukogawa Women's UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | - Daisuke Takeshita
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Masami Abe
- Graduate School of Health SciencesSapporo Medical UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Shinnosuke Kawata
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Taku Yamakami
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Keisuke Okada
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Hiroe Washio
- Department of NursingSchool of Health SciencesKansai University of International StudiesMikiJapan
| | - Syunji Okuda
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Akira Minematsu
- Division of Health ScienceGraduate School of Health ScienceKio UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Division of Human SciencesFaculty of EngineeringOsaka Institute of TechnologyOsakaJapan
| | - Shin Terada
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Health SciencesSapporo Medical UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Akira Nakatani
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyDepartment of Health and Sports Science EducationNara University of EducationNaraJapan
| | - Susumu Sakata
- Department of Physiology 1Nara Medical University School of MedicineKashiharaJapan
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Mojtahedi S, Shabkhiz F, Ravasi AA, Rosenkranz S, Soori R, Soleimani M, Tavakoli R. Voluntary wheel running promotes improvements in biomarkers associated with neurogenic activity in adult male rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1505-1511. [PMID: 33139016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis phenomena are affected by exercise. However, the role of exercise parameters such as intensity, duration, and mode on molecular mechanisms involved in these processes has not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different intensities and modes of running on the expression of genes contributing to neuronal differentiation and synapse formation in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 24) were randomly divided into control, low-intensity running (LIR), high-intensity running (HIR), and the voluntary wheel running (WR) conditions. Changes in the expression of microRNA-124 (miR-124), microRNA-132 (miR-132), and their respective targets, were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting techniques. Our results showed that WR compared to treadmill running increased miR-124 and miR-132 expression, while reducing the expression of their respective targets, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), SRY-Box 9 (SOX9), and GTP-activated protein P250 (P250GAP). Differences in expression levels were statistically significant (ps < 0.05), except for the expression of GR in HIR (P = 0.09). Moreover, the expression level of gene coding for the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) was significantly higher in the WR group compared to the treadmill running groups (P = 0.001). Western blotting techniques indicated that the level of the CREB protein was higher in WR compared to the other groups qualitatively. These findings demonstrated a more dramatic effect for voluntary running on biomarkers that are associated with stimulating neurogenesis and synapse formation in the hippocampus of male rats compared with forced treadmill running. In addition, greater positive effects were observed for lower-intensity treadmill running as compared with high-intensity running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mojtahedi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Shabkhiz
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ravasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Rosenkranz
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rahman Soori
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rezvan Tavakoli
- Molecular Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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de Senna PN, Xavier LL, Bagatini PB, Saur L, Galland F, Zanotto C, Bernardi C, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA, Achaval M. Physical training improves non-spatial memory, locomotor skills and the blood brain barrier in diabetic rats. Brain Res 2015; 1618:75-82. [PMID: 26032744 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) progressively affects cognitive domains, increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and promotes neurovascular impairment in specific brain areas. Physical exercise, on the other hand, has beneficial effects on brain functions, improving learning and memory. This study investigated the effects of treadmill training on cognitive and motor behavior, and on the expression of proteins related to BBB integrity, such as claudin-5 and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the hippocampus and striatum in diabetic rats. For this study, 60 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=15 per group): non-trained control (NTC), trained control (TC), non-trained diabetic (NTD), trained diabetic (TD). After diabetic induction of 30 days by streptozotocin injection, the exercise groups were submitted to 5 weeks of running training. After that, all groups were assessed in a novel object-recognition task (NOR) and the rotarod test. Additionally, claudin-5 and AQP4 levels were measured using biochemical assays. The results showed that exercise enhanced NOR task performance and rotarod ability in the TC and TD animals. Diabetes produced a decrease in claudin-5 expression in the hippocampus and striatum and reduced AQP4 in the hippocampus. Exercise preserved the claudin-5 content in the striatum of TD rats, but not in the hippocampus. The reduction of AQP4 levels produced by diabetes was not reversed by exercise. We conclude that exercise improves short-term memory retention, enhances motor performance in diabetic rats and affects important structural components of the striatal BBB. The results obtained could enhance the knowledge regarding the neurochemical benefits of exercise in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscylla Nunes de Senna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pamela Brambilla Bagatini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiani Saur
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caren Bernardi
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matilde Achaval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Radahmadi M, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Hosseini N. Preventive and therapeutic effect of treadmill running on chronic stress-induced memory deficit in rats. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 19:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hwang IK, Choi JH, Nam SM, Park OK, Yoo DY, Kim W, Yi SS, Won MH, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Activation of microglia and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats. Neurol Res 2014; 36:824-32. [PMID: 24571083 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of immune cells in the brain are comprised of microglia, which undergo morphological changes when activated to remove damaged neurons and infectious agents from the brain tissue. In this study, we investigated the effects of type 2 diabetes on microglial activation and the subsequent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), in the hippocampus using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats at various diabetic stages. METHODS Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty rats were sacrificed at 12 (early diabetic stage), 20, or 30 weeks of age (chronic diabetic stage), and the hippocampus was obtained via transcardiac perfusion or dissection for immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Zucker diabetic fatty rats demonstrated significantly higher glucose levels at 12 and 30 weeks of age compared to ZLC rats. Microglia immunoreactive to ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) had hypertrophied cytoplasm with retracted processes at 30 weeks of age. In contrast, Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia displayed similar morphology in ZDF and ZLC rats at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Similarly, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta protein levels were significantly increased in ZDF rats compared to ZLC rats at 30 weeks of age, but not at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity in the ZDF rats predominantly increased in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to that of ZLC rats at 30 weeks of age. In addition, IL-1beta immunoreactive structures in ZDF rats at 30 weeks of age were detected near the astrocytes and microglia. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chronic diabetes activates microglia and significantly increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus.
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Spatial memory impairments in a prediabetic rat model. Neuroscience 2013; 250:565-77. [PMID: 23912035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk for brain disorders, namely cognitive impairments associated with hippocampal dysfunction underlying diabetic encephalopathy. However, the impact of a prediabetic state on cognitive function is unknown. Therefore, we now investigated whether spatial learning and memory deficits and the underlying hippocampal dysfunction were already present in a prediabetic animal model. Adult Wistar rats drinking high-sucrose (HSu) diet (35% sucrose solution during 9 weeks) were compared to controls' drinking water. HSu rats exhibited fasting normoglycemia accompanied by hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia in the fed state, and insulin resistance with impaired glucose tolerance confirming them as a prediabetic rodent model. HSu rats displayed a poorer performance in hippocampal-dependent short- and long-term spatial memory performance, assessed with the modified Y-maze and Morris water maze tasks, respectively; this was accompanied by a reduction of insulin receptor-β density with normal levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 pSer636/639, and decreased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor levels without changes of the plasma corticosterone levels. Importantly, HSu animals exhibited increased hippocampal levels of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits GluA1 and GLUN1, respectively, whereas the levels of protein markers related to nerve terminals (synaptophysin) and oxidative stress/inflammation (HNE, RAGE, TNF-α) remained unaltered. These findings indicate that 9 weeks of sucrose consumption resulted in a metabolic condition suggestive of a prediabetic state, which translated into short- and long-term spatial memory deficits accompanied by alterations in hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission and abnormal glucocorticoid signaling.
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Shin JH, Seong JK, Yi SS. Sequential alterations of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus of STZ-treated type 1 diabetic rats. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:19-26. [PMID: 23820217 PMCID: PMC3973762 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a common metabolic disorder accompanied by increased blood glucose levels along with glucocorticoid and cognitive deficits. The disease is also thought to be associated with environmental changes in brain and constantly induces oxidative stress in patients. Therefore, glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback mechanisms involving the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding site are very important to understand the development of this disease. Many researchers have used streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic animals to study changes in GR expression in the brain. However, few scientists have evaluated the hyperglycemic period following STZ exposure. In the present study, we found GR expression in the hippocampus varied based on the period after STZ administration for up to 4 weeks. We performed immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to validate the sequential alterations of GR expression in the hippocampus of STZ-treated type 1 diabetic rats. GR protein expression increased significantly until week 3 but decreased at week 4 following STZ administration. GR expression after 70 mg/kg STZ administration was highest at 3 weeks post-treatment and decreased thereafter. Although STZ-induced increase in GR expression in diabetic animals has been described, our data indicate that researchers should consider the sequential GR expression changes during the hyperglycemic period following STZ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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