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Readman MR, Polden M, Gibbs MC, Donohue A, Chhetri SK, Crawford TJ. Oculomotor atypicalities in motor neurone disease: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1399923. [PMID: 38988765 PMCID: PMC11233471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1399923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive dysfunction is commonplace in Motor Neurone Disease (MND). However, due to the prominent motor symptoms in MND, assessing patients' cognitive function through traditional cognitive assessments, which oftentimes require motoric responses, may become increasingly challenging as the disease progresses. Oculomotor pathways are apparently resistant to pathological degeneration in MND. As such, abnormalities in oculomotor functions, largely driven by cognitive processes such as saccades and smooth pursuit eye movement, may be reflective of frontotemporal cognitive deficits in MND. Thus, saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements may prove to be ideal mechanistic markers of cognitive function in MND. Methods To ascertain the utility of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements as markers of cognitive function in MND, this review summarizes the literature concerning saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement task performance in people with MND. Results and discussion Of the 22 studies identified, noticeable patterns suggest that people with MND can be differentiated from controls based on antisaccade and smooth pursuit task performance, and thus the antisaccade task and smooth pursuit task may be potential candidates for markers of cognition in MND. However, further studies which ascertain the concordance between eye tracking measures and traditional measures of cognition are required before this assumption is extrapolated, and clinical recommendations are made. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=376620, identifier CRD42023376620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rose Readman
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Polden
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa C Gibbs
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aisling Donohue
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh K Chhetri
- Lancashire and South Cumbria Motor Neurone Disease Care and Research Centre, Neurology Department, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor J Crawford
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Li H, Peng A, Lai W, Wu J, Ji S, Hu D, Chen S, Zhu C, Hong Q, Zhang M, Chen L. Impacts of education level on Montreal Cognitive Assessment and saccades in community residents from Western China. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 161:27-39. [PMID: 38432186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and saccade in discerning the cognitive function levels among community populations characterized by diverse educational backgrounds. METHODS Data from 665 Western China individuals encompassed MoCA scores and saccade performance. The study examined how education level and age influenced these assessments and highlighted the contrasting abilities of these measures in detecting cognitive abnormalities. RESULTS The saccade model revealed a consistent cognitive impairment prevalence (15.5%) compared to previous clinical data (9.7% to 23.3%), while MoCA exhibited variable rates (25.1% to 52.8%). Notably, saccades and MoCA significantly diverged in detecting cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, education level had a greater impact on MoCA (effect size: 0.272) compared to saccades (0.024) affecting all MoCA sub-items, with age exerting a smaller influence on MoCA (0.037) compared to saccades (0.056). CONCLUSION Saccades are less susceptible to the influence of education level when compared to MoCA, making saccade a potentially more suitable cognitive screening tool for rural community populations. SIGNIFICANCE This study represents a pioneering approach by employing saccade detection within community populations to distinguish cognitive function status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Joint Research Institute of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Anjiao Peng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wanlin Lai
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Junru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shuming Ji
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chenxing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiulei Hong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Joint Research Institute of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Eraslan Boz H, Koçoğlu K, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Ekin M, Özçelik P, Akdal G. Uncorrected errors and correct saccades in the antisaccade task distinguish between early-stage Alzheimer's disease dementia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:457-478. [PMID: 37004192 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2198191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is a degenerative illness that is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive abilities. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is seen as a precursor to AD. The changes in antisaccade performance that can be seen in MCI may provide important clues in the early detection of AD. Therefore, the antisaccade deficits in AD and aMCI remain a research question. This study aimed to examine antisaccade responses and the relationship between antisaccade and cognitive function in AD, aMCI, and healthy controls (HC). This study included 30 patients with early-stage AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 HC. Patients with AD showed higher rates of uncorrected error, anticipatory saccades and corrected errors, as well as decreased correct saccade rates, and shortened saccade latency compared to aMCI and HC in this study. Patients with aMCI exhibited increased rates of express saccades relative to HC. The antisaccade task and cognitive domains were found to be significantly related. Our study showed that the rate of correct saccades has the capacity to distinguish AD from HC with 87% sensitivity and 86% specificity (AUC = 0.93, p < 0.001). In addition, the rate of uncorrected errors was found to be capable of distinguishing AD from HC with 84% sensitivity and 83% specificity (AUC = 0.91, p < 0.001). This study presented promising findings that these parameters can be used clinically to differentiate AD and aMCI from healthy older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Unit of Neuropsychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Merve Ekin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Özçelik
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Zuo F, Jing P, Sun J, Duan J, Ji Y, Liu Y. Deep Learning-Based Eye-Tracking Analysis for Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using 3D Comprehensive Visual Stimuli. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2024; 28:2781-2793. [PMID: 38349825 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2024.3365172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes a continuous decline in cognitive functions and eventually results in death. An early AD diagnosis is important for taking active measures to slow its deterioration. Traditional diagnoses are usually based on clinical experience, which is limited by several realistic factors. In this paper, we focus on exploiting deep learning techniques to diagnose AD based on eye-tracking behaviors. Visual attention, as a typical eye-tracking behavior, is of great clinical value in detecting cognitive abnormalities in AD patients. To better analyze the differences in visual attention between AD patients and normals, we first conducted a 3D comprehensive visual task on a noninvasive eye-tracking system to collect visual attention heatmaps. Then a multilayered comparison convolutional neural network (MC-CNN) is proposed to distinguish the visual attention differences between AD patients and normals. In MC-CNN, the multilayered feature representations of heatmaps were obtained by hierarchical residual blocks to better encode eye movement behaviors, which were further integrated into a distance vector to benefit the comprehensive visual task. From evaluation, MC-CNN can distinguish AD patients from normals with 0.84 accuracy, 0.86 recall, 0.82 precision, 0.83 F1-score and 0.90 area under the curve (AUC). The above results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MC-CNN in AD diagnosis based on the comprehensive 3D visual task.
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Leng Q, Deng B, Ju Y. Application and progress of advanced eye movement examinations in cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1377406. [PMID: 38694260 PMCID: PMC11061382 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1377406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of cognitive impairment is escalating, yet no effective solutions for these afflictions have been discovered. Consequently, the importance of early identification and immediate intervention is heightened. Advanced eye movements-a form of voluntary eye movements that includes anti-saccades, memory-guided saccades, predictive saccades, pro-saccades and gap/overlap saccades, mediated by the cerebral cortex and subcortical pathways reflect cognitive levels and functions across different domains. In view of their objectivity, reproducibility, and non-invasive characteristics, advanced eye movement examination possesses significant prospective utility across a wide range of cognitive impairment. This paper extensively reviews various models associated with advanced eye movement examinations and their current applications in cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia. Advanced eye movement examination can serve as a biomarker for early screening diagnosis and research on cognitive impairment. In the future, combining advanced eye movement examination with neuropsychological scale assessment and other diagnostic methods may contribute to further early identification of these types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Leng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ju
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Vertigo and Balance Disturbance, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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Ekin M, Akdal G, Bora E. Antisaccade error rates in first-episode psychosis, ultra-high risk for psychosis and unaffected relatives of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:41-49. [PMID: 38367611 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antisaccade, which is described as looking at the opposite location of the target, is an eye movements paradigm used for assessing cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Initiation and sustainment of saccades in antisaccade are managed by frontal and parietal cortical areas. Antisaccade abnormalities are well-established findings in schizophrenia. However, studies in the early phases of psychotic disorders and clinical/familial risk for psychosis reported inconsistent findings. The current systematic review aimed to review the results of studies investigating antisaccade error rates in first-episode psychosis (FEP), individuals with ultra-high-risk for psychosis (UHRP), and familial-high-risk for psychosis (FHRP) compared to healthy controls. METHOD A meta-analysis of 17 studies was conducted to quantitatively review antisaccade errors in FEP, UHR-P and FHRP. The error rate (Hedges'g) was compared between the total of 860 FEP, UHRP, FHRP, and 817 healthy controls. Hedges' g for effect size, I2 for estimating the percentage of variability, and publication bias were evaluated through the R software. RESULTS The outcomes of this meta-analysis suggested that FEP is associated with a robust deficit in the antisaccade error rate (g = 1.16, CI = 0.95-1.38). Additionally, both the clinical and familial high-risk groups showed small but significant increases in AS errors (g = 0.26, CI = 0.02-0.52 and g = 0.34, CI = 0.13-0.55, respectively). CONCLUSION The large effect size estimated for FEP was compatible with previously reported results in chronic schizophrenia patients. Additionally, relatives had abnormalities with small to medium effect sizes and significant differences. The current findings suggest that antisaccade errors might be a potential endophenotype for psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Institude of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Weng X, Liu S, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Liu C, Hu H. Differential eye movement features between Alzheimer's disease patients with and without depressive symptoms. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2987-2996. [PMID: 37910289 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately diagnosing depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is often challenging. Eye movement parameters have been demonstrated as biomarkers for assessing cognition and psychological conditions. AIM To investigate the differences in eye movement between AD patients with and without depressive symptoms. METHODS Eye movement data of 65 AD patients were compared between the depressed AD (D-AD) and non-depressed AD (nD-AD) groups. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify diagnostic biomarkers and the ROC curve was plotted. The correlation between eye movement and HAMD-17 scores was assessed by partial correlation analysis. RESULTS The D-AD patients showed longer saccade latency and faster average/peak saccade velocities in the overlap prosaccade test, longer average reaction time and faster average saccade velocity in the gap prosaccade test, longer start-up durations, slower pursuit velocity, more offsets, and larger total offset degrees in the smooth pursuit test, and poorer fixation stability in both the central and lateral fixation tests compared to nD-AD patients. The start-up duration in the smooth pursuit test and the number of offsets in the central fixation test were identified as the diagnostic eye movement parameters for D-AD patients with the area under the ROC curves of 0.8011. Partial correlation analysis revealed that the start-up duration and pursuit velocity in the smooth pursuit test and the total offset degrees in the lateral fixation test were correlated with HAMD-17 scores in D-AD patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Eye movement differences may help to differentiate D-AD patients from nD-AD patients in a non-invasive and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Weng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanwen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
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Demian D, Petrak M, Zielinski G, Massingale S, Alexander A, Fuemmeler L, Lin CC. Clinical Saccadometry: Establishing Evaluative Standards Using a Simplified Video Oculography Protocol in the Adult Population. J Am Acad Audiol 2023. [PMID: 37989200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadometry is an advanced ocular motor test battery that allows for the functional evaluation of the varied brain regions and circuits involved in the generation of fast, purposeful, and accurate saccadic eye movements. The test battery is composed of prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) tests that progressively increase cognitive demand. Existing saccadometry protocols qualitatively describe trends across the lifespan, but have not been widely adopted by clinicians. PURPOSE The aims of this study are to design an efficient and simplified clinical saccadometry protocol using video oculography (VOG) equipment and establish associated evaluative standards across the lifespan. STUDY SAMPLE Data were reported on 273 adults ages 18 to 69 years. RESULTS Evaluative data on four measures: directional error rate (DE), latency (Lat), peak velocity (Vel), and accuracy (Acc) during PS and AS measurements were provided. Age-group differences were found in Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p = 0.04) during PS and age-group differences were found in DE (p = 0.04), Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p < 0.01) during AS. Gender differences were found in DE (p = 0.01) and Lat (p < 0.01) during AS. CONCLUSIONS This study established a standardized and time-efficient protocol with evaluative standards for individuals ages 18 to 69 years old to enable the use of saccadometry as an objective measure in the clinic. Saccadometry allows clinicians to look beyond the traditional saccade test and evaluate complex oculomotor and cognitive functions that will better help clinicians differentiate between peripheral and central diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Demian
- Venn Med, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Michelle Petrak
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Speech and Hearing, Arlington Heights, Illinois
| | - Glen Zielinski
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Functional Neurology, Lake Oswego, Oregon
| | - Shelly Massingale
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Amy Alexander
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Liz Fuemmeler
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Hearing and Balance Specialists of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Zhang S, Huang X, An R, Xiao W, Wan Q. The application of saccades to assess cognitive impairment among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2307-2321. [PMID: 37676429 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccade is a novel and feasible method for cognition assessment and has potential to screen older people with cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVES To systematically summarize the evidence and determine whether different saccade parameters can effectively identify patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS English and Chinese databases were searched until 19 April 2022. Studies analyzing saccade parameters in older adults with normal cognition, MCI, or AD were included. Two researchers independently performed the screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal. Meta-analyses were conducted and standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with a random effects model. RESULTS Thirty-five studies were included, and 26 studies were pooled for the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that patients with cognitive impairment exhibited longer latency and lower accuracy rates in the prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, along with lower corrected error rates in the antisaccade tasks. However, the pooled results for antisaccades were more stable, providing the ability to distinguish patients with cognitive impairment among older adults. The results of the subgroup analyses revealed that only the accuracy rates of the antisaccades differed significantly between people with MCI and AD. Regarding the differences between older adults with normal cognition and those with MCI, the effect sizes of latency and the accuracy rates of saccades as well as the corrected error rates of antisaccades were significant. CONCLUSIONS Saccades, especially antisaccades, are a potential screening and assessment tool for distinguishing older adults with MCI or AD from those with normal cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiuxiu Huang
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Ran An
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiaoqin Wan
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China.
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Wolf A, Tripanpitak K, Umeda S, Otake-Matsuura M. Eye-tracking paradigms for the assessment of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1197567. [PMID: 37546488 PMCID: PMC10399700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1197567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), representing the 'transitional zone' between normal cognition and dementia, has become a novel topic in clinical research. Although early detection is crucial, it remains logistically challenging at the same time. While traditional pen-and-paper tests require in-depth training to ensure standardized administration and accurate interpretation of findings, significant technological advancements are leading to the development of procedures for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and facilitating the diagnostic process. Some of the diagnostic protocols, however, show significant limitations that hamper their widespread adoption. Concerns about the social and economic implications of the increasing incidence of AD underline the need for reliable, non-invasive, cost-effective, and timely cognitive scoring methodologies. For instance, modern clinical studies report significant oculomotor impairments among patients with MCI, who perform poorly in visual paired-comparison tasks by ascribing less attentional resources to novel stimuli. To accelerate the Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017-2025, this work provides an overview of research on saccadic and exploratory eye-movement deficits among older adults with MCI. The review protocol was drafted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2022 that examined visual processing in older adults with MCI and reported gaze parameters as potential biomarkers. Moreover, following the contemporary trend for remote healthcare technologies, we reviewed studies that implemented non-commercial eye-tracking instrumentation in order to detect information processing impairments among the MCI population. Based on the gathered literature, eye-tracking-based paradigms may ameliorate the screening limitations of traditional cognitive assessments and contribute to early AD detection. However, in order to translate the findings pertaining to abnormal gaze behavior into clinical applications, it is imperative to conduct longitudinal investigations in both laboratory-based and ecologically valid settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kornkanok Tripanpitak
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umeda
- Department of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Otake-Matsuura
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
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Akkoyun M, Koçoğlu K, Eraslan Boz H, Keskinoğlu P, Akdal G. Saccadic Eye Movements in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Study. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:354-372. [PMID: 37080551 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2202620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are one of the sensitive and noninvasive methods to help monitor the cognitive course of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The study aimed to evaluate both pro and anti-saccade longitudinally and the relationship between cognitive functions and eye movements in MCI subgroups and healthy controls (HCs) at a two-year follow-up. This study revealed that the anti-saccade anticipatory responses decreased in amnestic MCI (aMCI). Correct vertical pro-saccades increased in non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), while the express saccades decreased. Our study demonstrated that longer than two years of follow-up is necessary to monitor the course of MCI. Findings of the relationships between longitudinal changes of saccades and cognitive measurements demonstrated the usability of eye movements in evaluating the process of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Pembe Keskinoğlu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
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12
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Costanzo E, Lengyel I, Parravano M, Biagini I, Veldsman M, Badhwar A, Betts M, Cherubini A, Llewellyn DJ, Lourida I, MacGillivray T, Rittman T, Tamburin S, Tai XY, Virgili G. Ocular Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease Dementia: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:84-91. [PMID: 36394831 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Several ocular biomarkers have been proposed for the early detection of Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), particularly fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). Objective To perform an umbrella review of systematic reviews to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ocular biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Data Sources MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched from January 2000 to November 2021. The references of included reviews were also searched. Study Selection Systematic reviews investigating the diagnostic accuracy of ocular biomarkers to detect AD and MCI, in secondary care or memory clinics, against established clinical criteria or clinical judgment. Data Extraction and Synthesis The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline checklist was followed and the Risk Of Bias in Systematic reviews tool was used to assess review quality. Main Outcomes and Measures The prespecified outcome was the accuracy of ocular biomarkers for diagnosing AD and MCI. The area under the curve (AUC) was derived from standardized mean difference. Results From the 591 titles, 14 systematic reviews were included (median [range] number of studies in each review, 14 [5-126]). Only 4 reviews were at low risk of bias on all Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews domains. The imaging-derived parameters with the most evidence for detecting AD compared with healthy controls were OCT peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (38 studies including 1883 patients with AD and 2510 controls; AUC = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.53-0.79); OCTA foveal avascular zone (5 studies including 177 patients with AD and 371 controls; AUC = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.50-0.89); and saccadic eye movements prosaccade latency (30 studies including 651 patients with AD/MCI and 771 controls; AUC = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.58-0.69). Antisaccade error was investigated in fewer studies (12 studies including 424 patients with AD/MCI and 382 controls) and yielded the best accuracy (AUC = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.88). Conclusions and Relevance This umbrella review has highlighted limitations in design and reporting of the existing research on ocular biomarkers for diagnosing AD. Parameters with the best evidence showed poor to moderate diagnostic accuracy in cross-sectional studies. Future longitudinal studies should investigate whether changes in OCT and OCTA measurements over time can yield accurate predictions of AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ilaria Biagini
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Veldsman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - AmanPreet Badhwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Geriatrie, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew Betts
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatria, Accettazione geriatrica e Centro di ricerca per l'invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - David J Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ilianna Lourida
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tom MacGillivray
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Xin You Tai
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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13
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Eraslan Boz H, Koçoğlu K, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Ekin M, Özçelik P, Akdal G. The influence of stimulus eccentricity on prosaccade outcomes in patients with Alzheimer's Disease dementia at an early stage and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:713-729. [PMID: 36856708 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2183937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prosaccade task is a widely used objective method to evaluate reflexive saccade and visual attention. The study aimed to investigate prosaccade stimulus eccentricity, compare prosaccade parameters in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and neurotypical adults (NA), and examine the relationship between prosaccade and neuropsychological tests. METHODS Thirty patients with AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 NA were included in the study. Eye movements were recorded with the EyeLink 1000 Plus in the prosaccade task, and this study evaluated cognitive function with comprehensive neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, executive function, visuospatial function, and language domains. RESULTS The correct saccade rates of patients with AD were significantly lower than NA in the 5° and 10° stimulus eccentricities. Patients with AD had significantly longer latencies in the 10° stimulus eccentricity than those with aMCI and NA. Patients with aMCI did not differ in prosaccade performance compared to NA. Prosaccade parameters were significantly correlated with all cognitive domains. As the amplitude of the stimuli increased, the rate of correct saccades decreased, while the express saccade rate, latency, amplitude, and peak velocity increased. CONCLUSION Our findings that correct saccade rates and latency may be distinguishing parameters of early AD are promising. This study also found that stimulus eccentricity affects prosaccade measures in AD, MCI, and NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.,Department of Neurology, Unit of Neuropsychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Özçelik
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.,Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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14
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Sun J, Liu Y, Wu H, Jing P, Ji Y. A novel deep learning approach for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease based on eye-tracking data. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:972773. [PMID: 36158627 PMCID: PMC9500464 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.972773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye-tracking technology has become a powerful tool for biomedical-related applications due to its simplicity of operation and low requirements on patient language skills. This study aims to use the machine-learning models and deep-learning networks to identify key features of eye movements in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) under specific visual tasks, thereby facilitating computer-aided diagnosis of AD. Firstly, a three-dimensional (3D) visuospatial memory task is designed to provide participants with visual stimuli while their eye-movement data are recorded and used to build an eye-tracking dataset. Then, we propose a novel deep-learning-based model for identifying patients with Alzheimer's Disease (PwAD) and healthy controls (HCs) based on the collected eye-movement data. The proposed model utilizes a nested autoencoder network to extract the eye-movement features from the generated fixation heatmaps and a weight adaptive network layer for the feature fusion, which can preserve as much useful information as possible for the final binary classification. To fully verify the performance of the proposed model, we also design two types of models based on traditional machine-learning and typical deep-learning for comparison. Furthermore, we have also done ablation experiments to verify the effectiveness of each module of the proposed network. Finally, these models are evaluated by four-fold cross-validation on the built eye-tracking dataset. The proposed model shows 85% average accuracy in AD recognition, outperforming machine-learning methods and other typical deep-learning networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Tianjin Dementia Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiguang Jing
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Peiguang Jing
| | - Yong Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Tianjin Dementia Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
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15
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Associations of genetic liability for Alzheimer's disease with cognition and eye movements in a large, population-based cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:337. [PMID: 35982049 PMCID: PMC9388528 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify cognitive measures that may be particularly sensitive to early cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated the relation between genetic risk for AD and cognitive task performance in a large population-based cohort study. We measured performance on memory, processing speed, executive function, crystallized intelligence and eye movement tasks in 5182 participants of the Rhineland Study, aged 30 to 95 years. We quantified genetic risk for AD by creating three weighted polygenic risk scores (PRS) based on the genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms coming from three different genetic association studies. We assessed the relation of AD PRS with cognitive performance using generalized linear models. Three PRS were associated with lower performance on the Corsi forward task, and two PRS were associated with a lower probability of correcting antisaccade errors, but none of these associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Associations between age and trail-making test A (TMT-A) performance were modified by AD genetic risk, with individuals at high genetic risk showing the strongest association. We conclude that no single measure of our cognitive test battery robustly captures genetic liability for AD as quantified by current PRS. However, Corsi forward performance and the probability of correcting antisaccade errors may represent promising candidates whose ability to capture genetic liability for AD should be investigated further. Additionally, our finding on TMT-A performance suggests that processing speed represents a sensitive marker of AD genetic risk in old age and supports the processing speed theory of age-related cognitive decline.
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16
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Chan AS, Lee TL, Sze SL, Yang NS, Han YMY. Eye-tracking training improves the learning and memory of children with learning difficulty. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13974. [PMID: 35977994 PMCID: PMC9383673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Children who experience difficulty in learning at mainstream schools usually are provided with remediation classes after school to facilitate their learning. The present study aims to evaluate an innovative eye-tracking training as possible alternative remediation. Our previous findings showed that children who received eye-tracking training demonstrated improved attention and inhibitory control, and the present randomized controlled study aims to evaluate if eye-tracking training can also enhance the learning and memory of children. Fifty-three primary school students with learning difficulty (including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder, specific language impairment and borderline intellectual functioning) were recruited and randomly assigned to either the Eye-tracking Training group or the after-school remediation class. They were assessed on their learning and memory using the Hong Kong List Learning Test before and after 8-month training. Twenty weekly parallel sessions of training, 50 min per session, were provided to each group. Children who received the eye-tracking training, not those in the control group, showed a significant improvement in memory as measured by the delayed recall. In addition, the Eye-Tracking Training group showed significantly faster learning than the control group. Also, the two groups showed a significant improvement in their reading abilities. In sum, eye-tracking training may be effective training for enhancing the learning and memory of children with learning difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Tsz-Lok Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophia L Sze
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Natalie S Yang
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yvonne M Y Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Opwonya J, Doan DNT, Kim SG, Kim JI, Ku B, Kim S, Park S, Kim JU. Saccadic Eye Movement in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 32:193-227. [PMID: 33959887 PMCID: PMC9090874 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered the transitional state to AD dementia (ADD) and other types of dementia, whose symptoms are accompanied by altered eye movement. In this work, we reviewed the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis to extract relevant eye movement parameters that are significantly altered owing to ADD and MCI. We conducted a systematic review of 35 eligible original publications in saccade paradigms and a meta-analysis of 27 articles with specified task conditions, which used mainly gap and overlap conditions in both prosaccade and antisaccade paradigms. The meta-analysis revealed that prosaccade and antisaccade latencies and frequency of antisaccade errors showed significant alterations for both MCI and ADD. First, both prosaccade and antisaccade paradigms differentiated patients with ADD and MCI from controls, however, antisaccade paradigms was more effective than prosaccade paradigms in distinguishing patients from controls. Second, during prosaccade in the gap and overlap conditions, patients with ADD had significantly longer latencies than patients with MCI, and the trend was similar during antisaccade in the gap condition as patients with ADD had significantly more errors than patients with MCI. The anti-effect magnitude was similar between controls and patients, and the magnitude of the latency of the gap effect varied among healthy controls and MCI and ADD subjects, but the effect size of the latency remained large in both patients. These findings suggest that, using gap effect, anti-effect, and specific choices of saccade paradigms and conditions, distinctions could be made between MCI and ADD patients as well as between patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Opwonya
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu Ni Thi Doan
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gee Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Il Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeuk U Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Chehrehnegar N, Shati M, Esmaeili M, Foroughan M. Executive function deficits in mild cognitive impairment: evidence from saccade tasks. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1001-1009. [PMID: 33928806 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1913471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is necessary to prevent irreversible brain damage caused by incipient Alzheimer's disease. It has been showing that amnestic MCI (a-MCI) subjects exhibit subtle deficits in executive function that can be tested using saccade eye movements. Eye-tracking technology is a sensitive method to measure cognitive impairments in dementia and MCI. METHODS In this study, we used eye-tracking technology to explore saccade impairments to distinguish between a-MCI and the variants of reference controls. 21 patients with AD, 40 patients with a-MCI, and 59 normal participants were recruited in current study. We measured saccade reaction time, saccade errors, saccade omission, and uncorrected saccades using anti-saccade and pro-saccade tasks with 'gap' and 'overlap' procedures. These parameters were used as markers of executive function and visual attention deficits.Results: The findings revealed that more errors, more omissions, and fewer corrections characterized the saccade behavior of the a-MCI group compared to the reference group. These eye-tracking characteristics can be considered as inhibitory control and working memory deficits in a-MCI subjects. Our results thus demonstrate the applicability of the anti-saccade task as a cognitive marker in a-MCI. CONCLUSION The work provides further support for eye-tracking as a useful diagnostic biomarker in the assessment of executive function in aging with cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Chehrehnegar
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Shati
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Esmaeili
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, Gerontology and Geriatric Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Foroughan
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, Gerontology and Geriatric Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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McLennan YA, Mosconi MW, McKenzie FJ, Famula J, Krawchuk B, Kim K, Clark CJ, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ. Prosaccade and Antisaccade Behavior in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Progression. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:473-478. [PMID: 35586536 PMCID: PMC9092736 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative measurement of eye movements can reveal subtle progression in neurodegenerative diseases. Objective To determine if quantitative measurements of eye movements may reveal subtle progression of fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia (FXTAS). Methods Prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) behavior was analyzed in 25 controls, 57 non-FXTAS carriers, and 46 carriers with FXTAS. Results Symptomatic individuals with FXTAS had longer AS latencies, increased rates of AS errors, and increased AS dysmetria relative to non-FXTAS carriers and controls. These deficits, along with PS latency and velocity, were greater in advanced FXTAS stages. Conclusion AS deficits differentiated FXTAS from non-FXTAS premutation carriers implicating top-down control and frontostriatal deterioration. However, the absence of group differences between non-FXTAS carriers and controls in AS and PS markers suggests saccade performance may not be a sensitive enough measure for detecting conversion to FXTAS, but instead more helpful as translational biomarkers of FXTAS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingratana A. McLennan
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Life Span Institute, Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, and Clinical Child Psychology ProgramUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | | | - Jessica Famula
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bennet Krawchuk
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Courtney J. Clark
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Hessl
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
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20
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Readman MR, Polden M, Gibbs MC, Wareing L, Crawford TJ. The Potential of Naturalistic Eye Movement Tasks in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111503. [PMID: 34827502 PMCID: PMC8615459 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has demonstrated that eye-tracking tasks can effectively indicate cognitive impairment. For example, lab-based eye-tracking tasks, such as the antisaccade task, have robustly distinguished between people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy older adults. Due to the neurodegeneration associated with AD, people with AD often display extended saccade latencies and increased error rates on eye-tracking tasks. Although the effectiveness of using eye tracking to identify cognitive impairment appears promising, research considering the utility of eye tracking during naturalistic tasks, such as reading, in identifying cognitive impairment is limited. The current review identified 39 articles assessing eye-tracking distinctions between people with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls when completing naturalistic task (reading, real-life simulations, static image search) or a goal-directed task involving naturalistic stimuli. The results revealed that naturalistic tasks show promising biomarkers and distinctions between healthy older adults and AD participants, and therefore show potential to be used for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. However, only twelve articles included MCI participants and assessed the sensitivity of measures to detect cognitive impairment in preclinical stages. In addition, the review revealed inconsistencies within the literature, particularly when assessing reading tasks. We urge researchers to expand on the current literature in this area and strive to assess the robustness and sensitivity of eye-tracking measures in both AD and MCI populations on naturalistic tasks.
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21
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Barsznica Y, Noiret N, Lambert B, Monnin J, De Pinho C, Hickel J, Masse C, Richard-Devantoy S, Morgny C, Bennabi D, Haffen E, Laurent E, Vandel P, Chopard G. Saccadic Eye Movements in Elderly Depressed Patients With Suicidal Behaviors: An Exploratory Eye-Tracking Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:712347. [PMID: 34858252 PMCID: PMC8631956 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal behaviors (SBs) are often associated with impaired performance on neuropsychological executive functioning (EF) measures that encourage the development of more specific and reliable tools. Recent evidence could suggest that saccadic movement using eye tracking can provide reliable information on EF in depressive elderly. The aim of this study was to describe oculomotor performances in elderly depressed patients with SB. To achieve this aim, we compared saccadic eye movement (SEM) performances in elderly depressed patients (N = 24) with SB and with no SB in prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) tasks under the gap, step, and overlap conditions. All participants also underwent a complete neuropsychological battery. Performances were impaired in patients with SB who exhibited less corrected AS errors and longer time to correct them than patients with no SB. Moreover, both groups had a similar performance for PS latencies and correct AS. These preliminary results suggested higher cognitive inflexibility in suicidal patients compared to non-suicidal. This inflexibility may explain the difficulty of the depressed elderly in generating solutions to the resurgence of suicidal ideation (SI) to respond adequately to stressful environments. The assessment of eye movement parameters in depressed elderly patients may be a first step in identifying high-risk patients for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Barsznica
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Department of Neurology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Memory Center of Research and Resources (CMRR), Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Noiret
- UMR CNRS 7295 “Research Centre on Cognition and Learning,” University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Julie Monnin
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Memory Center of Research and Resources (CMRR), Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Claire De Pinho
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Association Hospitalière de Bourgogne Franche-Comté Hospital, Bavilliers, France
| | - Julia Hickel
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Association Hospitalière de Bourgogne Franche-Comté Hospital, Bavilliers, France
| | - Caroline Masse
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Stephane Richard-Devantoy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Morgny
- Regional Health Observatory, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Laurent
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Memory Center of Research and Resources (CMRR), Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Regional Health Observatory, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Gilles Chopard
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Department of Neurology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Cognitive Psychology, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Memory Center of Research and Resources (CMRR), Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
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22
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Li M, Wu J, Ma W, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Li X, Ling Z, Xu X. Spatiotemporal characteristics of postsaccadic dynamic overshoot in young and elderly subjects. iScience 2021; 24:102764. [PMID: 34308287 PMCID: PMC8283153 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements may not stop steadily but fluctuate briefly, known as saccadic dynamic overshoot (SDO). The reported relationships between SDO and saccadic parameters of main saccade and the effect of aging on SDO are controversial. In addition, it is not clear whether aging-related disease, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Parkinson disease (PD), causes the specific change of SDO. To address these questions, we analyzed the spatiotemporal features of SDO in young healthy subjects, elderly healthy subjects, and subjects with PD and MCI in three oculomotor tasks. We found two types of SDOs—simple and complex SDO. We confirmed that the frequency and amplitude of SDO were positively correlated with the peak velocity and deceleration of main saccades and increased in elderly subjects; however, they were not significantly different among the three elderly groups. Our results support the previous argument that the oculomotor structure in brainstem and cerebellum directly develop SDO. We classify two types of saccadic dynamic overshoot (SDO): SDOsimple and SDOcomplex Saccades with SDO have higher peak velocity and deceleration than saccades without SDO Elderly subjects show a higher frequency and amplitude of SDO than young subjects Saccades with SDOcomplex occur more frequently in reflexive than voluntary saccades
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Cadre Medical Department, the 1st Clinical Center, General Hospital of PLA, 28 Fu-Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhipei Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, 28 Fu-Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, 28 Fu-Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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23
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Chalkias IN, Tegos T, Topouzis F, Tsolaki M. Ocular biomarkers and their role in the early diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31:2808-2817. [PMID: 34000876 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211016311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the fact that different types of dementia can be diagnosed only postmortem or when the disease has progressed enough to cause irreversible damage to certain brain areas, there has been an increasing need for the development of sensitive and reliable methods that can detect early preclinical forms of dementia, before the symptoms have even appeared. Ideally, such a method would have the following characteristics: to be inexpensive, sensitive and specific, Non-invasive, fast and easily accessible. The ophthalmologic examination and especially the study of the retina, has caught the attention of many researchers, as it can provide a lot of information about the CNS and it fulfills many of the aforementioned criteria. Since the introduction of the non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the newly developed modality OCT-angiography (OCT-A) that can demonstrate the structure and the microvasculature of the retina and choroid, respectively, there have been promising results regarding the value of the ophthalmologic examination in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this review paper, we summarize and discuss the ocular findings in patients with cognitive impairment disorders and we highlight the importance of the ophthalmologic examination to the diagnosis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis-Nikolaos Chalkias
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Makedonia Thraki, Greece
| | - Thomas Tegos
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Makedonia Thraki, Greece
| | - Fotis Topouzis
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Makedonia Thraki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Makedonia Thraki, Greece.,Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece
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24
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Carbone F, Ellmerer P, Ritter M, Spielberger S, Mahlknecht P, Hametner E, Hussl A, Hotter A, Granata R, Seppi K, Boesch S, Poewe W, Djamshidian A. Impaired Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cervical Dystonia: An Eye-Tracking Study. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1246-1250. [PMID: 33416199 PMCID: PMC8247854 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of cervical dystonia is still unclear. Recent evidence points toward a network disorder affecting several brain areas. The objective of this study was to assess the saccadic inhibition as a marker of corticostriatal function in cervical dystonia. METHODS We recruited 31 cervical dystonia patients and 17 matched healthy controls. Subjects performed an overlap prosaccade, an antisaccade, and a countermanding task on an eye tracker to assess automatic visual response and response inhibition. RESULTS Cervical dystonia patients made more premature saccades (P = 0.041) in the overlap prosaccade task and more directional errors in the antisaccade task (P = 0.011) and had a higher rate of failed inhibition in the countermanding task (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest altered saccadic inhibition in cervical dystonia, possibly as a consequence of dysfunctional corticostriatal networks. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether these abnormalities are affected by the available therapies and whether this type of impairment is found in other focal dystonias. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marcel Ritter
- Interactive Graphics and Simulation GroupUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | - Eva Hametner
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Hussl
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Hotter
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Roberta Granata
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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25
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Koçoğlu K, Hodgson TL, Eraslan Boz H, Akdal G. Deficits in saccadic eye movements differ between subtypes of patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:187-198. [PMID: 33792489 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1900077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is known to be heterogeneous in its cognitive features and course of progression. Whilst memory impairment is characteristic of amnestic MCI (aMCI), cognitive deficits other than memory can occur in both aMCI and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) and accurate assessment of the subtypes of MCI is difficult for clinicians without the application of extensive neuropsychological testing. In this study, we examine metrics derived from recording of reflexive and voluntary saccadic eye movements as a potential alternative method for discriminating between subtypes and assessing cognitive functions in MCI.Method: A total of 29 MCI patients and 29 age- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) participated in the cross-sectional study. We recorded horizontal and vertical pro-saccades and anti-saccade responses. All the participants also completed a comprehensive neuropsychological tests battery.Results: Significant differences in saccadic eye movement were found between the subtypes of MCI and HCs. Patients with aMCI had a higher percentage of short latency "express" saccades than HCs. We found strong associations between saccadic reaction times and cognitive domains, including executive functions and attention. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was also found to correlate with uncorrected errors in the anti-saccade task.Conclusions: The increased proportion of saccades in the express latency range in aMCI may be indicative of problems with cognitive inhibitory control in these patients. A focus on this and other saccade metrics in the preclinical and prodromal stages of dementia may help to predict the clinical progression of the disease and direct interventions for the management of MCI. The clinical significance of saccadic eye movement impairments in MCI is not yet fully understood and should be investigated in further studies using larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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26
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Lage C, López-García S, Bejanin A, Kazimierczak M, Aracil-Bolaños I, Calvo-Córdoba A, Pozueta A, García-Martínez M, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Bravo-González M, Jiménez-Bonilla J, Banzo I, Irure-Ventura J, Pegueroles J, Illán-Gala I, Fortea J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Lleó-Bisa A, García-Cena CE, Sánchez-Juan P. Distinctive Oculomotor Behaviors in Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:603790. [PMID: 33613262 PMCID: PMC7891179 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.603790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor behavior can provide insight into the integrity of widespread cortical networks, which may contribute to the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Three groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease, behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) and a sample of cognitively unimpaired elders underwent an eye-tracking evaluation. All participants in the discovery sample, including controls, had a biomarker-supported diagnosis. Oculomotor correlates of neuropsychology and brain metabolism evaluated with 18F-FDG PET were explored. Machine-learning classification algorithms were trained for the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease, bvFTD and controls. A total of 93 subjects (33 Alzheimer's disease, 24 bvFTD, seven svPPA, and 29 controls) were included in the study. Alzheimer's disease was the most impaired group in all tests and displayed specific abnormalities in some visually-guided saccade parameters, as pursuit error and horizontal prosaccade latency, which are theoretically closely linked to posterior brain regions. BvFTD patients showed deficits especially in the most cognitively demanding tasks, the antisaccade and memory saccade tests, which require a fine control from frontal lobe regions. SvPPA patients performed similarly to controls in most parameters except for a lower number of correct memory saccades. Pursuit error was significantly correlated with cognitive measures of constructional praxis and executive function and metabolism in right posterior middle temporal gyrus. The classification algorithms yielded an area under the curve of 97.5% for the differentiation of Alzheimer's disease vs. controls, 96.7% for bvFTD vs. controls, and 92.5% for Alzheimer's disease vs. bvFTD. In conclusion, patients with Alzheimer's disease, bvFTD and svPPA exhibit differentiating oculomotor patterns which reflect the characteristic neuroanatomical distribution of pathology of each disease, and therefore its assessment can be useful in their diagnostic work-up. Machine learning approaches can facilitate the applicability of eye-tracking in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lage
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara López-García
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexandre Bejanin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martha Kazimierczak
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aracil-Bolaños
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Calvo-Córdoba
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial - Centre for Automation and Robotics, Technical University of Madrid (UPM) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Aura Innovative Robotics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pozueta
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Martínez
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Fernández-Rodríguez
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - María Bravo-González
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Julio Jiménez-Bonilla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Banzo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Irure-Ventura
- Department of Immunology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó-Bisa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia E García-Cena
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial - Centre for Automation and Robotics, Technical University of Madrid (UPM) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Aura Innovative Robotics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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27
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Moser C, Schmitt L, Schmidt J, Fairchild A, Klusek J. Response Inhibition Deficits in Women with the FMR1 Premutation are Associated with Age and Fall Risk. Brain Cogn 2020; 148:105675. [PMID: 33387817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One in 113-178 females worldwide carry a premutation allele on the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 premutation is linked to neurocognitive and neuromotor impairments, although the phenotype is not fully understood, particularly with respect to age effects. This study sought to define oculomotor response inhibition skills in women with the FMR1 premutation and their association with age and fall risk. We employed an antisaccade eye-tracking paradigm to index oculomotor inhibition skills in 35 women with the FMR1 premutation and 28 control women. The FMR1 premutation group exhibited longer antisaccade latency and reduced accuracy relative to controls, indicating deficient response inhibition skills. Longer response latency was associated with older age in the FMR1 premutation and was also predictive of fall risk. Findings highlight the utility of the antisaccade paradigm for detecting early signs of age-related executive decline in the FMR1 premutation, which is related to fall risk. Findings support the need for clinical prevention efforts to decrease and delay the trajectory of age-related executive decline in women with the FMR1 premutation during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Moser
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Lyndsay Schmitt
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Joseph Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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28
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Coors A, Merten N, Ward DD, Schmid M, Breteler MMB, Ettinger U. Strong age but weak sex effects in eye movement performance in the general adult population: Evidence from the Rhineland Study. Vision Res 2020; 178:124-133. [PMID: 33387946 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessing physiological changes that occur with healthy ageing is prerequisite for understanding pathophysiological age-related changes. Eye movements are studied as biomarkers for pathological changes because they are altered in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. However, there is a lack of data from large samples assessing age-related physiological changes and sex differences in oculomotor performance. Thus, we assessed and quantified cross-sectional relations of age and sex with oculomotor performance in the general population. We report results from the first 4,000 participants (aged 30-95 years) of the Rhineland Study, a community-based prospective cohort study in Bonn, Germany. Participants completed fixation, smooth pursuit, prosaccade and antisaccade tasks. We quantified associations of age and sex with oculomotor outcomes using multivariable linear regression models. Performance in 12 out of 18 oculomotor measures declined with increasing age. No differences between age groups were observed in five antisaccade outcomes (amplitude-adjusted and unadjusted peak velocity, amplitude gain, spatial error and percentage of corrected errors) and for blink rate during fixation. Small sex differences occurred in smooth pursuit velocity gain (men have higher gain) and blink rate during fixation (men blink less). We conclude that performance declines with age in two thirds of oculomotor outcomes but that there was no evidence of sex differences in eye movement performance except for two outcomes. Since the percentage of corrected antisaccade errors was not associated with age but is known to be affected by pathological cognitive decline, it represents a promising candidate preclinical biomarker of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Coors
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Natascha Merten
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David D Ward
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany.
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29
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Wu SZ, Masurkar AV, Balcer LJ. Afferent and Efferent Visual Markers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review and Update in Early Stage Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:572337. [PMID: 33061906 PMCID: PMC7518395 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.572337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision, which requires extensive neural involvement, is often impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that various visual functions and structures are compromised in Alzheimer's dementia and when measured can detect those with dementia from those with normal aging. These visual changes involve both the afferent and efferent parts of the visual system, which correspond to the sensory and eye movement aspects of vision, respectively. There are fewer, but a growing number of studies, that focus on the detection of predementia stages. Visual biomarkers that detect these stages are paramount in the development of successful disease-modifying therapies by identifying appropriate research participants and in identifying those who would receive future therapies. This review provides a summary and update on common afferent and efferent visual markers of AD with a focus on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and preclinical disease detection. We further propose future directions in this area. Given the ease of performing visual tests, the accessibility of the eye, and advances in ocular technology, visual measures have the potential to be effective, practical, and non-invasive biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Z. Wu
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arjun V. Masurkar
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura J. Balcer
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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30
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Crawford TJ, Taylor S, Mardanbegi D, Polden M, Wilcockson TW, Killick R, Sawyer P, Gellersen H, Leroi I. The Effects of Previous Error and Success in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20204. [PMID: 31882919 PMCID: PMC6934582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated in Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD), whether the probability of making an error on a task (or a correct response) was influenced by the outcome of the previous trials. We used the antisaccade task (AST) as a model task given the emerging consensus that it provides a promising sensitive and early biological test of cognitive impairment in AD. It can be employed equally well in healthy young and old adults, and in clinical populations. This study examined eye-movements in a sample of 202 participants (42 with dementia due to AD; 65 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); 95 control participants). The findings revealed an overall increase in the frequency of AST errors in AD and MCI compared to the control group, as predicted. The errors on the current trial increased in proportion to the number of consecutive errors on the previous trials. Interestingly, the probability of errors was reduced on the trials that followed a previously corrected error, compared to the trials where the error remained uncorrected, revealing a level of adaptive control in participants with MCI or AD dementia. There was an earlier peak in the AST distribution of the saccadic reaction times for the inhibitory errors in comparison to the correct saccades. These findings revealed that the inhibitory errors of the past have a negative effect on the future performance of healthy adults as well as people with a neurodegenerative cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Crawford
- Psychology Department, Lancaster University, Centre for Ageing Research, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK.
| | - S Taylor
- Department of Statistics, Lancaster University, Fylde College, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK
| | - D Mardanbegi
- Computing and Communications Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - M Polden
- Psychology Department, Lancaster University, Centre for Ageing Research, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK
| | - T W Wilcockson
- Psychology Department, Lancaster University, Centre for Ageing Research, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - R Killick
- Department of Statistics, Lancaster University, Fylde College, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK
| | - P Sawyer
- Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Gellersen
- Computing and Communications Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - I Leroi
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Ramzaoui H, Faure S, Spotorno S. Alzheimer's Disease, Visual Search, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Review and a New Perspective on Attention and Eye Movements. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:901-925. [PMID: 30400086 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), like cooking and managing finances and medications, involve finding efficiently and in a timely manner one or several objects within complex environments. They may thus be disrupted by visual search deficits. These deficits, present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) from its early stages, arise from impairments in multiple attentional and memory mechanisms. A growing body of research on visual search in AD has examined several factors underlying search impairments in simple arrays. Little is known about how AD patients search in real-world scenes and in real settings, and about how such impairments affect patients' functional autonomy. Here, we review studies on visuospatial attention and visual search in AD. We then consider why analysis of patients' oculomotor behavior is promising to improve understanding of the specific search deficits in AD, and of their role in impairing IADL performance. We also highlight why paradigms developed in research on real-world scenes and real settings in healthy individuals are valuable to investigate visual search in AD. Finally, we indicate future research directions that may offer new insights to improve visual search abilities and autonomy in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Ramzaoui
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives et Sociales, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Sylvane Faure
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives et Sociales, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Sara Spotorno
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK
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32
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Laurens B, Planche V, Cubizolle S, Declerck L, Dupouy S, Formaglio M, Koric L, Seassau M, Tilikete C, Vighetto A, Ceccaldi M, Tison F. A Spatial Decision Eye-Tracking Task in Patients with Prodromal and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:613-621. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laurens
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Planche
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Cubizolle
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Léa Declerck
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Dupouy
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maïté Formaglio
- Département de Neurologie cognitive et de Neuro-ophtalmologie, Université Lyon 1 et Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Lejla Koric
- Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Caroline Tilikete
- Département de Neurologie cognitive et de Neuro-ophtalmologie, Université Lyon 1 et Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Alain Vighetto
- Département de Neurologie cognitive et de Neuro-ophtalmologie, Université Lyon 1 et Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- Département de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Françcois Tison
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Bordeaux, France
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33
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Wilcockson TDW, Mardanbegi D, Xia B, Taylor S, Sawyer P, Gellersen HW, Leroi I, Killick R, Crawford TJ. Abnormalities of saccadic eye movements in dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:5389-5398. [PMID: 31375642 PMCID: PMC6710064 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that people in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have subtle impairments in cognitive inhibition that can be detected by using relatively simple eye-tracking paradigms, but these subtle impairments are often missed by traditional cognitive assessments. People with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at an increased likelihood of dementia due to AD. No study has yet investigated and contrasted the MCI subtypes in relation to eye movement performance. Methods: In this work we explore whether eye-tracking impairments can distinguish between patients with the amnesic and the non-amnesic variants of MCI. Participants were 68 people with dementia due to AD, 42 had a diagnosis of aMCI, and 47 had a diagnosis of naMCI, and 92 age-matched cognitively healthy controls. Results: The findings revealed that eye-tracking can distinguish between the two forms of MCI. Conclusions: The work provides further support for eye-tracking as a useful diagnostic biomarker in the assessment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D W Wilcockson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Psychology Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Diako Mardanbegi
- Computing and Communications Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Baiqiang Xia
- Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simon Taylor
- Maths and Statistics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Pete Sawyer
- Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hans W Gellersen
- Computing and Communications Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ira Leroi
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Killick
- Maths and Statistics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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