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Gomez-Sequeda N, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. The Antiproteinopathy, Antioxidant, and Antiapoptotic Effects of Methylene Blue and 4-Phenylbutyric Acid Alone, and in Combination on Familial Alzheimer's Disease PSEN1 I416T Cholinergic-Like Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39259845 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is a chronic neurological condition that progresses over time. Currently, lacking a viable treatment, the use of multitarget medication combinations has generated interest as a potential FAD therapy approach. In this study, we examined the effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) and methylene blue (MB) either separately or in combination on PSEN1 I416T cholinergic-like neuron cells (ChLNs), which serve as a model for FAD. We found that MB was significantly efficient at reducing the accumulation of intracellular Aβ, phosphorylation of TAU Ser202/Thr205, and increasing Δψm, whereas 4-PBA was significantly efficient at diminishing oxidation of DJ-1Cys106-SH, expression of TP53, and increasing ACh-induced Ca2+ influx. Both agents were equally effective at blunting phosphorylated c-JUN at Ser63/Ser73 and activating caspase 3 (CASP3) into cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) on mutant cells. Combination of MB and 4-PBA at middle (0.1, 1) concentration significantly reduced iAβ, p-TAU, and oxDJ-1 and augmented the ACh-induced Ca2+ influx compared to combined agents at low (0.05, 0.5) or high (0.5, 5) concentration. However, combined MB and 4-PBA were efficient only at dropping DJ-1Cys106-SO3 and increasing ACh-induced Ca2+ inward in mutant ChLNs. Our data show that the reagents MB and 4-PBA alone possess more than one action (e.g., antiamyloid, antioxidant, anti-TAU, antiapoptotic, and ACh-induced Ca2+ influx enhancers), that in combination might cancel or diminish each other. Together, these results strongly argue that MB and 4-PBA might protect PSEN1 I416T ChLNs from Aβ-induced toxicity by working intracellularly as anti-Aβ and anti-Tau agents, improving Δψm and cell survival, and extracellularly, by increasing ACh-induced Ca2+ ion influx. MB and 4-PBA are promising drugs with potential for repurposing in familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gomez-Sequeda
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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Quintero-Espinosa DA, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitor PF-06447475 Protects Drosophila melanogaster against Paraquat-Induced Locomotor Impairment, Life Span Reduction, and Oxidative Stress. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2440-2452. [PMID: 38847910 PMCID: PMC11310290 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by locomotor alteration due to the specific deterioration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Mounting evidence shows that human LRRK2 (hLRRK2) kinase activity is involved in oxidative stress (OS)-induced neurodegeneration, suggesting LRRK2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target. We report that the hLRRK2 inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF-475) prolonged lifespan, increased locomotor activity, maintained DAergic neuronal integrity, and reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in female Drosophila melanogaster flies chronically exposed to paraquat (PQ), a redox cycling compound, compared to flies treated with vehicle only. Since LRRK2 is an evolutionary conserved kinase, the present findings reinforce the idea that either reduction or inhibition of the LRRK2 kinase might decrease OS and locomotor alterations associated with PD. Our observations highlight the importance of uncovering the function of the hLRRK2 orthologue dLrrk2 in D. melanogaster as an excellent model for pharmacological screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Quintero-Espinosa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
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Ilieva NM, Hoffman EK, Ghalib MA, Greenamyre JT, De Miranda BR. LRRK2 kinase inhibition protects against Parkinson's disease-associated environmental toxicants. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106522. [PMID: 38705492 PMCID: PMC11332574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is epidemiologically linked with exposure to toxicants such as pesticides and solvents, which comprise a wide array of chemicals that pollute our environment. While most are structurally distinct, a common cellular target for their toxicity is mitochondrial dysfunction, a key pathological trigger involved in the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. We and others have shown that environmental mitochondrial toxicants such as the pesticides rotenone and paraquat, and the organic solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) appear to be influenced by the protein LRRK2, a genetic risk factor for PD. As LRRK2 mediates vesicular trafficking and influences endolysosomal function, we postulated that LRRK2 kinase activity may inhibit the autophagic removal of toxicant damaged mitochondria, resulting in elevated oxidative stress. Conversely, we suspected that inhibition of LRRK2, which has been shown to be protective against dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by mitochondrial toxicants, would reduce the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent mitochondrial toxicity from inducing cell death. To do this, we tested in vitro if genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of LRRK2 (MLi2) protected against ROS caused by four toxicants associated with PD risk - rotenone, paraquat, TCE, and tetrachloroethylene (PERC). In parallel, we assessed if LRRK2 inhibition with MLi2 could protect against TCE-induced toxicity in vivo, in a follow up study from our observation that TCE elevated LRRK2 kinase activity in the nigrostriatal tract of rats prior to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We found that LRRK2 inhibition blocked toxicant-induced ROS and promoted mitophagy in vitro, and protected against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial damage caused by TCE in vivo. We also found that cells with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation displayed exacerbated levels of toxicant induced ROS, but this was ameliorated by LRRK2 inhibition with MLi2. Collectively, these data support a role for LRRK2 in toxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction linked to PD risk through oxidative stress and the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda M Ilieva
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric K Hoffman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed A Ghalib
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Giraldo-Berrio D, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Rotenone Induces a Neuropathological Phenotype in Cholinergic-like Neurons Resembling Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PDD). Neurotox Res 2024; 42:28. [PMID: 38842585 PMCID: PMC11156752 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) is a neurological disorder that clinically and neuropathologically overlaps with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although it is assumed that alpha-synuclein ( α -Syn), amyloid beta (A β ), and the protein Tau might synergistically induce cholinergic neuronal degeneration, presently the pathological mechanism of PDD remains unclear. Therefore, it is essential to delve into the cellular and molecular aspects of this neurological entity to identify potential targets for prevention and treatment strategies. Cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs) were exposed to rotenone (ROT, 10 μ M) for 24 h. ROT provokes loss of Δ Ψ m , generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation of leucine-rich repeated kinase 2 (LRRK2 at Ser935) concomitantly with phosphorylation of α -synuclein ( α -Syn, Ser129), induces accumulation of intracellular A β (iA β ), oxidized DJ-1 (Cys106), as well as phosphorylation of TAU (Ser202/Thr205), increases the phosphorylation of c-JUN (Ser63/Ser73), and increases expression of proapoptotic proteins TP53, PUMA, and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) in ChLNs. These neuropathological features resemble those reproduced in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A ChLNs. Interestingly, anti-oxidant and anti-amyloid cannabidiol (CBD), JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP), TP53 inhibitor pifithrin- α (PFT), and LRRK2 kinase inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF475) significantly diminish ROT-induced oxidative stress (OS), proteinaceous, and cell death markers in ChLNs compared to naïve ChLNs. In conclusion, ROT induces p- α -Syn, iA β , p-Tau, and cell death in ChLNs, recapitulating the neuropathology findings in PDD. Our report provides an excellent in vitro model to test for potential therapeutic strategies against PDD. Our data suggest that ROT induces a neuropathologic phenotype in ChLNs similar to that caused by the mutation PSEN1 E280A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giraldo-Berrio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
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Quintero-Espinosa DA, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. High Yield of Functional Dopamine-like Neurons Obtained in NeuroForsk 2.0 Medium to Study Acute and Chronic Rotenone Effects on Oxidative Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15744. [PMID: 37958728 PMCID: PMC10647258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several efforts to develop new protocols to differentiate in in vitro human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) into dopamine (DA) neurons have been reported. We have formulated NeuroForsk 2.0 medium containing fibroblast growth factor type beta (FGFb), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), melatonin, purmorphamine, and forskolin. We report for the first time that menstrual stromal cells (MenSCs) cultured in NeuroForsk 2.0 medium for 7 days transdifferentiated into DA-like neurons (DALNs) expressing specific DA lineage markers tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells (TH+) and DA transporter-positive (DAT+) cells and were responsive to DA-induced transient Ca2+ influx. To test the usefulness of this medium, DALNs were exposed to rotenone (ROT), a naturally occurring organic neurotoxin used extensively to chemically induce an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a movement disorder characterized by the specific loss of DA neurons. We wanted to determine whether ROT induces apoptotic cell death and autophagy pathway under acute or chronic conditions in DALNs. Here, we report that acute ROT exposure induced several molecular changes in DALNS. ROT induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), high expression of parkin (PRKN), and high colocalization of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) with the mitochondrial translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria 20 (TOMM20) protein. Acute ROT also induced the appearance of DJ-1Cys106-SO3, as evidenced by the generation of H2O2 and oxidative stress (OS) damage. Remarkably, ROT triggered the phosphorylation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) at residue Ser935 and phosphorylation of α-Syn at residue Ser129, a pathological indicator. ROT induced the accumulation of lipidated microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 (LC3B), a highly specific marker of autophagosomes. Finally, ROT induced cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), a marker of activated caspase 3 (CASP3) in apoptotic DALNs compared to untreated DANLs. However, the chronic condition was better at inducing the accumulation of lysosomes than the acute condition. Importantly, the inhibitor of the LRRK2 kinase PF-06447475 (PF-475) almost completely blunted ROT-induced apoptosis and reduced ROT-induced accumulation of lysosomes in both acute and chronic conditions in DALNs. Our data suggest that LRRK2 kinase regulated both apoptotic cell death and autophagy in DALNs under OS. Given that defects in mitochondrial complex I activity are commonly observed in PD, ROT works well as a chemical model of PD in both acute and chronic conditions. Therefore, prevention and treatment therapy should be guided to relieve DALNs from mitochondrial damage and OS, two of the most important triggers in the apoptotic cell death of DALNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (D.A.Q.-E.); (C.V.-P.)
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Perez-Abshana LP, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Rotenone Blocks the Glucocerebrosidase Enzyme and Induces the Accumulation of Lysosomes and Autophagolysosomes Independently of LRRK2 Kinase in HEK-293 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10589. [PMID: 37445771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra and the intraneuronal presence of Lewy bodies (LBs), composed of aggregates of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein at residue Ser129 (p-Ser129α-Syn). Unfortunately, no curative treatment is available yet. To aggravate matters further, the etiopathogenesis of the disorder is still unresolved. However, the neurotoxin rotenone (ROT) has been implicated in PD. Therefore, it has been widely used to understand the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell death. In the present investigation, we show that ROT induces two convergent pathways in HEK-293 cells. First, ROT generates H2O2, which, in turn, either oxidizes the stress sensor protein DJ-Cys106-SH into DJ-1Cys106SO3 or induces the phosphorylation of the protein LRRK2 kinase at residue Ser395 (p-Ser395 LRRK2). Once active, the kinase phosphorylates α-Syn (at Ser129), induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and triggers the production of cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), resulting in signs of apoptotic cell death. ROT also reduces glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity concomitant with the accumulation of lysosomes and autophagolysosomes reflected by the increase in LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate II) markers in HEK-293 cells. Second, the exposure of HEK-293 LRRK2 knockout (KO) cells to ROT displays an almost-normal phenotype. Indeed, KO cells showed neither H2O2, DJ-1Cys106SO3, p-Ser395 LRRK2, p-Ser129α-Syn, nor CC3 but displayed high ΔΨm, reduced GCase activity, and the accumulation of lysosomes and autophagolysosomes. Similar observations are obtained when HEK-293 LRRK2 wild-type (WT) cells are exposed to the inhibitor GCase conduritol-β-epoxide (CBE). Taken together, these observations imply that the combined development of LRRK2 inhibitors and compounds for recovering GCase activity might be promising therapeutic agents for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Perez-Abshana
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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Quintero-Espinosa DA, Sanchez-Hernandez S, Velez-Pardo C, Martin F, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. LRRK2 Knockout Confers Resistance in HEK-293 Cells to Rotenone-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Damage, and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10474. [PMID: 37445652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been linked to dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial impairment, and increased cell death in idiopathic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, how exactly this kinase participates in the OS-mitochondria-apoptosis connection is still unknown. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 LRRK2 knockout (KO) in the human embryonic kidney cell line 293 (HEK-293) to evaluate the cellular response to the mitochondrial inhibitor complex I rotenone (ROT), a well-known OS and cell death inducer. We report successful knockout of the LRRK2 gene in HEK-293 cells using CRISPR editing (ICE, approximately 60%) and flow cytometry (81%) analyses. We found that HEK-293 LRRK2 WT cells exposed to rotenone (ROT, 50 μM) resulted in a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS, +7400%); oxidized DJ-1-Cys106-SO3 (+52%); phosphorylation of LRRK2 (+70%) and c-JUN (+171%); enhanced expression of tumor protein (TP53, +2000%), p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA, +1950%), and Parkin (PRKN, +22%); activation of caspase 3 (CASP3, +8000%), DNA fragmentation (+35%) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm, -58%) and PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1, -49%) when compared to untreated cells. The translocation of the cytoplasmic fission protein dynamin-related Protein 1 (DRP1) to mitochondria was also observed by colocalization with translocase of the outer membrane 20 (TOM20). Outstandingly, HEK-293 LRRK2 KO cells treated with ROT showed unaltered OS and apoptosis markers. We conclude that loss of LRRK2 causes HEK-293 to be resistant to ROT-induced OS, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis in vitro. Our data support the hypothesis that LRRK2 acts as a proapoptotic kinase by regulating mitochondrial proteins (e.g., PRKN, PINK1, DRP1, and PUMA), transcription factors (e.g., c-JUN and TP53), and CASP3 in cells under stress conditions. Taken together, these observations suggest that LRRK2 is an important kinase in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alejandra Quintero-Espinosa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Sabina Sanchez-Hernandez
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnólogico Ciencias de la Salud, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Francisco Martin
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnólogico Ciencias de la Salud, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3 and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigacion 11, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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Mendivil-Perez M, Felizardo-Otalvaro AA, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Cannabidiol Protects Dopaminergic-like Neurons against Paraquat- and Maneb-Induced Cell Death through Safeguarding DJ-1CYS 106 and Caspase 3 Independently of Cannabinoid Receptors: Relevance in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37220279 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, has reached pandemic status worldwide. This neurologic disorder is caused primarily by the specific deterioration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Unfortunately, there are no therapeutic agents that slow or delay the disease progression. Herein, menstrual stromal cell-derived dopamine-like neurons (DALNs) intoxicated with paraquat (PQ2+)/maneb (MB) were used as a model system to elucidate the mechanism by which CBD protects the neural cell from apoptosis in vitro. According to immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, cell-free assay, and molecular docking analysis, we demonstrate that CBD offers protection to DALNs against PQ2+ (1 mM)/MB (50 μM)-induced oxidative stress (OS) by simultaneously (i) decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS: O2•-, H2O2), (ii) maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), (iii) directly binding to stress sensor protein DJ-1, thereby blunting its oxidation from DJ-1CYS106-SH into DJ-1CYS106-SO3, and (iv) directly binding to pro-apoptotic protease protein caspase 3 (CASP3), thereby disengaging neuronal dismantling. Furthermore, the protective effect of CBD on DJ-1 and CASP3 was independent of CB1 and CB2 receptor signaling. CBD also re-established the Ca2+ influx in DALNs as a response to dopamine (DA) stimuli under PQ2+/MB exposure. Because of its powerful antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, CBD offers potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Team, Institute of Medical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Laboratorio 412, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Andrea A Felizardo-Otalvaro
- Neuroscience Research Team, Institute of Medical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Laboratorio 412, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Team, Institute of Medical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Laboratorio 412, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Team, Institute of Medical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Laboratorio 412, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Zhou H, He Y, Xiong W, Jing S, Duan X, Huang Z, Nahal GS, Peng Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Ye Q. MSC based gene delivery methods and strategies improve the therapeutic efficacy of neurological diseases. Bioact Mater 2023; 23:409-437. [PMCID: PMC9713256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Sarkar A, Rasheed MSU, Singh MP. Redox Modulation of Mitochondrial Proteins in the Neurotoxicant Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:824-852. [PMID: 36401516 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondrial proteins regulate the oxidative phosphorylation, cellular metabolism, and free radical generation. Redox modulation alters the mitochondrial proteins and instigates the damage to dopaminergic neurons. Toxicants contribute to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis in conjunction with aging and genetic factors. While oxidative modulation of a number of mitochondrial proteins is linked to xenobiotic exposure, little is known about its role in the toxicant-induced PD. Understanding the role of redox modulation of mitochondrial proteins in complex cellular events leading to neurodegeneration is highly relevant. Recent Advances: Many toxicants are shown to inhibit complex I or III and elicit free radical production that alters the redox status of mitochondrial proteins. Implication of redox modulation of the mitochondrial proteins makes them a target to comprehend the underlying mechanism of toxicant-induced PD. Critical Issues: Owing to multifactorial etiology, exploration of onset and progression and treatment outcomes needs a comprehensive approach. The article explains about a few mitochondrial proteins that undergo redox changes along with the promising strategies, which help to alleviate the toxicant-induced redox imbalance leading to neurodegeneration. Future Directions: Although mitochondrial proteins are linked to PD, their role in toxicant-induced parkinsonism is not yet completely known. Preservation of antioxidant defense machinery could alleviate the redox modulation of mitochondrial proteins. Targeted antioxidant delivery, use of metal chelators, and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and combinational therapy that encounters multiple free radicals, could ameliorate the redox modulation of mitochondrial proteins and thereby PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alika Sarkar
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohd Sami Ur Rasheed
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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11
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Mansour HM, Mohamed AF, El-Khatib AS, Khattab MM. Kinases control of regulated cell death revealing druggable targets for Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101841. [PMID: 36608709 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the world. Motor impairment seen in PD is associated with dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum, and dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Cell death has a significant effect on the development and progression of PD. Extensive research over the last few decades has unveiled new regulated cell death (RCD) mechanisms that are not dependent on apoptosis such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and others. In this review, we will overview the mechanistic pathways of different types of RCD. Unlike accidental cell death, RCD subroutines can be regulated and the RCD-associated kinases are potential druggable targets. Hence, we will address an overview and analysis of different kinases regulating apoptosis such as receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK-1), RIPK3, mixed lineage kinase (MLK), Ataxia telangiectasia muted (ATM), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), Apoptosis-signaling kinase-1 (ASK-1), and Leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2). In addition to the role of RIPK1, RIPK3, and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain like Pseudokinase (MLKL) in necroptosis. We also overview functions of AMP-kinase (AMPK), protein kinase C (PKC), RIPK3, and ATM in ferroptosis. We will recap the anti-apoptotic, anti-necroptotic, and anti-ferroptotic effects of different kinase inhibitors in different models of PD. Finally, we will discuss future challenges in the repositioning of kinase inhibitors in PD. In conclusion, this review kicks-start targeting RCD from a kinases perspective, opening novel therapeutic disease-modifying therapeutic avenues for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Giza, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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García-Beltrán O, Urrutia PJ, Núñez MT. On the Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Multifunctional Compounds for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020214. [PMID: 36829773 PMCID: PMC9952574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron dyshomeostasis, increased oxidative damage and inflammation are pathognomonic features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation. Moreover, the existence of positive feed-back loops between these pathological components, which accelerate, and sometimes make irreversible, the neurodegenerative process, is apparent. At present, the available treatments for PD aim to relieve the symptoms, thus improving quality of life, but no treatments to stop the progression of the disease are available. Recently, the use of multifunctional compounds with the capacity to attack several of the key components of neurodegenerative processes has been proposed as a strategy to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative processes. For the treatment of PD specifically, the necessary properties of new-generation drugs should include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, iron chelation capacity to decrease iron-mediated oxidative damage, the capacity to quench free radicals to decrease the risk of ferroptotic neuronal death, the capacity to disrupt α-synuclein aggregates and the capacity to decrease inflammatory conditions. Desirable additional characteristics are dopaminergic neurons to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment, and the inhibition of the MAO-B and COMPT activities to increase intraneuronal dopamine content. On the basis of the published evidence, in this work, we review the molecular basis underlying the pathological events associated with PD and the clinical trials that have used single-target drugs to stop the progress of the disease. We also review the current information on multifunctional compounds that may be used for the treatment of PD and discuss the chemical characteristics that underlie their functionality. As a projection, some of these compounds or modifications could be used to treat diseases that share common pathology features with PD, such as Friedreich's ataxia, Multiple sclerosis, Huntington disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué 730002, Colombia
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Pamela J. Urrutia
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile
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13
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Kumar S, Behl T, Sehgal A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Mani V, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Abdel Daim MM. Exploring the focal role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32368-32382. [PMID: 35147886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major breakthroughs in our knowledge of how biology plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) have opened up fresh avenues designed to know the pathogenesis of disease and identify possible therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial abnormal functioning is a key cellular feature in the pathogenesis of PD. An enzyme, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), involved in both the idiopathic and familial PD risk, is a therapeutic target. LRRK2 has a link to the endolysosomal activity. Enhanced activity of the LRRK2 kinase, endolysosomal abnormalities and aggregation of autophagic vesicles with imperfectly depleted substrates, such as α-synuclein, are all seen in the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in PD. Despite the fact that LRRK2 is involved in endolysosomal and autophagic activity, it is undefined if inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity will prevent endolysosomal dysfunction or minimise the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The inhibitor's capability of LRRK2 kinase to inhibit endolysosomal and neuropathological alterations in human PD indicates that LRRK2 inhibitors could have significant therapeutic usefulness in PD. G2019S is perhaps the maximum common mutation in PD subjects. Even though LRRK2's well-defined structure has still not been established, numerous LRRK2 inhibitors have been discovered. This review summarises the role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | | | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistrty, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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14
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Quintero-Espinosa DA, Ortega-Arellano HF, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Phenolic-rich extract of avocado Persea americana (var. Colinred) peel blunts paraquat/maneb-induced apoptosis through blocking phosphorylation of LRRK2 kinase in human nerve-like cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:660-676. [PMID: 34897981 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that LRRK2 kinase activity is involved in oxidative stress (OS)-induced apoptosis-a type of regulated cell death and neurodegeneration, suggesting LRRK2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target. We report that a phenolic-rich extract of avocado Persea americana var. Colinred peel (CRE, 0.01 mg/ml) restricts environmental neurotoxins paraquat (1 mM)/maneb (0.05 mM)-induced apoptosis process through blocking reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and concomitant inhibition of phosphorylation of LRRK2 in nerve-like cells (NLCs). Indeed, PQ + MB at 6 h exposure significantly increased ROS (57 ± 5%), oxidation of protein DJ-1cys106SOH into DJ-1Cys106SO3 ([~3.7 f(old)-(i)ncrease]), augmented p-(S935)-LRRK2 kinase (~20-f(old) (i)ncrease), induced nuclei condensation/fragmentation (28 ± 6%), increased the expression of PUMA (~6.2-fi), and activated CASPASE-3 (CASP-3, ~4-fi) proteins; but significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm, ~48 ± 4%), all markers indicative of apoptosis compared to untreated cells. Remarkably, CRE significantly diminished both OS-signals (i.e., DCF+ cells, DJ-1Cys106SO3) as well as apoptosis markers (e.g., PUMA, CASP-3, loss of ΔΨm, p-LRRK2 kinase) in NLCs exposed to PQ + MB. Furthermore, CRE dramatically reestablishes the transient intracellular Ca2+ flow (~300%) triggered by dopamine (DA) in neuronal cells exposed to PQ + MB. We conclude that PQ + MB-induced apoptosis in NLCs through OS-mechanism, involving DJ-1, PUMA, CASP-3, LRRK2 kinase, mitochondria damage, DNA fragmentation, and alteration of DA-receptors. Our findings imply that CRE protects NLCs directly via antioxidant mechanism and indirectly by blocking LRRK2 kinase against PQ + MB stress stimuli. These data suggest that CRE might be a potential natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Quintero-Espinosa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Hector Flavio Ortega-Arellano
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
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15
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Rocha EM, Keeney MT, Di Maio R, De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. LRRK2 and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:224-236. [PMID: 34991886 PMCID: PMC8854345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is multifactorial, and both genetics and environmental exposures are risk factors. While mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) that are associated with increased kinase activity are the most common cause of autosomal dominant PD, the role of LRRK2 in iPD, independent of mutations, remains uncertain. In this review, we discuss how the architecture of LRRK2 influences kinase activation and how enhanced LRRK2 substrate phosphorylation might contribute to pathogenesis. We describe how oxidative stress and endolysosomal dysfunction, both of which occur in iPD, can activate non-mutated LRRK2 to a similar degree as pathogenic mutations. Similarly, environmental toxicants that are linked epidemiologically to iPD risk can also activate LRRK2. In aggregate, current evidence suggests an important role for LRRK2 in iPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Quintero-Espinosa D, Soto-Mercado V, Quintero-Quinchia C, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Latent Tri-lineage Potential of Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Revealed by Specific In Vitro Culture Conditions. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5194-5209. [PMID: 34269964 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MenSCs) have become not only an important source of stromal cells for cell therapy but also a cellular source for neurologic disorders in vitro modeling. By using culture protocols originally developed in our laboratory, we show that MenSCs can be converted into floating neurospheres (NSs) using the Fast-N-Spheres medium for 24-72 h and can be transdifferentiated into functional dopaminergic-like (DALNs, ~ 26% TH + /DAT + flow cytometry) and cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs, ~ 46% ChAT + /VAChT flow cytometry) which responded to dopamine- and acetylcholine-triggered neuronal Ca2+ inward stimuli when cultured with the NeuroForsk and the Cholinergic-N-Run medium, respectively in a timely fashion (i.e., 4-7 days). Here, we also report a direct transdifferentiation method to induce MenSCs into functional astrocyte-like cells (ALCs) by incubation of MenSCs in commercial Gibco® Astrocyte medium in 7 days. The MSC-derived ALCs (~ 59% GFAP + /S100β +) were found to respond to glutamate-induced Ca2+ inward stimuli. Altogether, these results show that MenSCs are a reliable source to obtain functional neurogenic cells to further investigate the neurobiology of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Quintero-Espinosa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Research Center (URC), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 no. 52-21, and Calle 62 no. 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Viviana Soto-Mercado
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Research Center (URC), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 no. 52-21, and Calle 62 no. 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Catherine Quintero-Quinchia
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Research Center (URC), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 no. 52-21, and Calle 62 no. 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Research Center (URC), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 no. 52-21, and Calle 62 no. 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Research Center (URC), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 no. 52-21, and Calle 62 no. 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Research Center (URC), University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 no. 52-21, and Calle 62 no. 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Colombia.
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17
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LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitor Rejuvenates Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence in Neuronal Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9969842. [PMID: 34306319 PMCID: PMC8282384 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9969842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aging is the most critical risk factor for the progression of PD. The correlation between aging and cellular senescence has been established. Cellular senescence is correlated with the dysregulation of the proteolytic pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are also associated with the aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Methods Human dopaminergic neuron-like cells (differentiated SH-SY5Y cells) were treated with rotenone in the presence or absence of the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor GSK2578215A (GSK-KI) for 48 h. The markers of cellular senescence, including p53, p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21), β-galactosidase (β-gal), Rb phosphorylation, senescence-associated (SA) β-gal activity, and lysosomal activity, were examined. The dSH cells and rat primary cortical neurons were treated with α-syn fibrils 30 min before treatment with rotenone in the presence or absence of GSK-KI for 48 h. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with rotenone and MLi-2 (LRRK2 kinase inhibitor) once every two days for two weeks. Results Rotenone upregulated LRRK2 phosphorylation and β-gal levels through the activation of the p53-p21 signaling axis and downregulated Rb phosphorylation. Additionally, rotenone upregulated SA β-gal activity, reactive oxygen species levels, and LRRK2 phosphorylation and inhibited lysosome activity. Rotenone-induced LRRK2 upregulation impaired the clearance of α-syn fibrils. Treatment with LRRK2 inhibitor mitigated rotenone-induced cellular senescence and α-syn accumulation. Conclusions Rotenone-induced upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity promoted cellular senescence, which enhanced α-syn accumulation. However, the administration of an LRRK2 kinase inhibitor rejuvenated rotenone-induced cellular senescence.
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18
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Cheng Q, Chen J, Guo H, Lu JL, Zhou J, Guo XY, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Yu S, Zhang Q, Ding F. Pyrroloquinoline quinone promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model via AMPK activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:665-678. [PMID: 32860006 PMCID: PMC8115282 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be one of the important pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously showed that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) could protect SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons from cytotoxicity and prevent mitochondrial dysfunction in rotenone-induced PD models. In the present study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of PQQ in a mouse PD model, which was established by intraperitoneal injection of rotenone (3 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 3 weeks. Meanwhile the mice were treated with PQQ (0.8, 4, 20 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) right after rotenone injection for 3 weeks. We showed that PQQ treatment dose-dependently alleviated the locomotor deficits and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in PD mice. Furthermore, PQQ treatment significantly diminished the reduction of mitochondria number and their pathological change in the midbrain. PQQ dose-dependently blocked rotenone-caused reduction in the expression of PGC-1α and TFAM, two key activators of mitochondrial gene transcription, in the midbrain. In rotenone-injured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, PTMScan Direct analysis revealed that treatment with PQQ (100 μM) differentially regulated protein phosphorylation; the differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins included the signaling pathways related with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. We conducted Western blot analysis and confirmed that AMPK was activated by PQQ both in PD mice and in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (4 μM) significantly attenuated the protective effect and mitochondrial biogenesis by PQQ treatment in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, PQQ promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in rotenone-injured mice and SH-SY5Y cells via activation of AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jin-Li Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xin-Yu Guo
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong, 226001, China.
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19
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LRRK2 at the Crossroad of Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040505. [PMID: 33805527 PMCID: PMC8066012 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread occurrence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The etiology of PD is still far from clear, but aging has been considered as the highest risk factor influencing the clinical presentations and the progression of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging and PD induce common changes in multiple cellular functions, including redox imbalance, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. Age-dependent deteriorations in cellular dysfunction may predispose individuals to PD, and cellular damages caused by genetic and/or environmental risk factors of PD may be exaggerated by aging. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant PD and comprise the most common genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-linked PD patients show clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients. Here, we review cellular dysfunctions shared by aging and PD-associated LRRK2 mutations and discuss how the interplay between the two might play a role in PD pathologies.
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20
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Chittoor-Vinod VG, Nichols RJ, Schüle B. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence the Pleomorphy of LRRK2 Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 33494262 PMCID: PMC7864502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first identified as a pathogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004. Soon thereafter, a founder mutation in LRRK2, p.G2019S (rs34637584), was described, and it is now estimated that there are approximately 100,000 people worldwide carrying this risk variant. While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism has been largely indistinguishable from sporadic PD, disease penetrance and age at onset can be quite variable. In addition, its neuropathological features span a wide range from nigrostriatal loss with Lewy body pathology, lack thereof, or atypical neuropathology, including a large proportion of cases with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology, hailing LRRK2 parkinsonism as the "Rosetta stone" of parkinsonian disorders, which provides clues to an understanding of the different neuropathological trajectories. These differences may result from interactions between the LRRK2 mutant protein and other proteins or environmental factors that modify LRRK2 function and, thereby, influence pathobiology. This review explores how potential genetic and biochemical modifiers of LRRK2 function may contribute to the onset and clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism. We review which genetic modifiers of LRRK2 influence clinical symptoms, age at onset, and penetrance, what LRRK2 mutations are associated with pleomorphic LRRK2 neuropathology, and which environmental modifiers can augment LRRK2 mutant pathophysiology. Understanding how LRRK2 function is influenced and modulated by other interactors and environmental factors-either increasing toxicity or providing resilience-will inform targeted therapeutic development in the years to come. This will allow the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD- and LRRK2-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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Lee JE, Sim H, Yoo HM, Lee M, Baek A, Jeon YJ, Seo KS, Son MY, Yoon JS, Kim J. Neuroprotective Effects of Cryptotanshinone in a Direct Reprogramming Model of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163602. [PMID: 32784741 PMCID: PMC7463464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a well-known age-related neurodegenerative disease. Considering the vital importance of disease modeling based on reprogramming technology, we adopted direct reprogramming to human-induced neuronal progenitor cells (hiNPCs) for in vitro assessment of potential therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of cryptotanshinone (CTN), which has been reported to have antioxidant properties, through PD patient-derived hiNPCs (PD-iNPCs) model with induced oxidative stress and cell death by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. A cytotoxicity assay showed that CTN possesses anti-apoptotic properties in PD-hiNPCs. CTN treatment significantly reduced cellular apoptosis through mitochondrial restoration, such as the reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and increments of mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects of CTN are mediated via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway in PD-hiNPCs. Consequently, CTN could be a potential antioxidant reagent for preventing disease-related pathological phenotypes of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Eun Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Group for Biometrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Aruem Baek
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
| | - Kang-Sik Seo
- Huen Co., Ltd., Gwanggyo Business Center 5F (#508), 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16506, Korea;
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Joo Seog Yoon
- Huen Co., Ltd., Gwanggyo Business Center 5F (#508), 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16506, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.S.Y.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-31-8064-1622 (J.S.Y.); +82-42-860-4478 (J.K.)
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (H.S.); (M.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.); (M.-Y.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.Y.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-31-8064-1622 (J.S.Y.); +82-42-860-4478 (J.K.)
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22
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Park HA, Ellis AC. Dietary Antioxidants and Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070570. [PMID: 32630250 PMCID: PMC7402163 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, the movement center of the brain. Approximately 60,000 people are diagnosed with PD in the United States each year. Although the direct cause of PD can vary, accumulation of oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage due to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or impaired intracellular antioxidant defenses invariably occurs at the cellular levels. Pharmaceuticals such as dopaminergic prodrugs and agonists can alleviate some of the symptoms of PD. Currently, however, there is no treatment to halt the progression of PD pathology. Due to the nature of PD, a long and progressive neurodegenerative process, strategies to prevent or delay PD pathology may be well suited to lifestyle changes like dietary modification with antioxidant-rich foods to improve intracellular redox homeostasis. In this review, we discuss cellular and genetic factors that increase oxidative stress in PD. We also discuss neuroprotective roles of dietary antioxidants including vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium, and polyphenols along with their potential mechanisms to alleviate PD pathology.
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23
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Soto-Mercado V, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Lopera F, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Cholinergic-like neurons carrying PSEN1 E280A mutation from familial Alzheimer's disease reveal intraneuronal sAPPβ fragments accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of TAU, oxidative stress, apoptosis and Ca2+ dysregulation: Therapeutic implications. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221669. [PMID: 32437347 PMCID: PMC7241743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive disturbance as a consequence of the loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain, neuritic plaques and hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein. Although the underlying mechanisms leading to these events are unclear, mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), e.g., E280A (PSEN1 E280A), are causative factors for autosomal dominant early-onset familial AD (FAD). Despite advances in the understanding of the physiopathology of AD, there are no efficient therapies to date. Limitations in culturing brain-derived live neurons might explain the limited effectiveness of AD research. Here, we show that mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) can be used to model FAD, providing novel opportunities to study cellular mechanisms and to establish therapeutic strategies. Indeed, we cultured MSCs with the FAD mutation PSEN1 E280A and wild-type (WT) PSEN1 from umbilical cords and characterized the transdifferentiation of these cells into cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs). PSEN1 E280A ChLNs but not WT PSEN1 ChLNs exhibited increased intracellular soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPPf) fragments and extracellular Aβ42 peptide and TAU phosphorylation (at residues Ser202/Thr205), recapitulating the molecular pathogenesis of FAD caused by mutant PSEN1. Furthermore, PSEN1 E280A ChLNs presented oxidative stress (OS) as evidenced by the oxidation of DJ-1Cys106-SH into DJ-1Cys106-SO3 and the detection of DCF-positive cells and apoptosis markers such as activated pro-apoptosis proteins p53, c-JUN, PUMA and CASPASE-3 and the concomitant loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, mutant ChLNs displayed Ca2+ flux dysregulation and deficient acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity compared to control ChLNs. Interestingly, the inhibitor JNK SP600125 almost completely blocked TAU phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate that FAD MSC-derived cholinergic neurons with the PSEN1 E280A mutation provide important clues for the identification of targetable pathological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Soto-Mercado
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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24
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Sánchez-Giraldo V, Monsalve Y, Palacio J, Mendivil-Perez M, Sierra L, Velez-Pardo C, López BL, Jiménez-Del-Rio M. Role of a novel (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate delivery system on the prevention against oxidative stress damage in vitro and in vivo model of Parkinson's disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Chi H, Guan Y, Li F, Chen Z. The Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons from Apoptosis by Reducing Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of a 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:87S-99S. [PMID: 31775521 PMCID: PMC7016462 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719891134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important cause of dopaminergic (DA) neuron apoptosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess antioxidative features. In this study, we investigated whether MSCs could reduce oxidative stress and protect DA neurons from apoptosis by intravenous (I.V.) injection in the early stage of a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model. MSCs were injected into the tail vein of mice, and behavioral tests, immunofluorescence staining, western blot, and oxidative stress levels were assessed at different time points. After 6-OHDA exposure, DA neuron apoptosis was detected, together with severe oxidative stress in brain and periphery. Compared with the non-transplanted sham controls, motor function in the 6-OHDA-lesioned group after I.V. injection of MSCs was significantly improved, and the levels of DA neuron apoptosis and oxidative stress decreased. The results demonstrate that MSCs can rescue DA neurons from ongoing apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress, and provide insights on developing new therapeutic strategies to offset the degenerative process of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chi
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqian Guan
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyan Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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26
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Zhang Y, Guo H, Guo X, Ge D, Shi Y, Lu X, Lu J, Chen J, Ding F, Zhang Q. Involvement of Akt/mTOR in the Neurotoxicity of Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203811. [PMID: 31658620 PMCID: PMC6843606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone has recently been widely used to establish Parkinson’s disease (PD) models to replicate the features of PD. However, the mechanisms involved in rotenone neurotoxicity have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify the neurotoxicity of rotenone through intraperitoneal injection in mice and to investigate the global changes of phosphorylation proteomic profiles in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells through a label-free proteomic analysis using a PTMScan with LC–MS/MS. ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were intraperitoneally injected with different dosages of rotenone (1 mg/kg/d or 3 mg/kg/d) daily for 21 consecutive days. Rotenone caused a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor activities and a decrease in the number of Nissl-positive and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Here, 194 phosphopeptides on 174 proteins were detected in SH-SY5Y cells, and 37 phosphosites on 33 proteins displayed statistically significant changes in expression after rotenone injury. The downregulation of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR was further confirmed by western blot analysis. A specific Akt activator, SC79, could protect cell viability and induce autophagy in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells. This study indicates the involvement of the Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells and provides molecular information for the neurotoxicity of rotenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xinyu Guo
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Denfeng Ge
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xiyu Lu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Jinli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China.
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N-acetyl-cysteine blunts 6-hydroxydopamine- and l-buthionine-sulfoximine-induced apoptosis in human mesenchymal stromal cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4423-4435. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ho DH, Lee H, Son I, Seol W. G2019s LRRK2 promotes mitochondrial fission and increases TNFα-mediated neuroinflammation responses. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:106-111. [PMID: 30949397 PMCID: PMC6440522 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1585948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 has kinase and GTPase activities, and mediates several cell functions, including vesicle trafficking, apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and neuroinflammation. G2019S (GS) is the most prevalent mutation of LRRK2. The mutation increases kinase activity, suggesting that this activity is crucial for PD pathogenesis. The activation and inhibition of LRRK2 kinase increases and reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, respectively suggesting that the role of LRRK2 in neuroinflammation is critical for the pathology of PD. Previously, we demonstrated that microglial activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases mitochondrial fission via the activation of LRRK2 kinase, while LRRK2 kinase inhibition diminishes the fission morphology and release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in BV2 or rat primary microglia and the brains of GS transgenic mice. In this study, the ectopic expression of GS LRRK2 in BV2 cells significantly elevated the expression of Drp1 along the fragmented mitochondria and decreased mitochondria size compared with controls. GS LRRK2-transfected BV2 cells displayed significantly increased TNFα release and neuronal death. Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase alleviated these features. TNFα levels in brains of GS mice were significantly increased compared to those in their littermates. These data further support our previous findings concerning LPS-induced neuroinflammation and mitochondrial fission in microglia via LRRK2 kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Ho
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Heajin Lee
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
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Singh A, Zhi L, Zhang H. LRRK2 and mitochondria: Recent advances and current views. Brain Res 2019; 1702:96-104. [PMID: 29894679 PMCID: PMC6281802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene account for most common causes of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and are one of the strongest genetic risk factors in sporadic PD. Pathways implicated in LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration include cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicular trafficking, autophagy, mitochondria, and calcium homeostasis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Both genetic and environmental causes of PD have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondrial impairment has been observed in fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients with LRRK2 mutations, and LRRK2 has been shown to localize to mitochondria and to regulate its function. In this review we discuss recent discoveries relating to LRRK2 mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.
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30
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Design of epigallocatechin gallate loaded PLGA/PF127 nanoparticles and their effect upon an oxidative stress model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Direct transdifferentiation of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells into cholinergic-like neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 312:126-138. [PMID: 30472070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Barckground Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly caused by cellular loss and dysfunction of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cholinergic axons in the cortex leading to slowly progressive decline in learning and memory performance. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment to halt neural cell loss exists to date. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain an unlimited source of cholinergic neurons for future pharmacological applications in AD. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) represent a unique source of cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs). New method hWJ-MSCs were incubated with Cholinergic-N-Run medium for 4 and 7 days. Results hWJ-MSCs cultured with Cholinergic-N-Run medium differentiated into ChLNs in 4 days as evidenced by high levels of protein expression of the neuronal markers ChAT, VAChT, AChE, MAP2, β-Tubulin III, NeuN, TUC-4, NF-L and no expression of the immature marker SOX2, the dopaminergic marker TH, GABAergic marker GAD67 and glial marker GFAP. Comparison with existing method(s) The hWJ-MSCs form ChLNs (e.g., ∼26% IF+) within 20 days by using complex conditioned mediums that are expensive and time-consuming. We report for the first time, to our best knowledge, a direct method of hWJ-MSCs transdifferentiation into ChLNs (∼76% ChAT /VAChT assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry) in an economic, efficient and timely fashion. Conclusions The fastest method to obtain ChLNs from hWJ-MSCs takes only four days using the one-step incubation medium Cholinergic-N-Run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
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Jang J, Oh H, Nam D, Seol W, Seo MK, Park SW, Kim HG, Seo H, Son I, Ho DH. Increase in anti-apoptotic molecules, nucleolin, and heat shock protein 70, against upregulated LRRK2 kinase activity. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:273-280. [PMID: 30460108 PMCID: PMC6171436 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1518262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology. A previous study showed that rotenone treatment induced apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, and nucleolar disruption via up-regulated LRRK2 kinase activity, and these effects were rescued by an LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an anti-oxidative stress chaperone, and overexpression of Hsp70 enhanced tolerance to rotenone. Nucleolin (NCL) is a component of the nucleolus; overexpression of NCL reduced cellular vulnerability to rotenone. Thus, we hypothesized that rotenone-induced LRRK2 activity would promote changes in neuronal Hsp70 and NCL expressions. Moreover, LRRK2 G2019S, the most prevalent LRRK2 pathogenic mutant with increased kinase activity, could induce changes in Hsp70 and NCL expression. Rotenone treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y (dSY5Y) cells increased LRKK2 levels and kinase activity, including phospho-S935-LRRK2, phospho-S1292-LRRK2, and the phospho-moesin/moesin ratio, in a dose-dependent manner. Neuronal toxicity and the elevation of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, NCL, and Hsp70 were increased by rotenone. To validate the induction of NCL and Hsp70 expression in response to rotenone, cycloheximide (CHX), a protein synthesis blocker, was administered with rotenone. Post-rotenone increased NCL and Hsp70 expression was repressed by CHX; whereas, rotenone-induced kinase activity and apoptotic toxicity remained unchanged. Transient expression of G2019S in dSY5Y increased the NCL and Hsp70 levels, while administration of a kinase inhibitor diminished these changes. Similar results were observed in rat primary neurons after rotenone treatment or G2019S transfection. Brains from G2019S-transgenic mice also showed increased NCL and Hsp70 levels. Accordingly, LRRK2 kinase inhibition might prevent oxidative stress-mediated PD progression. Abbreviations: 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; CHX: cycloheximide; dSY5Y: differentiated SH-SY5Y; g2019S tg: g2019S transgenic mouse; GSK/A-KI: GSK2578215A kinase inhibitor; HSP70: heat shock protein 70; LDH: lactose dehydrogenase; LRRK2: leucine rich-repeat kinase 2; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; myc-GS LRRK2: myc-tagged g2019S LRRK2; NCL: nucleolin; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PINK1: PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; pmoesin: phosphorylated moesin at t558; ROS: reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Jang
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea.,InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakjin Oh
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Seo
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Ho
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Li Y, Gao L, Yan F, Gao G, Li L. GSK-3β Inhibitor Alsterpaullone Attenuates MPP +-Induced Cell Damage in a c-Myc-Dependent Manner in SH-SY5Y Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:283. [PMID: 30233322 PMCID: PMC6127625 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays significant roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The inactivation of c-Myc, a down-stream gene of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, may contribute to the mitochondria dysfunction. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) with Alsterpaullone (Als) can activate the down-stream events of Wnt signaling. Here, we investigated the protective roles of Als against MPP+-induced cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The data showed that Als effectively rescued c-Myc from the MPP+-induced decline via Wnt signaling. Furthermore, Als protected SH-SY5Y cells from the MPP+-induced mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis. However, the protective roles of Als were lost under β-catenin-deficient conditions. These findings indicate that Als, a GSK-3β inhibitor, attenuated the MPP+-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptotic via up-regulation of the Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengqi Yan
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Chen J, Chen Y, Pu J. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 in Parkinson's Disease: Updated from Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Target. Eur Neurol 2018; 79:256-265. [PMID: 29705795 DOI: 10.1159/000488938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathogenesis of PD is not fully understood but is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Several genes are associated with the onset and progression of familial PD. There is increasing evidence that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays a significant role in PD pathophysiology. SUMMARY Many studies have been conducted to elucidate the functions of LRRK2 and identify effective LRRK2 inhibitors for PD treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of LRRK2 in PD and recent progress in the use of LRRK2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Key Messages: LRRK2 plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of PD, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 has become one of the most promising potential therapies for PD. Further research is warranted to determine the functions of LRRK2 and expand the applications of LRRK2 inhibitors in PD treatment.
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Bonilla-Porras AR, Arevalo-Arbelaez A, Alzate-Restrepo JF, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. PARKIN overexpression in human mesenchymal stromal cells from Wharton's jelly suppresses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis: Potential therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease. Cytotherapy 2017; 20:45-61. [PMID: 29079356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Stem cell transplantation is an excellent option for regenerative or replacement therapy. However, deleterious microenvironmental and endogenous factors (e.g., oxidative stress) compromise ongoing graft survival and longevity. Therefore, (transient or stable) genetically modified cells may be reasonably thought to resist oxidative stress-induced damage. Genetic engineering of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from Wharton's jelly tissue may offer some therapeutic potential. PARKIN is a multifunctional ubiquitin ligase able to protect dopaminergic cells against stress-related signaling. We, therefore, evaluated the effect of the neurotoxicant 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on regulated cell death signaling in MSCs and investigated whether overexpression of PARKIN in MSCs was capable of modulating the effect of 6-OHDA. METHODS We transiently transfected Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs with an mCherry-PARKIN vector using the Lipofectamine LTX method. Naïve MSCs and MSCs overexpressing PARKIN were exposed to increasing concentrations of 6-OHDA. We used light and fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry staining, in-cell Western and Western blot analysis. RESULTS After 12-24 h of 6-OHDA exposure, we detected dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-positive cells (80%) indicative of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) production, reduced cell viability (40-50%), decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm, ~35-45%), DNA fragmentation (18-30%), and G1-arrested cell cycle in the MSCs. 6-OHDA exposure increased the expression of the transcription factor c-JUN, increased the expression of the mitochondria maintenance Phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) protein and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic PUMA, caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). 6-OHDA exposure also significantly augmented the oxidation of the oxidative stress sensor, DJ-1. Overexpression of PARKIN in MSCs not only significantly reduced the expression of cell death and oxidative stress markers but also significantly reduced DCF-positive cells (~50% reduction). DISCUSSION 6-OHDA induced apoptosis in MSCs via generation of H2O2, activation of c-JUN and PUMA, mitochondrial depolarization and nuclei fragmentation. Our findings suggest that PARKIN protects MSCs against 6-OHDA toxicity by partly interacting with H2O2, reducing the expression of c-JUN, PUMA, AIF and caspase-3, and maintaining the mitochondrial ΔΨm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bonilla-Porras
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - A Arevalo-Arbelaez
- National Center for Genome Sequencing, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - J F Alzate-Restrepo
- National Center for Genome Sequencing, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - C Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia.
| | - M Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia.
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Bonilla-Porras AR, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Fast transdifferentiation of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells into neurospheres and nerve-like cells. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 282:52-60. [PMID: 28286110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly tissue (hWJ-MSCs) represent a tool for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. hWJ-MSCs form neurospheres (NSs) within 3-7 days. No data is available to establish the neuro-phenotypic markers and time of formation of nerve-like (NLCs) and glial cells from NSs derived from hWJ-MSCs. NEW METHOD: hWJ-MSCs were incubated with Fast-N-Spheres medium for 24 and 72h. The new formed NSs were in turn incubated with forskolin in neurogenic NeuroForsk medium for 1-7days. RESULTS hWJ-MSCs cultured with Fast-N-Spheres medium trans-differentiated into NSs in just 24h compared to 72h for hWJ-MSCs cultured with classic growth factor medium. The NSs generated from the Fast-N-Spheres medium expressed reduced levels SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG, as markers of pluripotency compared to undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs. The formed NSs exposed to NeuroForsk medium differentiated into NLCs in 4days as evidenced by high levels of protein expression of the neuronal markers, and no expression of the glial marker GFAP. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Currently, the formation and harvest of NSs is expensive and time consuming. Published protocols require 3-7days to form NSs from whole human umbilical cord MSCs. We report for the first time, to our knowledge, the differentiation of NSs-derived from hWJ-MSCs into NLCs. CONCLUSIONS The fastest method to obtain NSs and NLCs from hWJ-MSCs takes only five days using the two-step incubation media Fast-N-Spheres and NeuroForsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bonilla-Porras
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59,Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - C Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59,Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia.
| | - M Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59,Building 1, Room 412, SIU Medellin, Colombia.
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Quintero-Espinosa D, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Knockdown transgenic Lrrk Drosophila resists paraquat-induced locomotor impairment and neurodegeneration: A therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2016; 1657:253-261. [PMID: 28041945 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been linked to familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. However, it is still unresolved whether LRRK2 in dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons may or may not aggravate the phenotype. We demonstrate that knocking down (KD) the Lrrk gene by RNAi in DAergic neurons untreated or treated with paraquat (PQ) neither affected the number of DAergic clusters, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels, lifespan nor locomotor activity when compared to control (i.e. TH/+) flies. KD transgenic Lrrk flies dramatically increased locomotor activity in presence of TH enzyme inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (aMT), whereas no effect on lifespan was observed in both fly lines. Most importantly, KD Lrrk flies had reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) index alone or in presence of PQ and the antioxidant minocycline (MC, 0.5mM). Taken together, these findings suggest that Lrrk appears unessential for the viability of DAergic neurons in D. melanogaster. Moreover, Lrrk might negatively regulate homeostatic levels of dopamine, thereby dramatically increasing locomotor activity, extending lifespan, and reducing oxidative stress (OS). Our data also indicate that reduced expression of Lrrk in the DAergic neurons of transgenic TH>Lrrk-RNAi/+ flies conferred PQ resistance and absence of neurodegeneration. The present findings support the notion that reduced/suppressed LRRK2 expression might delay or prevent motor symptoms and/or frank Parkinsonism in individuals at risk to suffer autosomal dominant Parkinsonism (AD-P) by blocking OS-induced neurodegenerative processes in the DAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Quintero-Espinosa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412; SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412; SIU Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412; SIU Medellin, Colombia.
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Screening for chemical modulators for LRRK2. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1617-1623. [PMID: 27913670 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and mutations in LRRK2 as a cause of some forms of familial PD, there has been substantial interest in finding chemical modulators of LRRK2 function. Most of the pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are within the enzymatic cores of the protein; therefore, many screens have focused on finding chemical modulators of this enzymatic activity. There are alternative screening approaches that could be taken to investigate compounds that modulate LRRK2 cellular functions. These screens are more often phenotypic screens. The preparation for a screen has to be rigorous and enable high-throughput accurate assessment of a compound's activity. The pipeline to beginning a drug screen and some LRRK2 inhibitor and phenotypic screens will be discussed.
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