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Akhbari M, Firooz A, Rahimi R, Shirzad M, Esmaealzadeh N, Shirbeigi L. The effect of an oral product containing Amla fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) on female androgenetic alopecia: A randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116958. [PMID: 37487962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit has been emphasized as a hair tonic in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and recommended for hair loss orally and topically. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the effect of an oral product containing Amla fruit on Female Androgenetic Alopecia (FAGA). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Sixty women with FAGA were randomly assigned into two groups of thirty. The intervention group received ten cc Amla syrup thrice a day for 12 weeks. The second group received a placebo with the same dose and duration. Hair growth parameters were analyzed using TrichoScan before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Physician and patient satisfaction were assessed using the CGI-I and PGI-I questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-seven participants in the intervention group and 25 in the placebo group completed the trial. Based on our findings, the anagen-to-telogen ratio increased significantly in the intervention group compared with the group who received placebo (F = 10.4, P = 0.002). Physician and patient satisfaction increased in the amla group compared with placebo at 12th weeks of intervention (P<0.001), (P<0.001). The formula had no remarkable side effects. Only one case of mild constipation was reported in one of the participants after one month of consuming Amla syrup. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that Amla syrup could help treat androgenic hair loss in women and increase the anagen phase. Further studies are needed to evaluate this potential treatment for FAGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Akhbari
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Firooz
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Meysam Shirzad
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine Network (PMN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Niusha Esmaealzadeh
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Traditional Persian Medicine and Complementary Medicine (PerCoMed) Student Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Laila Shirbeigi
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mohidin SRNSP, Moshawih S, Hermansyah A, Asmuni MI, Shafqat N, Ming LC. Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz): A Systematic Review for the Pharmacological Activities, Traditional Uses, Nutritional Values, and Phytochemistry. J Evid Based Integr Med 2023; 28:2515690X231206227. [PMID: 37822215 PMCID: PMC10571719 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x231206227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is considered one of the essential tuber crops, serving as a dietary staple food for various populations. This systematic review provides a comprehensive summary of the nutritional and therapeutic properties of cassava, which is an important dietary staple and traditional medicine. The review aims to evaluate and summarize the phytochemical components of cassava and their association with pharmacological activities, traditional uses, and nutritional importance in global food crises. To collect all relevant information, electronic databases; Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Preprint Platforms were searched for studies on cassava from inception until October 2022. A total of 1582 studies were screened, while only 34 were included in this review. The results of the review indicate that cassava has diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic effects, and wound healing properties. However, more studies that aim to isolate the phytochemicals in cassava extracts and evaluate their pharmacological property are necessary to further validate their medical and nutritional values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Said Moshawih
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Ikmal Asmuni
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Naeem Shafqat
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
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Zhao C, Jiang Y, Yin H, Jin Z, Yuan J, Shang H, Song H. Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. Fermentation concentrate polysaccharide ameliorate diarrhea in DSS-induced early colitis by modulating ion channel. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Natural statin derivatives as potential therapy to reduce intestinal fluid loss in cholera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010989. [PMID: 36490300 PMCID: PMC9770395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old, secretory diarrheas including cholera are characterized by excessive intestinal fluid secretion driven by enterotoxin-induced cAMP-dependent intestinal chloride transport. This study aimed to identify fungal bioactive metabolites possessing anti-secretory effects against cAMP-dependent chloride secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. Using electrophysiological analyses in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells, five fungus-derived statin derivatives including α,β-dehydrolovastatin (DHLV), α,β-dehydrodihydromonacolin K, lovastatin, mevastatin and simvastatin were found to inhibit the cAMP-dependent chloride secretion with IC50 values of 1.8, 8.9, 11.9, 11.4 and 5 μM, respectively. Being the most potent statin derivatives, DHLV was evaluated for its pharmacological properties including cellular toxicity, mechanism of action, target specificity and in vivo efficacy. DHLV at concentrations up to 20 μM did not affect cell viability and barrier integrity of T84 cells. Electrophysiological analyses indicated that DHLV inhibited cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-dependent apical chloride channel, via mechanisms not involving alteration of intracellular cAMP levels or its negative regulators including AMP-activated protein kinases and protein phosphatases. DHLV had no effect on Na+-K+ ATPase activities but inhibited Ca2+-dependent chloride secretion without affecting intracellular Ca2+ levels. Importantly, intraperitoneal (2 mg/kg) and intraluminal (20 μM) injections of DHLV reduced cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice by 59% and 65%, respectively without affecting baseline intestinal fluid transport. This study identifies natural statin derivatives as novel natural product-derived CFTR inhibitors, which may be beneficial in the treatment of enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrheas including cholera.
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Tessema Desta G, Andargie Ferede Y, Sisay Zewdu W, Adela Alemu M. Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in Swiss Albino Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7968973. [PMID: 35586684 PMCID: PMC9110169 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7968973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Withaniasomnifera is an important medicinal plant for the treatment of diarrhea in Ethiopian folklore medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of Withania somnifera leaves in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods Hydromethanolic crude extraction and solvent fractionation were done using cold maceration technique. 80% methanol was used as a solvent in crude extraction, while distilled water, n-butanol, and chloroform were employed during fractionation. Castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility models were employed to evaluate antidiarrheal activity. Mice were randomly divided into five groups (six mice per group): negative control, which received 2% Tween 80 in distilled water; positive control, which received 3 mg/kg loperamide; and three test groups (III, IV, and V), which were treated with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of crude extract and solvent fractions, respectively. Results The crude extract, aqueous, and n-butanol fractions significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg dose. There was a significant reduction in the number and weight of stools at all tested doses of the crude extract and aqueous fraction, and at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of n-butanol fraction. Significant reduction in volume and weight of intestinal contents was observed at all tested doses of the crude extract, and at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of aqueous and n-butanol fractions. All tested doses of the crude extract and 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the aqueous and n-butanol fractions significantly reduced the motility of charcoal meal. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the crude extract and solvent fractions of the Withania somnifera leaves have antidiarrheal activity and supported the folklore use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getaye Tessema Desta
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Andargie Ferede
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Woretaw Sisay Zewdu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Adela Alemu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Czigle S, Bittner Fialová S, Tóth J, Mučaji P, Nagy M. Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders-Plants and Potential Mechanisms of Action of Their Constituents. Molecules 2022; 27:2881. [PMID: 35566230 PMCID: PMC9105531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases is about 40%, with standard pharmacotherapy being long-lasting and economically challenging. Of the dozens of diseases listed by the Rome IV Foundation criteria, for five of them (heartburn, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting disorder, constipation, and diarrhoea), treatment with herbals is an official alternative, legislatively supported by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). However, for most plants, the Directive does not require a description of the mechanisms of action, which should be related to the therapeutic effect of the European plant in question. This review article, therefore, summarizes the basic pharmacological knowledge of synthetic drugs used in selected functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and correlates them with the constituents of medicinal plants. Therefore, the information presented here is intended as a starting point to support the claim that both empirical folk medicine and current and decades-old treatments with official herbal remedies have a rational basis in modern pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Czigle
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.B.F.); (J.T.); (P.M.); (M.N.)
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Izumi E, Tanahashi N, Kinugasa S, Hidaka S, Zaima N, Moriyama T. Co-Application with Tannic Acid Prevents Transdermal Sensitization to Ovalbumin in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073933. [PMID: 35409304 PMCID: PMC8999826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal sensitization to allergens is of great concern as a sensitization route for food allergies. This skin-mediated invasion and sensitization to allergens is involved in skin barrier breakdown and inflammation, followed by the production of several kinds of cytokines. Cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine are also involved. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of tannic acid (TA) on transdermal sensitization using ovalbumin (OVA), a major egg-white allergen. We also analyzed the mechanisms associated with the inhibitory effects of TA. The results showed that the co-application with TA prevents transdermal sensitization to OVA. As possible mechanisms, its anti-inflammatory and astringent effect on the skin and binding ability with the protein were considered. These results indicate that TA could be applied to cosmetics and lotions, which could suppress the transdermal sensitization to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Izumi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (E.I.); (N.T.); (S.K.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nana Tanahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (E.I.); (N.T.); (S.K.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
| | - Serina Kinugasa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (E.I.); (N.T.); (S.K.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
| | - Shota Hidaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (E.I.); (N.T.); (S.K.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (E.I.); (N.T.); (S.K.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute (ATIRI), Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (E.I.); (N.T.); (S.K.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute (ATIRI), Kindai University, 3327-204, Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Tong Z, He W, Fan X, Guo A. Biological Function of Plant Tannin and Its Application in Animal Health. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:803657. [PMID: 35083309 PMCID: PMC8784788 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.803657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant tannins are widely found in plants and can be divided into hydrolyzed tannins and condensed tannins. In recent years, researchers have become more and more interested in using tannin-rich plants and plant extracts in ruminant diets to improve the quality of animal products. Some research results show that plant tannins can effectively improve the quality of meat and milk, and enhance the oxidative stability of the product. In this paper, the classification and extraction sources of plant tannins are reviewed, as well as the biological functions of plant tannins in animals. The antioxidant function of plant tannins is discussed, and the influence of their structure on antioxidation is analyzed. The effects of plant tannins against pathogenic bacteria and the mechanism of action are discussed, and the relationship between antibacterial action and antioxidant action is analyzed. The inhibitory effect of plant tannins on many kinds of pathogenic viruses and their action pathways are discussed, as are the antiparasitic properties of plant tannins. The anti-inflammatory action of tannins and its mechanism are analyzed. The function of plant tannins in antidiarrheal action and its influencing factors are discussed. In addition, the effects of plant tannins as feed additives on animals and the influencing factors are reviewed in this paper to provide a reference for further research.
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Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of 80% Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Cordia africana (Lamiaceae) in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3627878. [PMID: 34873407 PMCID: PMC8643234 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3627878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Currently available drugs are linked with adverse effects, contraindications, and risk of resistance. Traditionally, the leaf concoction of Cordia africana is claimed to be used for diarrhea. However, the safety and efficacy of the leaf extract have not been scientifically approved yet. Therefore, the study was conducted to validate its antidiarrheal activity and safety profile in mice. Method The hydromethanolic extract was obtained by the cold maceration technique in 80% methanol. Phytochemical screening tests were done for secondary metabolites by using standard tests. The antidiarrheal activity of the test extract at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was evaluated by using castor oil-induced diarrheal, gastrointestinal transit, and enteropooling models in mice. Result In an acute toxicity study, there were no visible signs of toxicity and mortality following a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins. The hydromethanolic extract significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea and reduced the weight of wet and total feces at 100 (P < 0.01), 200 (P < 0.001), and 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001) in the castor oil-induced diarrheal model. However, in the gastrointestinal transit model, a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the charcoal meal travel was observed in the middle (200 mg/kg) and higher (400 mg/kg) test doses. Similarly, the extract produced a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the weight and volume of intestinal contents at the aforementioned doses. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the test extract showed promising antidiarrheal activity. Hence, this study supports its antidiarrheal use in Ethiopian folklore medicine.
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Tannic acid prevents post-weaning diarrhea by improving intestinal barrier integrity and function in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:87. [PMID: 32884745 PMCID: PMC7460753 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tannic acid (TA) is potential to reduce diarrhea in weaning pigs, but knowledge about the influence of TA on intestinal barrier integrity and function is still scarce. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary TA supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea rate, intestinal barrier integrity and function of weaned pigs. Methods A total of 108 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets, with an initial average body weight of 6.60 ± 0.27 kg, were allotted to 3 groups (6 pigs/pen and 6 replicates/group) in a randomized complete block design according to their gender and body weight. Piglets were fed the basal diet with 0 (control, CON), 0.2% and 1.0% TA, respectively. The trial lasted for 28 d. Results Compared with the CON group, dietary 0.2% and 1.0% TA supplementation didn’t affect ADFI, ADG and F:G (P > 0.05), but reduced diarrhea rate, diarrhea index and diarrhea score of piglets (P < 0.05), reduced diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and D-lactic acid concentration in serum (P < 0.01). The higher occludin expression and localization were observed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum after supplementation with 0.2% or 1.0% TA (P < 0.05). Adding 0.2% TA to diet significantly decreased crypt depth, increased villus height/crypt depth ratio in the duodenum (P < 0.05), and dietary 1.0% TA tended to decrease crypt depth (P < 0.10) and significantly decreased villus height (P < 0.05) of the ileum. Moreover, lower malondialdehyde content in the ileum was detected in the pigs fed 1.0% TA (P < 0.05). In the duodenum, both 0.2% and 1.0% TA groups had higher occludin (OCLN) mRNA and 0.2% TA group had higher zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2) level (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, dietary 1.0% TA supplementation tended to up-regulate OCLN mRNA levels in the jejunum (P < 0.10) and 0.2% TA supplementation tended to up-regulate zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA levels in the ileum (P < 0.10). Conclusion In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.2% or 1.0% TA could effectively alleviate post-weaning diarrhea without altering growth performance in weaned piglets, which might be achieved by improving intestinal barrier integrity and function.
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Chen L, Ding Y, Hou Y, Liu Y, Nie H. Regulation of Cl- Electrolyte Permeability in Epithelia by Active Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomers for Diarrhea. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:902-909. [PMID: 32364074 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200504073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial layer, lining the inner surface of the mammalian alveolar, kidney, brain and colon, is a typical electrolyte transporting tissue. Large quantities of salt and fluid are actively moved from the mucosal side toward the blood vessel. Transepithelial salt re-absorption in epithelial tissues plays an important role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. In absorptive epithelium, fluid and salt flux is controlled by the machinery mainly composed of epithelial sodium channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter, Na+/H+ exchanger, and Na+/K+-ATPase. Dysregulation of salt permeability across epithelium contributes to the pathogenesis of organ edema. In numerous ion transporters, epithelial Cl- transportation plays an important role in water secretion across epithelial tissues and regulation of body fluid content. Many traditional Chinese medicines treat diarrhea by regulating the Cl- electrolyte transport. We systematically summarized the recent progress regarding the traditional Chinese medicine on Cl- electrolyte transport in the intestinal epithelial tissues. The pharmaceutical relevance of developing advanced strategies to mitigate edematous disorders is also implicated. In conclusion, the crosstalk between Cl- electrolyte transport and active traditional Chinese medicine monomers may lead to the development of new strategies for diarrhea by manipulating the function and expression of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yapeng Hou
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongguang Nie
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Tannins, novel inhibitors of the volume regulation and the volume-sensitive anion channel. EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/afpuc-2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channel (VSOR) is a key component of volume regulation system critical for cell survival in non-isosmotic conditions. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of four tannin extracts with defined compositions on cell volume regulation and VSOR. Preparation I (98% of hydrolysable tannins isolated from leaves of sumac Rhus typhina L.) and Preparation II (100% of hydrolysable tannins isolated from leaves of broadleaf plantain Plantago major L) completely and irreversibly abolished swelling-activated VSOR currents in HCT116 cells. Both preparations profoundly suppressed the volume regulation in thymocytes with half-maximal effects of 40.9 μg/ml and 12.3 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition was more efficient at lower concentrations but reverted at higher doses due to possible non-specific membrane-permeabilizing activity. Preparations III and IV (54,7% and 54.3% of hydrolysable tannins isolated, respectively, from roots and aboveground parts of Fergana spurge Euphorbia ferganensis B.Fedtch) inhibited VSOR activity in a partially reversible manner and suppressed the volume regulation with substantially higher half-maximal doses of 270 and 278 μg/ml, respectively, with no secondary reversion at higher doses. Hydrolysable tannins represent a novel class of VSOR channel inhibitors with the capacity to suppress the cell volume regulation machinery.
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Muangnil P, Satitsri S, Tadpetch K, Saparpakorn P, Chatsudthipong V, Hannongbua S, Rukachaisirikul V, Muanprasat C. A fungal metabolite zearalenone as a CFTR inhibitor and potential therapy of secretory diarrheas. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:293-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Preparation of Galla Chinensis Oral Solution as well as Its Stability, Safety, and Antidiarrheal Activity Evaluation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1851459. [PMID: 28811824 PMCID: PMC5547719 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1851459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As a widely used traditional medicine, Galla Chinensis is rich in tannins. However, there are few detailed studies about pharmaceutical preparations of Galla Chinensis tannin extract (GTE). In the present experiments, for better application and to investigate the possibility that Galla Chinensis tannin extract can be used as an antidiarrheal drug, we prepared Galla Chinensis oral solution (GOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS GOS was prepared with GTE, and its physicochemical and microbiological stability was evaluated. The oral acute toxicity of GOS was calculated by the 50% lethal dose (LD50). The antidiarrheal activity was determined in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice through diarrhea symptoms, fluid accumulation ratio, and percentage of distance moved by charcoal meal. RESULTS The tannin content of GTE was 47.75%. GOS could endure a high temperature without a significant decrease of tannin content. After storage for six months, the tannin content of GOS was still more than 90%. GOS was determined to be nontoxic. Meanwhile, GOS showed significant antidiarrheal activity in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results suggested that GOS is an effective and stable antidiarrheal drug that can be used to complement other therapies.
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Tadesse E, Engidawork E, Nedi T, Mengistu G. Evaluation of the anti-diarrheal activity of the aqueous stem extract of Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) in mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:190. [PMID: 28376868 PMCID: PMC5379525 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Diarrheal disease remains a public health problem in developing countries, including Ethiopia. In order to alleviate this disease, Ethiopian traditional healers use a wide range of medicinal plants from which Lantana camara is one of them. The stem of this plant is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea. In addition, this plant is scientifically evaluated to have an antispasmodic effect on in vitro study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of the aqueous stem extract of L. camara Linn in mice. Methods The antidiarrheal activity of the extract was investigated using castor oil induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and small intestine transit models. The test groups received various doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the extract, whereas positive controls received Loperamide (3 mg/kg) and negative controls received distilled water (10 ml/kg). Results In castor oil induced diarrhoea model, the extract, at all test doses, significantly (p < 0.001) prolonged diarrhoea onset, decreased the frequency of defecation, and weight of faeces. Similarly, the extract produced a significant (p < 0.001) decline in the weight and volume of intestinal contents at all tested doses. In addition, a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the gastrointestinal motility in charcoal meal test was also observed in all doses of the extract. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phytosterols that may play a key role in its antidiarrheal activity. Conclusion The obtained results of the present study confirm antidiarrheal activity of the stem of L. camara, thus provide the scientific basis for the traditional uses of this plant as a treatment for diarrhoea.
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Rhubarb tannins extract inhibits the expression of aquaporins 2 and 3 in magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:619465. [PMID: 25215286 PMCID: PMC4151595 DOI: 10.1155/2014/619465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tannins, a group of major active components of Chinese rhubarb and widely distributed in nature, have a significant antidiarrhoeal activity. Aquaporins (AQPs) 2 and 3 play important roles in regulating water transfer during diarrhoea. The present study aims to determine the effect of the total tannins extract of rhubarb on aquaporins (AQPs) 2 and 3 in diarrhoea mice and HT-29 cells both induced by magnesium sulphate (MgSO4). Our results showed that rhubarb tannins extract (RTE) significantly decreased the faecal water content in colon and evaluation index of defecation of diarrhoea mice. Interestingly, RTE could markedly reduce the mRNA and protein expression levels of AQPs 2 and 3 in apical and lateral mucosal epithelial cells in the colons of diarrhoea mice and HT-29 cells both induced by MgSO4 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, RTE suppressed the production of cyclic monophosphate- (cAMP-) dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunits α (PKA C-α) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB, Ser133) in MgSO4-induced HT-29 cells. Our data showed for the first time that RTE inhibit AQPs 2 and 3 expression in vivo and in vitro via downregulating PKA/p-CREB signal pathway, which accounts for the antidiarrhoeal effect of RTE.
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Abstract
Cholera is a diarrheal disease that remains an important global health problem with several hundreds of thousands of reported cases each year. This disease is caused by intestinal infection with Vibrio cholerae, which is a highly motile gram-negative bacterium with a single-sheathed flagellum. In the course of cholera pathogenesis, V. cholerae expresses a transcriptional activator ToxT, which subsequently transactivates expressions of two crucial virulence factors: toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin (CT). These factors are responsible for intestinal colonization of V. cholerae and induction of fluid secretion, respectively. In intestinal epithelial cells, CT binds to GM1 ganglioside receptors on the apical membrane and undergoes retrograde vesicular trafficking to endoplasmic reticulum, where it exploits endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation systems to release a catalytic A1 subunit of CT (CT A1) into cytoplasm. CT A1, in turn, catalyzes ADP ribosylation of α subunits of stimulatory G proteins, leading to a persistent activation of adenylate cyclase and an elevation of intracellular cAMP. Increased intracellular cAMP in human intestinal epithelial cells accounts for pathogenesis of profuse diarrhea and severe fluid loss in cholera. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of cholera diarrhea and discusses emerging drug targets for cholera, which include V. cholerae virulence factors, V. cholerae motility, CT binding to GM1 receptor, CT internalization and intoxication, as well as cAMP metabolism and transport proteins involved in cAMP-activated Cl(-) secretion. Future directions and perspectives of research on drug discovery and development for cholera are discussed.
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Patanayindee J, Muanprasat C, Soodvilai S, Chatsudthipong V. Antidiarrheal efficacy of a quinazolin CFTR inhibitor on human intestinal epithelial cell and in mouse model of cholera. Indian J Pharmacol 2013; 44:619-23. [PMID: 23112425 PMCID: PMC3480796 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal efficacy and pharmacological properties of ethyl 2-(4-oxo-3-o-tolyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-ylthio)acetate (DQA) as an inhibitor of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The effects of DQA on CFTR function and cell viability were investigated in Fisher rat thyroid (FRT) cells expressing human CFTR and human intestinal epithelial T84 cells by short-circuit current measurements and MTT assays, respectively. In vivo antidiarrheal efficacy of DQA was evaluated in a closed loop model of cholera in mice. Results: In permeabilized FRT cells, apical chloride current induced by CFTR agonists (10 μM forskolin, 100 μM CPT-cAMP, and 20 μM apigenin) was inhibited by DQA with IC50 ~ 20 μM and complete inhibition at 200 μM. The inhibitory effect was reversible and not associated with cytotoxicity to FRT cells (5–500 μM DQA for 24 h). Likewise, DQA effectively inhibited both forskolin and cholera toxin-induced transepithelial chloride secretion in T84 cells. In mice, intraluminal injection of 100 μM DQA reduced cholera toxin (1 μg/closed loop)-induced intestinal fluid secretion by 85% without affecting intestinal fluid absorption. Conclusions: DQA represents a new class of small molecule CFTR inhibitor with potential application in treatment of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenvit Patanayindee
- Department of Physiology and Research Center of Transport Protein for Medical Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Recent advances and new perspectives in targeting CFTR for therapy of cystic fibrosis and enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrheas. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:329-45. [PMID: 22393940 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel localized primarily at the apical surfaces of epithelial cells lining airway, gut and exocrine glands, where it is responsible for transepithelial salt and water transport. Several human diseases are associated with an altered channel function of CFTR. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by the loss or dysfunction of CFTR-channel activity resulting from the mutations on the gene; whereas enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrheas are caused by the hyperactivation of CFTR channel function. CFTR is a validated target for drug development to treat these diseases. Significant progress has been made in developing CFTR modulator therapy by means of high-throughput screening followed by hit-to-lead optimization. Several oral administrated investigational drugs are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for CF. Also importantly, new ideas and methodologies are emerging. Targeting CFTR-containing macromolecular complexes is one such novel approach.
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Hydroxyxanthone as an inhibitor of cAMP-activated apical chloride channel in human intestinal epithelial cell. Life Sci 2012; 90:988-94. [PMID: 22634581 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous investigation showed that polyphenols abundantly found in many plants could inhibit Cl(-) secretion. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of phenol containing xanthone derivatives on cAMP-activated intestinal Cl(-) secretion and evaluate potential benefits of these compounds in the treatment of cholera. MAIN METHODS Four hydroxy xanthones were synthesized via oxidative coupling reaction of the corresponding ortho-hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxyphenols. Short-circuit current and apical Cl(-) current measurements across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial (T84) cell and Fisher rat thyroid cells transfected with human CFTR (FRT-hCFTR cell) were performed to determine the effect of hydroxyxanthones on cAMP-activated Cl(-) secretion. Intracellular cAMP was measured by immunoassay methods. Anti-diarrheal efficacy was evaluated using closed loop model of cholera. KEY FINDINGS Among the tested xanthones, 1,3,6-trihydroxyxanthone (THX-001) was found to be the most potent derivative in the inhibition of cAMP-activated Cl(-) secretion across T84 cell monolayers (IC(50)~100μM). Electrophysiological analysis of T84 cells and FRT-hCFTR cells revealed that THX-001 targeted two distinct cAMP-activated Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of T84 cells, namely, CFTR and inward rectifying Cl(-) channel (IRC). In contrast, THX-001 had no effect on intracellular cAMP levels in these cells. Importantly, THX-001 completely abolished cholera toxin-induced Cl(-) secretion across T84 cell monolayers and significantly inhibited cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mouse closed loop models. SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that hydroxyxanthone represents another chemical class of polyphenolic compounds that may hold promise as anti-secretory therapy for cholera.
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Ren A, Zhang W, Thomas HG, Barish A, Berry S, Kiel JS, Naren AP. A tannic acid-based medical food, Cesinex(®), exhibits broad-spectrum antidiarrheal properties: a mechanistic and clinical study. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:99-108. [PMID: 21748285 PMCID: PMC3244547 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a tannic acid-based medical food, Cesinex(®), in the treatment of diarrhea and to investigate the mechanisms underlying its antidiarrheal effect. METHODS Cesinex(®) was prescribed to six children and four adults with diarrhea. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed for the primary outcome. Cesinex(®) and its major component, tannic acid, were tested for their effects on cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice. Polarized human gut epithelial cells (HT29-CL19A cells) were used to investigate the effects of tannic acid on epithelial barrier properties, transepithelial chloride secretion, and cell viability. RESULTS Successful resolution of diarrheal symptoms was reported in nine of ten patients receiving Cesinex(®). The treatment of HT29-CL19A cells with clinically relevant concentrations of tannic acid (0.01-1 mg/ml) significantly increased transepithelial resistance (TER) and inhibited the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-dependent or the calcium-activated Cl(-) secretion. Tannic acid could also improve the impaired epithelial barrier function induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and inhibited the disrupting effect of TNFα on the epithelial barrier function in these cells. Cholera toxin (CTX)-induced mouse intestinal fluid secretion was significantly reduced by the administration of Cesinex(®) or tannic acid. Cesinex(®) has high antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSIONS Cesinex(®) demonstrates efficacy and a good safety profile in the treatment of diarrhea. The broad-spectrum antidiarrheal effect of Cesinex(®) can be attributed to a combination of factors: its ability to improve the epithelial barrier properties, to inhibit intestinal fluid secretion, and the high antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Ren
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, 415 Nash Research Building, Memphis, TN 38163, U.S.A. Tel.: (901) 448-3507, Fax: (901) 448-7126,
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, 415 Nash Research Building, Memphis, TN 38163, U.S.A. Tel.: (901) 448-3507, Fax: (901) 448-7126,
| | - Hugh Greg Thomas
- Hall Bioscience Corporation, 5659 Southfield Drive Suite A, P. O. Box 7788, Flowery Branch, GA 30542, U.S.A. Tel.: (678) 450-9187,
| | - Amy Barish
- Hall Bioscience Corporation, 5659 Southfield Drive Suite A, P. O. Box 7788, Flowery Branch, GA 30542, U.S.A. Tel.: (770) 617-1621,
| | - Stephen Berry
- Hall Bioscience Corporation, 5659 Southfield Drive Suite A, P. O. Box 7788, Flowery Branch, GA 30542, U.S.A. Tel.: (770) 530-1742,
| | - Jeffrey S. Kiel
- Hall Bioscience Corporation, 5659 Southfield Drive Suite A, P. O. Box 7788, Flowery Branch, GA 30542, U.S.A. Tel.: (678) 450-9187.
| | - Anjaparavanda P. Naren
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, 426 Nash Research Building, Memphis, TN 38163, U.S.A. Tel.: (901) 448-3137, Fax: (901) 448-7126,
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Muanprasat C, Sirianant L, Soodvilai S, Chokchaisiri R, Suksamrarn A, Chatsudthipong V. Novel Action of the Chalcone Isoliquiritigenin as a Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Inhibitor: Potential Therapy for Cholera and Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:82-91. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11153fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Diarrhea, a disease of poverty and poor sanitation, kills an estimated two million children each year. Oral rehydration therapy is a very simple and inexpensive treatment that has significantly reduced mortality from secretory diarrhea caused by rotavirus, cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The efficacy and adoption of oral rehydration therapy would be enhanced by a drug that reduces fluid loss associated with these diseases and alleviates disease symptoms. Secretion and absorption by the intestine offer a number of potential drug targets to reduce fluid loss. Among these, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel is the most attractive because it is the primary driver of secretion in cases of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic bacteria. CFTR can be inhibited by both natural products and synthetic small molecules. iOWH032 is a synthetic CFTR inhibitor that has recently entered clinical trials for this indication.
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Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 2 billion annual cases of diarrhea worldwide. Diarrhea is the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years and kills 1.5 million children each year. It is especially prevalent in the developing world, where mortality is related to dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, and the resultant acidosis, and in 2001, it accounted for 1.78 million deaths (3.7% of total deaths) in low- and middle-income countries. However, diarrhea is also a common problem in the developed world, with 211 million to 375 million episodes of infectious diarrheal illnesses in the United States annually, resulting in 73 million physician consultations, 1.8 million hospitalizations, and 3100 deaths. Furthermore, 4% to 5% of the Western population suffers from chronic diarrhea. Given the high prevalence of diarrhea, research has been directed at learning more about the cellular mechanisms underlying diarrheal illnesses in order to develop new medications directed at novel cellular targets. These cellular mechanisms and targets are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Kent
- Department of Gastroenterology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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