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Wu C, Deng Q, Zhu L, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Methylene Blue Pretreatment Protects Against Repeated Neonatal Isoflurane Exposure-Induced Brain Injury and Memory Loss. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5787-5801. [PMID: 38233687 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive impairment (PND) is a common medical complication in the postoperative period. General anesthesia through volatile anesthetics poses a high risk of POCD. Moreover, the developing brain is especially vulnerable to anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, finding a practical approach to prevent or alleviate neonatal isoflurane (ISO) exposure-induced brain injury and cognitive decline is essential for reducing medical complications following major surgery during the early postnatal period. Using a repeated neonatal ISO exposure-induced PND rat model, we investigated the effects of methylene blue (MB) pretreatment on repeated neonatal isoflurane exposure-induced brain injury and memory loss. Intraperitoneal injection of low-dose MB (1 mg/kg) was conducted three times 24 h before each ISO exposure. The Barnes maze and novel objection test were conducted to assess learning and memory. Immunofluorescence staining, F-Jade C staining, TUNEL staining, and Western blot analysis were performed to determine mitochondrial fragmentation, neuronal injury, degeneration, and apoptosis. Evans blue extravasation assay, total antioxidant capacity assay, MDA assay kit, and related inflammatory assay kits were used to test blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, antioxidant capacity, and neuroinflammation. Behavioral tests revealed that MB pretreatment significantly ameliorated ISO exposure-induced cognitive deficits. In addition, MB pretreatment alleviates neuronal injury, apoptosis, and degeneration. Furthermore, the BBB integrity was preserved by MB pretreatment. Additional studies revealed that ISO-induced excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation were significantly attenuated by MB pretreatment in the PND rat model. Our findings suggest that MB pretreatment alleviates ISO exposure-induced brain injury and memory loss for the first time, supporting MB pretreatment as a promising approach to protect the brain against neonatal ISO exposure-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Wu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qianting Deng
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Sun J, Deng X, Zhu L, Lin J, Chen G, Tang Y, Lu S, Lu Z, Meng Z, Li Y, Zhu Y. Zona incerta mediates early life isoflurane-induced fear memory deficits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15136. [PMID: 38956153 PMCID: PMC11220074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential long-term effects of anesthesia on cognitive development, especially in neonates and infants, have raised concerns. However, our understanding of its underlying mechanisms and effective treatments is still limited. In this study, we found that early exposure to isoflurane (ISO) impaired fear memory retrieval, which was reversed by dexmedetomidine (DEX) pre-treatment. Measurement of c-fos expression revealed that ISO exposure significantly increased neuronal activation in the zona incerta (ZI). Fiber photometry recording showed that ZI neurons from ISO mice displayed enhanced calcium activity during retrieval of fear memory compared to the control group, while DEX treatment reduced this enhanced calcium activity. Chemogenetic inhibition of ZI neurons effectively rescued the impairments caused by ISO exposure. These findings suggest that the ZI may play a pivotal role in mediating the cognitive effects of anesthetics, offering a potential therapeutic target for preventing anesthesia-related cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, China
| | - Jianbang Lin
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gaowei Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Tang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuantao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, China.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Koo BW, Shin HJ, Jeon S, Bang JH, Do SH, Na HS. Neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin on anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity through the modulation of autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. Korean J Anesthesiol 2024; 77:384-391. [PMID: 38356139 PMCID: PMC11150124 DOI: 10.4097/kja.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of erythropoietin may provide neuroprotective effects. Erythropoietin also modulates autophagy signaling that may play a role in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity (AIN). Herein, we investigated whether AIN can be attenuated by the neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). METHODS Synchronized worms were divided into the control, Iso, EPO, and EPO-Iso groups. The chemotaxis index (CI) was evaluated when they reached the young adult stage. The lgg-1::GFP-positive puncta per seam cell were used to determine the autophagic events. The erythropoietin-mediated pathway of autophagy was determined by measuring the genetic expression level of let-363, bec-1, atg-7, atg-5, and lgg-3. RESULTS Increased lgg-1::GFP puncta were observed in the Iso, EPO, and EPO-Iso groups. In the Iso group, only the let-363 level decreased significantly as compared to that in the control group (P = 0.009). bec-1 (P < 0.001), atg-5 (P = 0.012), and lgg-3 (P < 0.001) were expressed significantly more in the EPO-Iso group than in the Iso groups. Repeated isoflurane exposure during development decreased the CI. Erythropoietin could restore the decreased CI by isoflurane significantly in the EPO-Iso group. CONCLUSIONS Erythropoietin showed neuroprotective effects against AIN and modulated the autophagic pathway in C. elegans. This experimental evidence of erythropoietin-related neuroprotection against AIN may be correlated with the induced autophagic degradation process that was sufficient for handling enhanced autophagy induction in erythropoietin-treated worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Wook Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Jeon
- National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Bang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Do
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Seok Na
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Xie S, Zhu M, Zhu H, Wang W. Effects of β-asarone on spatial learning and memory impairment by exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue: Role of NR-CaMKII-ERK/CREB signal in hippocampus of rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115076. [PMID: 38825021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is to investigate the effects of β-asarone on learning and memory, hippocampal morphology, synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density 95(PSD95) protein expression, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 2B (NR2B)- Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) - Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) / Cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signal in hippocampus of rats with exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. METHODS Fifty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal group, exercise group, exercise and β-asarone (2.5, 10, 40 mg/kg)-treated groups. The learning and memory in rats were tested by Morris water maze experiment. We measured the hippocampal morphology by Nissl staining. The levels of SYP, PSD95, NR2B, CaMKII, ERK1/2, CREB, p-NR2B, p-CaMKII, p-ERK1/2 and p-CREB expression were measured by western blot analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that β-asarone (10, 40 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the latency to find the platform, increased the time spent in the target quadrant and the number of crossing the platform of rats with exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. β-asarone (10, 40 mg/kg) treatment increased the cell density in the hippocampus CA1 region, significantly up-regulated NR2B-CaMKII-ERK/CREB signal and improved the protein expression levels of SYP and PSD95 in hippocampus of rats with exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. CONCLUSIONS It suggests that β-asarone could improve learning and memory of rats with exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. The mechanism might be related to β-asarone protecting the morphology of hippocampus, increasing the protein expression levels of SYP and PSD95 and up-regulating NR2B-CaMKII-ERK/CREB signal in hippocampus of rats with exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Xie
- School of Sports Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Meiju Zhu
- School of Sports Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China.
| | - Hongzhu Zhu
- School of Sports Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Sports Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China
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Perkas O, Schmidt A, Kuehnel C, Greiser J, Hermeyer H, Klingner C, Freesmeyer M, Winkens T. Different narcotic gases and concentrations for immobilization of ostrich embryos for in-ovo imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10037. [PMID: 38854792 PMCID: PMC11157058 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In-ovo imaging using avian eggs has been described as a potential alternative to animal testing using rodents. However, imaging studies are hampered by embryonal motion producing artifacts. This study aims at systematically comparing isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane in three different concentrations in ostrich embryos. Biomagnetic signals of ostrich embryos were recorded analyzing cardiac action and motion. Ten groups comprising eight ostrich embryos each were investigated: Control, isoflurane (2%, 4%, and 6%), desflurane (6%, 12%, and 18%) and sevoflurane (3%, 5%, and 8%). Each ostrich egg was exposed to the same narcotic gas and concentration on development day (DD) 31 and 34. Narcotic gas exposure was upheld for 90 min and embryos were monitored for additional 75 min. Toxicity was evaluated by verifying embryo viability 24 h after the experiments. Initial heart rate of mean 148 beats/min (DD 31) and 136 beats/min (DD 34) decreased over time by 44-48 beats/minute. No significant differences were observed between groups. All narcotic gases led to distinct movement reduction after mean 8 min. Embryos exposed to desflurane 6% showed residual movements. Isoflurane 6% and sevoflurane 8% produced motion-free time intervals of mean 70 min after discontinuation of narcotic gas exposure. Only one embryo death occurred after narcotic gas exposure with desflurane 6%. This study shows that isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane are suitable for ostrich embryo immobilization, which is a prerequisite for motion-artifact free imaging. Application of isoflurane 6% and sevoflurane 8% is a) safe as no embryonal deaths occurred after exposure and b) effective as immobilization was observed for approx. 70 min after the end of narcotic gas exposure. These results should be interpreted with caution regarding transferability to other avian species as differences in embryo size and incubation duration exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Perkas
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Translational Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmacy, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - A. Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - C. Kuehnel
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Translational Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmacy, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - J. Greiser
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Translational Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmacy, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - H. Hermeyer
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - C. Klingner
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Biomagnetic Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M. Freesmeyer
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Translational Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmacy, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - T. Winkens
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Translational Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmacy, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
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Qian C, Xin Y, Qi C, Wang H, Dong BC, Zack DJ, Blackshaw S, Hattar S, Zhou FQ, Qian J. Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2206. [PMID: 38467611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of neuronal survival have primarily focused on identifying intrinsic mechanisms controlling the process. This study explored how intercellular communication contributes to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival following optic nerve crush based on single-cell RNA-seq analysis. We observed transcriptomic changes in retinal cells in response to the injury, with astrocytes and Müller glia having the most interactions with RGCs. By comparing RGC subclasses characterized by distinct resilience to cell death, we found that the high-survival RGCs tend to have more ligand-receptor interactions with neighboring cells. We identified 47 interactions stronger in high-survival RGCs, likely mediating neuroprotective effects. We validated one identified target, the μ-opioid receptor (Oprm1), to be neuroprotective in three retinal injury models. Although the endogenous Oprm1 is preferentially expressed in intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, its neuroprotective effect can be transferred to other subclasses by pan-RGC overexpression of Oprm1. Lastly, manipulating the Oprm1 activity improved visual functions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan C Dong
- Neuroscience Study Program, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Puthillathu N, Moffett JR, Korotcov A, Bosomtwi A, Vengilote R, Krishnan JKS, Johnson EA, Arun P, Namboodiri AM. Brief isoflurane administration as an adjunct treatment to control organophosphate-induced convulsions and neuropathology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1293280. [PMID: 38230376 PMCID: PMC10790757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1293280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate-based chemical agents (OP), including nerve agents and certain pesticides such as paraoxon, are potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that cause severe convulsions and seizures, leading to permanent central nervous system (CNS) damage if not treated promptly. The current treatment regimen for OP poisoning is intramuscular injection of atropine sulfate with an oxime such as pralidoxime (2-PAM) to mitigate cholinergic over-activation of the somatic musculature and autonomic nervous system. This treatment does not provide protection against CNS cholinergic overactivation and therefore convulsions require additional medication. Benzodiazepines are the currently accepted treatment for OP-induced convulsions, but the convulsions become refractory to these GABAA agonists and repeated dosing has diminishing effectiveness. As such, adjunct anticonvulsant treatments are needed to provide improved protection against recurrent and prolonged convulsions and the associated excitotoxic CNS damage that results from them. Previously we have shown that brief, 4-min administration of 3%-5% isoflurane in 100% oxygen has profound anticonvulsant and CNS protective effects when administered 30 min after a lethal dose of paraoxon. In this report we provide an extended time course of the effectiveness of 5% isoflurane delivered for 5 min, ranging from 60 to 180 min after a lethal dose of paraoxon in rats. We observed substantial effectiveness in preventing neuronal loss as shown by Fluoro-Jade B staining when isoflurane was administered 1 h after paraoxon, with diminishing effectiveness at 90, 120 and 180 min. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived T2 and mean diffusivity (MD) values showed that 5-min isoflurane administration at a concentration of 5% prevents brain edema and tissue damage when administered 1 h after a lethal dose of paraoxon. We also observed reduced astrogliosis as shown by GFAP immunohistochemistry. Studies with continuous EEG monitoring are ongoing to demonstrate effectiveness in animal models of soman poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Puthillathu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Neuroscience Program and Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John R. Moffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Neuroscience Program and Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexandru Korotcov
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ranjini Vengilote
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Neuroscience Program and Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jishnu K. S. Krishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Neuroscience Program and Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erik A. Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Gunpowder, MD, United States
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Neuroscience Program and Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aryan M. Namboodiri
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Neuroscience Program and Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Mishra E, Thakur MK. Mdivi-1 Rescues Memory Decline in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Male Mice by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dynamics and Hippocampal Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5426-5449. [PMID: 37314656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Memory loss, often known as amnesia, is common in the elderly population and refers to forgetting facts and experiences. It is associated with increased mitochondrial fragmentation, though the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics in amnesia is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study is aimed at elucidating the role of Mdivi-1 in mitochondrial dynamics, hippocampal plasticity, and memory during scopolamine (SC)-induced amnesia. The findings imply that Mdivi-1 significantly increased the expression of Arc and BDNF proteins in the hippocampus of SC-induced amnesic mice, validating improved recognition and spatial memory. Moreover, an improved mitochondrial ultrastructure was attributed to a decline in the percentage of fragmented and spherical-shaped mitochondria after Mdivi-1 treatment in SC-induced mice. The significant downregulation of p-Drp1 (S616) protein and upregulation of Mfn2, LC3BI, and LC3BII proteins in Mdivi-1-treated SC-induced mice indicated a decline in fragmented mitochondrial number and healthy mitochondrial dynamics. Mdivi-1 treatment alleviated ROS production and Caspase-3 activity and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential, Vdac1 expression, ATP production, and myelination, resulting in reduced neurodegeneration in SC mice. Furthermore, the decline of pro-apoptotic protein cytochrome-c and increase of anti-apoptotic proteins Procaspase-9 and Bcl-2 in Mdivi-1-treated SC-induced mice suggested improved neuronal health. Mdivi-1 also increased the dendritic arborization and spine density, which was further corroborated by increased expression of synaptophysin and PSD95. In conclusion, the current study suggests that Mdivi-1 treatment improves mitochondrial ultrastructure and function through the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. These changes further improve neuronal cell density, myelination, dendritic arborization, and spine density, decrease neurodegeneration, and improve recognition and spatial memory. Schematic presentation depicts that Mdivi-1 rescues memory decline in scopolamine-induced amnesic male mice by ameliorating mitochondrial dynamics and hippocampal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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Qian C, Xin Y, Qi C, Wang H, Dong BC, Zack D, Blackshaw S, Hattar S, Zhou FQ, Qian J. Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549118. [PMID: 37502873 PMCID: PMC10370148 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The progressive death of mature neurons often results in neurodegenerative diseases. While the previous studies have mostly focused on identifying intrinsic mechanisms controlling neuronal survival, the extracellular environment also plays a critical role in regulating cell viability. Here we explore how intercellular communication contributes to the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following the optic nerve crush (ONC). Although the direct effect of the ONC is restricted to the RGCs, we observed transcriptomic responses in other retinal cells to the injury based on the single-cell RNA-seq, with astrocytes and Müller glia having the most interactions with RGCs. By comparing the RGC subclasses with distinct resilience to ONC-induced cell death, we found that the high-survival RGCs tend to have more ligand-receptor interactions with other retinal cells, suggesting that these RGCs are intrinsically programmed to foster more communication with their surroundings. Furthermore, we identified the top 47 interactions that are stronger in the high-survival RGCs, likely representing neuroprotective interactions. We performed functional assays on one of the receptors, μ-opioid receptor (Oprm1), a receptor known to play roles in regulating pain, reward, and addictive behavior. Although Oprm1 is preferentially expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC), its neuroprotective effect could be transferred to multiple RGC subclasses by selectively overexpressing Oprm1 in pan-RGCs in ONC, excitotoxicity, and glaucoma models. Lastly, manipulating Oprm1 activity improved visual functions or altered pupillary light response in mice. Our study provides an atlas of cell-cell interactions in intact and post-ONC retina, and a strategy to predict molecular mechanisms controlling neuroprotection, underlying the principal role played by extracellular environment in supporting neuron survival.
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Ostlund I, Von Gunten M, Smith C, Edwards JG. Chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol impact on plasticity, and differential activation requirement for CB1-dependent long-term depression in ventral tegmental area GABA neurons in adult versus young mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1067493. [PMID: 36699526 PMCID: PMC9869137 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1067493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) mediates incentive salience and reward prediction error through dopamine (DA) neurons that are regulated by local VTA GABA neurons. In young mice, VTA GABA cells exhibit a form of synaptic plasticity known as long-term depression (LTD) that is dependent on cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors preceded by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling to induce endocannabinoid production. This LTD was eliminated following chronic (7-10 consecutive days) exposure to the marijuana derived cannabinoid Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We now examine the mechanism behind THC-induced elimination of LTD in adolescents as well as plasticity induction ability in adult versus young male and female mice using whole-cell electrophysiology experiments of VTA GABA cells. Chronic THC injections in adolescents resulted in a loss of CB1 agonist-mediated depression, illustrating chronic THC likely desensitizes or removes synaptic CB1. We noted that seven days withdrawal from chronic THC restored LTD and CB1 agonist-induced depression, suggesting reversibility of THC-induced changes. Adult mice continue to express functional mGluR5 and CB1, but require a doubling of the synaptic stimulation compared to young mice to induce LTD, suggesting a quantitative difference in CB1-dependent plasticity between young and adult mice. One potential rationale for this difference is changes in AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors. Indeed, AMPA/NMDA ratios were increased in in adults compared to young mice. Lastly, we performed quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and identified that CB1, DAGLα, and GluA1 levels increased following chronic THC exposure. Collectively, our data demonstrate the first age-dependent GABA neuron plasticity in the VTA, which could have implications for decreased THC dependence capacity in adults, as well as the mechanism behind chronic THC-induced synaptic alterations in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ostlund
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | | | - Calvin Smith
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jeffrey G. Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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11
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Zhang W, Liu Q, Zhu H, Ma C, Luo Q, Ji M, Liu L. Propofol induces the apoptosis of neural stem cells via microRNA-9-5p / chemokine CXC receptor 4 signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1062-1072. [PMID: 34990302 PMCID: PMC8805814 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2017590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that propofol, one of the most widely used anesthetics, may cause neurotoxicity in the developing brain, leading to cognitive deficits in adults. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of propofol neurotoxicity in the neural stem cells (NSCs). The mRNA and protein expression levels of microRNA-9-5p (miR-9-5p) and chemokine CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 and Hoechst staining kits. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein, and caspase-3 were detected by Western blotting analysis. These results confirmed that propofol activated cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase in the miR-9-5p and CXCR4 expression was observed in the propofol-treated cells. The overexpression of miR-9-5p induced apoptosis in NSCs, accompanied by elevated apoptosis-related protein activity. Furthermore, mitigated CXCR4 expression reduced propofol-induced cell apoptosis. We conclude that propofol induces cell death in NSCs, and overexpression of miR-9-5p/CXCR4 contributes to propofol-induced cell apoptosis, which might be a target for developing novel strategies to treat propofol neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Meilin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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12
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Platholi J, Hemmings HC. Effects of general anesthetics on synaptic transmission and plasticity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:27-54. [PMID: 34344292 PMCID: PMC9199550 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210803105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics depress excitatory and/or enhance inhibitory synaptic transmission principally by modulating the function of glutamatergic or GABAergic synapses, respectively, with relative anesthetic agent-specific mechanisms. Synaptic signaling proteins, including ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, are targeted by general anesthetics to modulate various synaptic mechanisms, including presynaptic neurotransmitter release, postsynaptic receptor signaling, and dendritic spine dynamics to produce their characteristic acute neurophysiological effects. As synaptic structure and plasticity mediate higher-order functions such as learning and memory, long-term synaptic dysfunction following anesthesia may lead to undesirable neurocognitive consequences depending on the specific anesthetic agent and the vulnerability of the population. Here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms of transient and persistent general anesthetic alterations of synaptic transmission and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimcy Platholi
- Cornell University Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College Ringgold standard institution - Anesthesiology New York, New York. United States
| | - Hugh C Hemmings
- Cornell University Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College Ringgold standard institution - Anesthesiology New York, New York. United States
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13
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Tong D, Ma Z, Su P, Wang S, Xu Y, Zhang LM, Wu Z, Liu K, Zhao P. Sevoflurane-Induced Neuroapoptosis in Rat Dentate Gyrus Is Activated by Autophagy Through NF-κB Signaling on the Late-Stage Progenitor Granule Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590577. [PMID: 33384584 PMCID: PMC7769878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanisms by which exposure of the late-stage progenitor cells to the anesthesia sevoflurane alters their differentiation are not known. We seek to query whether the effects of sevoflurane on late-stage progenitor cells might be regulated by apoptosis and/or autophagy. Methods To address the short-term impact of sevoflurane exposure on granule cell differentiation, we used 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify the labeled late-stage progenitor granule cells. Male or female rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 4 h when the labeled granule cells were 2 weeks old. Differentiation of the BrdU-labeled granule cells was quantified 4 and 7 days after exposure by double immunofluorescence. The expression of apoptosis and autophagy in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. Western blot for the expression of NF-κB was used to evaluate the mechanism. Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed to detect cognitive function in the rats on postnatal 28–33 days. Results Exposure to sevoflurane decreased the differentiation of the BrdU-labeled late-stage progenitor granule cells, but increased the expression of caspase-3, autophagy, and phosphorylated-P65 in the hippocampus of juvenile rats and resulted in cognitive deficiency. These damaging effects of sevoflurane could be mitigated by inhibitors of autophagy, apoptosis, and NF-κB. The increased apoptosis could be alleviated by pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, and the increased autophagy and apoptosis could be reduced by pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7085. Conclusion These findings suggest that a single, prolonged sevoflurane exposure could impair the differentiation of late-stage progenitor granule cells in hippocampal DG and cause cognitive deficits possibly via apoptosis activated by autophagy through NF-κB signaling. Our results do not preclude the possibility that the affected differentiation and functional deficits may be caused by depletion of the progenitors pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongliang Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Su
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Benxi, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Aldemir Şensoy D, Demirgan S, Akyol O, Gümüş Özcan F, Selcan A. Effect of Isoflurane Exposure with Administration of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cognition in Developing Rats. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2020; 48:477-483. [PMID: 33313587 PMCID: PMC7720831 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2020.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The developing brain is vulnerable to the negative effects of anaesthetics. We aimed to investigate the effect of isoflurane and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cognition. Methods A total of 64, ten days old rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group O2 (oxygen group), group Iso (isoflurane group), group Iso-S (isoflurane+saline) and group Iso-PUFAs (isoflurane+intraperitoneal [IP] PUFAs emulsion). Rats in groups Iso, Iso-S and Iso-PUFAs were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane in 50% oxygen for 6 hours. Rats in group O2 breathed only 50% oxygen. Before anaesthesia, rats in group Iso-S were administered 0.5 mL isotonic and rats in group Iso-PUFAs were administered 5 mL kg-1 PUFAs emulsion by IP injection. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed on postnatal 28-33 days. Histological evaluation and immune histochemical staining (Bcl-2 antibody) were performed on postnatal day 11 on rat brains. Results As demonstrated by the reduction in the escape latency on days 3, 4 and 5 compared with day 1, all rats learned the task during the acquisition period. In contrast to others, rats in group Iso spent significantly lower time to find the platform on day 2 than on day 1 (p=0.034). No significant difference was found among the groups in terms of time spent in finding the platform. There were no significant differences in probe trials, histological features and Bcl-2 immunoreactivity among the groups. Conclusion Isoflurane did not cause cognitive dysfunction and neuronal death, and a single dose of PUFAs emulsion had no effect on cognition either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Aldemir Şensoy
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Health Ministry, Health Sciences University, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Demirgan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Health Ministry, Health Sciences University, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Health Ministry, Health Sciences University, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Gümüş Özcan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Health Ministry, Health Sciences University, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşin Selcan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Health Ministry, Health Sciences University, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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15
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Neag MA, Mitre AO, Catinean A, Mitre CI. An Overview on the Mechanisms of Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane in Experimental Studies. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:281-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Yang F, Zhao H, Zhang K, Wu X, Liu H. Research progress and treatment strategies for anesthetic neurotoxicity. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:37-44. [PMID: 32798600 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Every year, a large number of infants and young children worldwide are administered general anesthesia. Whether general anesthesia adversely affects the intellectual development and cognitive function of children at a later date remains controversial. Many animal experiments have shown that general anesthetics can cause nerve damage during development, affect synaptic plasticity, and induce apoptosis, and finally affect learning and memory function in adulthood. The neurotoxicity of pediatric anesthetics (PAN) has received extensive attention in the field of anesthesia, which has been listed as a potential problem affecting public health by NFDA of the United States. Previous studies on rodents and non-human primates indicate that inhalation of anesthetics early after birth can induce long-term and sustained impairment of learning and memory function, as well as changes in brain function. Many anti-oxidant drugs, dexmedetomidine, as well as a rich living environment and exercise have been proven to reduce the neurotoxicity of anesthetics. In this paper, we summarize the research progress, molecular mechanisms and current intervention measures of anesthetic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Hai Zhao
- Clinical Skills Center, Shenyang Medical College, Huanghe Street 146, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xiuying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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17
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Du Y, Gong XD, Fang X, Xing F, Xia TJ, Gu XP. Sevoflurane plays a reduced role in cognitive impairment compared with isoflurane: limited effect on fear memory retention. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:96-102. [PMID: 31535657 PMCID: PMC6862400 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane and sevoflurane are both inhalation anesthetics, but in clinical application, sevoflurane has been considered to be less suitable for long-term anesthesia because of its catabolic compounds and potential nephrotoxicity. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that these two inhalation anesthetics are similar in hepatorenal toxicity, cost, and long-term anesthetic effect. Moreover, sevoflurane possibly has less cognitive impact on young mice. In this study, C57BL/6 mice aged 8–10 weeks were exposed to 1.2% isoflurane or 2.4% sevoflurane for 6 hours. Cognitive function and memory were examined in young mice using the novel object recognition, contextual fear conditioning, and cued-fear extinction tests. Western blot assay was performed to detect expression levels of D1 dopamine receptor, catechol-O-methyltransferase, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and total glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the hippocampus. Our results show that impaired performance was not detected in mice exposed to sevoflurane during the novel object recognition test. Contextual memory impairment in the fear conditioning test was shorter in the sevoflurane group than the isoflurane group. Long-term sevoflurane exposure did not affect memory consolidation, while isoflurane led to memory consolidation and reduced retention. Downregulation of hippocampal D1 dopamine receptors and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β/total glycogen synthase kinase-3β and upregulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase may be associated with differing memory performance after exposure to isoflurane or sevoflurane. These results confirm that sevoflurane has less effect on cognitive impairment than isoflurane, which may be related to expression of D1 dopamine receptors and catechol-O-methyltransferase and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the hippocampus. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Nanjing University, China on November 20, 2017 (approval No. 20171102).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Dan Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Kurihara K, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Shichiri M, Fujiwara H, Fujii S, Yamada KI, Nakane M, Kawamae K, Fujii J. Ascorbic acid insufficiency impairs spatial memory formation in juvenile AKR1A-knockout mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:209-216. [PMID: 31777422 PMCID: PMC6877411 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AKR1A, an aldo-keto reductase, is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid as well as the reduction of a variety of aldehyde compounds. AKR1A−/− mice produce considerably less ascorbic acid (about 10%) compared to AKR1A+/+ mice and require ascorbic acid supplementation in order to breed. To elucidate the roles played by AKR1A in spatial memory, AKR1A−/− male mice were weaned at 4 weeks of age and groups that received ascorbic acid supplementation and no supplementation were subjected to a Morris water maze test. Juvenile AKR1A−/− mice that received no supplementation showed impaired spatial memory formation, even though about 70% of the ascorbic acid remained in the brains of the AKR1A−/− mice at day 7 after weaning. To the contrary, the young adult AKR1A−/− mice at 13–15 weeks of age maintained only 15% of ascorbic acid but showed no significant difference in the spatial memory compared with the AKR1A+/+ mice or ascorbic acid-supplemented AKR1A−/− mice. It is conceivable that juvenile mice require more ascorbic acid for the appropriate level of formation of spatial memory and that maturation of the neural system renders the memory forming process less sensitive to an ascorbic acid insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakane
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kaneyuki Kawamae
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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19
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Johnson SC, Pan A, Sun GX, Freed A, Stokes JC, Bornstein R, Witkowski M, Li L, Ford JM, Howard CRA, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Relevance of experimental paradigms of anesthesia induced neurotoxicity in the mouse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213543. [PMID: 30897103 PMCID: PMC6428290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine general anesthesia is considered to be safe in healthy individuals. However, pre-clinical studies in mice, rats, and monkeys have repeatedly demonstrated that exposure to anesthetic agents during early post-natal periods can lead to acute neurotoxicity. More concerning, later-life defects in cognition, assessed by behavioral assays for learning and memory, have been reported. Although the potential for anesthetics to damage the neonatal brain is well-documented, the clinical significance of the pre-clinical models in which damage is induced remains quite unclear. Here, we systematically evaluate critical physiological parameters in post-natal day 7 neonatal mice exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 2–4 hours, the most common anesthesia induced neurotoxicity paradigm in this animal model. We find that 2 or more hours of anesthesia exposure results in dramatic respiratory and metabolic changes that may limit interpretation of this paradigm to the clinical situation. Our data indicate that neonatal mouse models of AIN are not necessarily appropriate representations of human exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Johnson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda Pan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Grace X. Sun
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Arielle Freed
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Stokes
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Bornstein
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Witkowski
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy M. Ford
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Children's Imagination Lab, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. A. Howard
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Children's Imagination Lab, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Sedensky
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Philip G. Morgan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric neuroanesthesia is a fascinating, yet challenging branch of anesthesia. This review highlights some of the recent insights into pediatric neuroanesthesia from the past 18 months. RECENT FINDINGS Although there are incontrovertible evidences in animals suggesting that prolonged exposure to general anesthesia causes long-term neurological impairment, the translational relevance of these findings in humans is debatable. Early surgery for pediatric drug-refractory epilepsy is supported by emerging literature, but poses unique perioperative problems for the treating neuroanesthesiologist. Similarly, minimizing intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion concerns every anesthesiologist managing small children. The usefulness of tranexamic acid in children is further enhanced by some studies in spine surgeries. Some pertinent issues related to intraoperative neuromonitoring are also discussed in the text. SUMMARY There are several logistical and ethical problems of carrying out high-quality prospective studies in children but important findings on prevention of anesthetic neurotoxicity; minimizing intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, examining optimal doses and choices of anesthetic agents in epilepsy surgery have been published recently.
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21
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Wang L, Yang X, Wu H. Juvenile Rats Show Altered Gut Microbiota After Exposure to Isoflurane as Neonates. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:776-786. [PMID: 30603984 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled anesthetic agents may be neurotoxic to the developing brain of a neonatal rodent. Isoflurane is a commonly used volatile anesthetic agent for maintenance of general anesthesia in various types of surgery. Neonatal exposure to isoflurane has been implicated in long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in children. The mechanisms of isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity have not been fully elucidated. Disruption of gut microbiota is currently attracting considerable interest as a vital pathogeny of some neurologic disorders. In the rat model, it is unknown whether neonatal exposure to isoflurane impacts the gut microbiota composition of juvenile animals. In the present study, postnatal 7-day-old male rats were exposed to 1 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane for 4 h. Non-anesthetized rats served as controls. The fecal microbiomes of rats were observed using 16S RNA sequencing technique on postnatal day 42. Results indicated that composition of gut microbiota of isoflurane-exposed rats was different from controls. Several bacteria taxa in isoflurane-exposed rats were different from those of controls at various taxonomic levels. In particular, the abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Clostridia, Clostridiales, and Lachnospiraceae were significantly increased in exposed rats and the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacteroidaceae were significantly decreased compared to controls. These results may offer new insights into the pathogenesis of isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiyin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
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Johnson SC, Pan A, Li L, Sedensky M, Morgan P. Neurotoxicity of anesthetics: Mechanisms and meaning from mouse intervention studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 71:22-31. [PMID: 30472095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics are widely used in human medicine and generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals. In recent years, the safety of volatile anesthesia in pediatric patients has been questioned following reports of anesthetic induced neurotoxicity in pre-clinical studies. These studies in mice, rats, and primates have demonstrated that exposure to anesthetic agents during early post-natal periods can cause acute neurotoxicity, as well as later-life cognitive defects including deficits in learning and memory. In recent years, the focus of many pre-clinical studies has been on identifying candidate pathways or potential therapeutic targets through intervention trials. These reports have shed light on the mechanisms underlying anesthesia induced neurotoxicity as well as highlighting the challenges of pre-clinical modeling of anesthesia induced neurotoxicity in mice. Here, we summarize the data derived from intervention studies in neonatal mouse models of anesthetic exposure and provide an overview of mechanisms proposed to mediate anesthesia induced neurotoxicity in mice based on these reports. The majority of these studies implicate one of three mechanisms: reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated stress and signaling, growth/nutrient signaling, or direct neuronal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Johnson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America.
| | - Amanda Pan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Margaret Sedensky
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Philip Morgan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Bajwa NM, Lee JB, Halavi S, Hartman RE, Obenaus A. Repeated isoflurane in adult male mice leads to acute and persistent motor decrements with long-term modifications in corpus callosum microstructural integrity. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:332-345. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M. Bajwa
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center; VA Loma Linda Healthcare System; Loma Linda California
| | - Jeong B. Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Shina Halavi
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Richard E. Hartman
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine; University of California; Irvine California
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Liu J, Zhang W, Tao Y, Li LY. Induction of Beta-amyloid Protein by Sevoflurane Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment During Anesthesia in Aged Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.1080.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Mizuno H, Nakazawa S, Iwasato T. In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394388 DOI: 10.3791/58340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Mizuno
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University; Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies);
| | - Shingo Nakazawa
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the most recently published evidence that investigated anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in both animals and humans, especially as it pertains to the perinatal period. RECENT FINDINGS Several recent studies have focused on better understanding the complex mechanisms that underlie intravenous and volatile anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in animals. Adjuvant agents that target these pathways have been investigated for their effectiveness in attenuating the neuroapoptosis and neurocognitive deficits that result from anesthesia exposure, including dexmedetomidine, rutin, vitamin C, tumor necrosis factor α, lithium, apocynin, carreic acid phenethyl ester. Five clinical studies, including one randomized control trial, provided inconsistent evidence on anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in humans. SUMMARY Despite a growing body of preclinical studies that have demonstrated anesthesia-induced neurotoxic effects in the developing and aging brain, their effects on the human brain remains to be determined. The performance of large-scale human studies is limited by several important factors, and noninvasive biomarkers and neuroimaging modalities should be employed to define the injury phenotypes that reflect anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. Ultimately, the use of these modalities may provide new insights into whether the concerns of anesthetics are justified in humans.
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Li Y, Li X, Guo C, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu W, Gao L. Long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in offspring via NGF/ ERK/CREB signaling pathway caused by ketamine exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy in rats. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30956-30970. [PMID: 28415680 PMCID: PMC5458180 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to ketamine caused neurohistopathologic changes and persistent cognitive dysfunction. For this study, a pregnant rat model was developed to investigate neurocognitive effects in the offspring, following ketamine exposure during the second trimester. Pregnant rats on gestational day 14 (equal to midtrimester pregnancy in humans), intravenously received 200 mg/kg ketamine for 3 h. Their behavior was tested (Morris water maze, odor recognition test, and fear conditioning) at postnatal days (P25-30). Furthermore, hippocampal morphology of the offspring (P30) was examined via Nissl staining and hippocampal dendritic spine density was determined via Golgi staining. The hippocampal protein levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK), cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding (CREB), p-CREB, synaptophysin (SYP), synapsin (SYN), and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95) were measured via western blot. Additionally, SCH772984 (an ERK inhibitor) was used to evaluate both role and underlying mechanism of the ERK pathway in PC12 cells. We found that ketamine caused long-term neurocognitive dysfunction, reduced the density of the dendritic spin, caused neuronal loss, and down-regulated the expression of NGF, ERK, p-ERK, mitogen, and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK), CREB, p-CREB, SYP, SYN, and PSD95 in the hippocampus. These results suggest that ketamine induced maternal anesthesia during period of the fetal brain development can cause long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in the offspring, which likely happens via inhibition of the NGF-ERK-CREB pathway in the hippocampus. Our results highlight the central role of ERK in neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinran Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Cen Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lina Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Gago‐Fuentes R, Xing M, Sæterstad S, Sarno A, Dewan A, Beck C, Bradamante S, Bjørås M, Oksenych V. Normal development of mice lacking PAXX, the paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:426-434. [PMID: 29511619 PMCID: PMC5832975 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair consists of several cellular pathways which recognize and repair damaged DNA. The classical nonhomologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) pathway repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. It is required for maturation of both B and T lymphocytes by supporting V(D)J recombination as well as B-cell differentiation during class switch recombination (CSR). Inactivation of NHEJ factors Ku70, Ku80, XRCC4, DNA ligase 4, DNA-PKcs, and Artemis impairs V(D)J recombination and blocks lymphocyte development. Paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX) is an accessory NHEJ factor that has a significant impact on the repair of DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiation in human, murine, and chicken cells. However, the role of PAXX during development is poorly understood. To determine the physiological role of PAXX, we deleted part of the Paxx promoter and the first two exons in mice. Further, we compared Paxx-knockout mice with wild-type (WT) and NHEJ-deficient controls including Ku80- and Dna-pkcs-null and severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Surprisingly, Paxx-deficient mice were not distinguishable from the WT littermates; they were the same weight and size, fertility status, had normal spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Paxx-deficient mice had the same number of chromosomal and chromatid breaks as WT mice. Moreover, Paxx-deficient primary B lymphocytes had the same level of CSR as lymphocytes isolated from WT mice. We concluded that PAXX is dispensable for normal mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gago‐Fuentes
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Mengtan Xing
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Siri Sæterstad
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- St. Olavs HospitalClinic of MedicineTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Alisa Dewan
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Present address:
Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of ImmunologyOslo University Hospital‐RikshospitaletUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Present address:
KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Carole Beck
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Stefano Bradamante
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of MicrobiologyOslo University HospitalUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM)Laboratory CenterNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- St. Olavs HospitalClinic of MedicineTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
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Han X, Liu C, Zhang K, Guo M, Shen Z, Liu Y, Zuo Z, Cao M, Li Y. Calpain and JNK pathways participate in isoflurane - induced nucleus translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in the brain of neonatal rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 285:60-73. [PMID: 29289695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that volatile anesthetic causes caspase-dependent neuroapoptosis and persistent cognitive deficits in young animals. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) can trigger apoptosis by caspase-independent pathway. Whether isoflurane induces neuroapoptosis by activation of AIF and its possible mechanism are underdetermined. Rats at postnatal day 7 were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane for 4 h and the expression of AIF, cytochrome c, caspase-3, μ-calpain, m-calpain, Bcl-2 and Bax in the mitochondrial, cytosolic, and nuclear fraction, as well as the number of both AIF and TUNEL positive neurons in the cortices of rats were measured. Moreover, the effects of calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 on isoflurane-induced AIF release, caspase activation and cognitive deficits were assessed. We found isoflurane activated CytC-caspase-3 dependent apoptosis pathway mainly in the early phase (0-6 h after exposure). Moreover, isoflurane activated mitochondrial μ-calpain, induced AIF truncation during early phase and activated m-calpain, induced AIF release from the mitochondria to cytosol and translocation into the nucleus in the late phase (6-24 h after exposure). MDL-28170 attenuated the isoflurane-induced mitochondrial AIF truncation, release and nuclear translocation, but did not change the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and mitochondrial Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. SP600125 attenuated isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis by inhibiting both AIF and caspase-3 pathways and reduced cognitive impairment in neonatal rats. This is the first study to provide the evidence that isoflurane induced AIF-dependent neuroapoptosis by activation of mitochondrial μ-calpain and m-calpain in neonatal rats. JNK inhibition reversed isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and subsequent long-term neurocognitive impairment, acting via inhibiting activation of both AIF and caspase-3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Foshan, 528030, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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CB1-Dependent Long-Term Depression in Ventral Tegmental Area GABA Neurons: A Novel Target for Marijuana. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10943-10954. [PMID: 29038246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0190-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The VTA is necessary for reward behavior with dopamine cells critically involved in reward signaling. Dopamine cells in turn are innervated and regulated by neighboring inhibitory GABA cells. Using whole-cell electrophysiology in juvenile-adolescent GAD67-GFP male mice, we examined excitatory plasticity in fluorescent VTA GABA cells. A novel CB1-dependent LTD was induced in GABA cells that was dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). LTD was absent in CB1 knock-out mice but preserved in heterozygous littermates. Bath applied Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol depressed GABA cell activity, therefore downstream dopamine cells will be disinhibited; and thus, this could potentially result in increased reward. Chronic injections of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol occluded LTD compared with vehicle injections; however, a single exposure was insufficient to do so. As synaptic modifications by drugs of abuse are often tied to addiction, these data suggest a possible mechanism for the addictive effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in juvenile-adolescents, by potentially altering reward behavioral outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present study identifies a novel form of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in VTA GABA neurons, a currently understudied cell type that is critical for the brain's reward circuit, and how Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol occludes this plasticity. This study specifically addresses a potential unifying mechanism whereby marijuana could exert rewarding and addictive/withdrawal effects. Marijuana use and legalization are a pressing issue for many states in the United States. Although marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug, the implications of legalized, widespread, or continued usage are speculative. This study in juvenile-adolescent aged mice identifies a novel form of synaptic plasticity in VTA GABA cells, and the synaptic remodeling that can occur after Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol use.
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Maternal Sevoflurane Exposure Causes Abnormal Development of Fetal Prefrontal Cortex and Induces Cognitive Dysfunction in Offspring. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6158468. [PMID: 29098009 PMCID: PMC5643154 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6158468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal sevoflurane exposure during pregnancy is associated with increased risk for behavioral deficits in offspring. Several studies indicated that neurogenesis abnormality may be responsible for the sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity, but the concrete impact of sevoflurane on fetal brain development remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate whether maternal sevoflurane exposure caused learning and memory impairment in offspring through inducing abnormal development of the fetal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Pregnant mice at gestational day 15.5 received 2.5% sevoflurane for 6 h. Learning function of the offspring was evaluated with the Morris water maze test at postnatal day 30. Brain tissues of fetal mice were subjected to immunofluorescence staining to assess differentiation, proliferation, and cell cycle dynamics of the fetal PFC. We found that maternal sevoflurane anesthesia impaired learning ability in offspring through inhibiting deep-layer immature neuron output and neuronal progenitor replication. With the assessment of cell cycle dynamics, we established that these effects were mediated through cell cycle arrest in neural progenitors. Our research has provided insights into the cell cycle-related mechanisms by which maternal sevoflurane exposure can induce neurodevelopmental abnormalities and learning dysfunction and appeals people to consider the neurotoxicity of anesthetics when considering the benefits and risks of nonobstetric surgical procedures.
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Wu J, Yu J, Xie P, Maimaitili Y, Wang J, Yang L, Ma H, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zheng H. Sevoflurane postconditioning protects the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3196. [PMID: 28392989 PMCID: PMC5382923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane postconditioning (S-post) has similar cardioprotective effects as ischemic preconditioning. However, the underlying mechanism of S-post has not been fully elucidated. Janus kinase signaling transduction/transcription activator (JAK2-STAT3) plays an important role in cardioprotection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cardioprotective effects of S-post are associated with activation of the JAK2-STAT3 signal pathway. METHODS An adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was established using the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus. At the beginning of reperfusion, 2.4% sevoflurane alone or in combination with AG490 (a JAK2 selective inhibitor) was used as a postconditioning treatment. The cardiac function indicators, myocardial infarct size, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release, mitochondrial ultrastructure, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation rates, ATP content, protein expression of p-JAK, p-STAT3, Bcl-2 and Bax were measured. RESULTS Compared with the I/R group, S-post significantly increased the expression of p-JAK, p-STAT3 and Bcl-2 and reduced the protein expression of Bax, which markedly decreased the myocardial infarction areas, improved the cardiac function indicators and the mitochondrial ultrastructure, decreased the mitochondrial ROS and increased the ATP content. However, the cardioprotective effects of S-post were abolished by treatment with a JAK2 selective inhibitor (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the cardioprotective effects of S-post are associated with the activation of JAK2-STAT3. The mechanism may be related to an increased expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 after S-post, which reduced mitochondrial ROS generation and increased mitochondrial ATP content, thereby reducing apoptosis and myocardial infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Yiliyaer Maimaitili
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Haiping Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shanxi , China
| | - Yining Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
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