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Saeed A, Arif M, Rafiq M, Song C, Albaqami M, Abdelbacki AMM. Molecular Characterization, genetic divergence, expression of encapsidiation and Synergism by a bipartite begomovirus; Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPMV) infecting Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). Microb Pathog 2024; 196:106953. [PMID: 39299556 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPMV) is a bipartite begomovirus that poses a substantial risk to agriculture by infecting a variety of crops, including cucurbitaceous group. This study examines the manifestation of encapsidation and synergism by ToLCPMV in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and focuses on its epidemiological approaches and implications of managing this virus in tomatoes growing areas. Through the utilization of molecular and biological techniques, we have successfully ascertained the epidemiology of this highly destructive virus, highlighting the vital roles played by its two genetic components. An analysis was conducted to identify the mechanism by which the virus clusters its DNA into virions, known as the encapsidation process. Additionally, the impact of synergism with other viral or environmental factors over the degree of infection was examined. The evolutionary rate differences among sites were modeled deploying a discrete Gamma distribution with 5 categories and a [+G] parameter. The results of this study provide important and unique information about synergism, encapsidiation and host-virus interactions. Sequencing study revealed that the bipartite ToLCPMV is linked to the occurrence of leaf curl disease in bitter gourd. The DNA-A and DNA-B of the ToLCPMV isolates infecting bitter gourd (SP1-4) showed 89%, 93%, 95%, and 98% similarity respectively. Mean evolutionary rates in these categories were 0.19, 0.47, 0.79, 1.24, 2.31 substitutions per site. Unexpectedly, the DNA-A sequences of ToLCPMV that infect this particular host seemed to be an amalgamation of sequences that are closely associated with tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Additionally, reiterate cropping of tomatoes with vegetables expanded the virus's host geographic region. This understanding will create some specific ways to regulate the dissemination of ToLCPMV and minimize its adverse impacts in tomato growing regions. Through the implementation of these strategies, the ability of crops to withstand and recover from adverse conditions can be enhanced, so encouraging the adoption of sustainable farming practices in affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Saeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanliurfa 63050, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Arifiye 54580, Sakarya, Türkiye.
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang,332005, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cheng Song
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M M Abdelbacki
- Deanship of Skills Development, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sur S, Bhartiya P, Steele R, Brennan M, DiPaolo RJ, Ray RB. Momordicine-I Suppresses Head and Neck Cancer Growth by Reprogrammimg Immunosuppressive Effect of the Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages and B Lymphocytes. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:672-682. [PMID: 38315993 PMCID: PMC11065610 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is prevalent worldwide, and treatment options are limited. Momordicine-I (M-I), a natural component from bitter melon, shows antitumor activity against these cancers, but its mechanism of action, especially in the tumor microenvironment (TME), remains unclear. In this study, we establish that M-I reduces HNC tumor growth in two different immunocompetent mouse models using MOC2 and SCC VII cells. We demonstrate that the anticancer activity results from modulating several molecules in the monocyte/macrophage clusters in CD45+ populations in MOC2 tumors by single-cell RNA sequencing. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) often pose a barrier to antitumor effects, but following M-I treatment, we observe a significant reduction in the expression of Sfln4, a myeloid cell differentiation factor, and Cxcl3, a neutrophil chemoattractant, in the monocyte/macrophage populations. We further find that the macrophages must be in close contact with the tumor cells to inhibit Sfln4 and Cxcl3, suggesting that these TAMs are impacted by M-I treatment. Coculturing macrophages with tumor cells shows inhibition of Agr1 expression following M-I treatment, which is indicative of switching from M2 to M1 phenotype. Furthermore, the total B-cell population in M-I-treated tumors is significantly lower, whereas spleen cells also show similar results when cocultured with MOC2 cells. M-I treatment also inhibits PD1, PD-L1, and FoxP3 expression in tumors. Collectively, these results uncover the potential mechanism of M-I by modulating immune cells, and this new insight can help to develop M-I as a promising candidate to treat HNCs, either alone or as adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Sur
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Pradeep Bhartiya
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michelle Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard J. DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Panchal K, Nihalani B, Oza U, Panchal A, Shah B. Exploring the mechanism of action bitter melon in the treatment of breast cancer by network pharmacology. World J Exp Med 2023; 13:142-155. [PMID: 38173546 PMCID: PMC10758660 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v13.i5.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter melon has been used to stop the growth of breast cancer (BRCA) cells. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. AIM To predict the therapeutic effect of bitter melon against BRCA using network pharmacology and to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. METHODS The active ingredients of bitter melon and the related protein targets were taken from the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics and SuperPred databases, respectively. The GeneCards database has been searched for BRCA-related targets. Through an intersection of the drug's targets and the disease's objectives, prospective bitter melon anti-BRCA targets were discovered. Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analyses were carried out to comprehend the biological roles of the target proteins. The binding relationship between bitter melon's active ingredients and the suggested target proteins was verified using molecular docking techniques. RESULTS Three key substances, momordicoside K, kaempferol, and quercetin, were identified as being important in mediating the putative anti-BRCA effects of bitter melon through the active ingredient-anti-BRCA target network study. Heat shock protein 90 AA, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were found to be the top three proteins in the protein-protein interaction network study. The several pathways implicated in the anti-BRCA strategy for an active component include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling, transcriptional dysregulation, axon guidance, calcium signaling, focal adhesion, janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and phospholipase D signaling. CONCLUSION Overall, the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and functional enrichment analyses shed light on potential mechanisms underlying bitter melon's ability to fight BRCA, implicating active ingredients and protein targets, as well as highlighting the major signaling pathways that may be altered by this natural product for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavan Panchal
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Bhavya Nihalani
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Utsavi Oza
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Aarti Panchal
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Bhumi Shah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad 382210, India
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Yuan MK, Kao JW, Wu WT, Chen CR, Chang CI, Wu YJ. Investigation of cell cytotoxic activity and molecular mechanism of 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23( E)-diene-3β,19( R),25-triol isolated from Momordica charantia on hepatoma cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1214-1223. [PMID: 35760558 PMCID: PMC9246111 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2077766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), known as bitter melon, is an edible fruit cultivated in the tropics. In this study, an active compound, 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23(E)-diene-3β,19(R),25-triol (ECDT), isolated from M. charantia was investigated in regard to its cytotoxic effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. OBJECTIVE To examine the mechanisms of ECDT-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitive activity of ECDT on HA22T HCC cells was examined by MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, TUNEL/DAPI staining, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (PI) staining and JC-1 dye. HA22T cells were treated with ECDT (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μM) for 24 h, and the molecular mechanism of cells apoptosis was examined by Western blot. Cells treated with vehicle DMSO were used as the negative control. RESULTS ECDT inhibited the cell proliferation of HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that ECDT treatment at 10-20 μM increased early apoptosis by 10-14% and late apoptosis by 2-5%. Western blot revealed that ECDT treatment activated the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway, and ECDT-induced apoptosis was mediated by the caspase signalling pathway and activation of JNK and p38MAPK. Pre-treatment of cells with MAPK inhibitors (SB203580 or SP600125) reversed the ECDT-induced cell death, which further supported the involvement of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that ECDT can induce apoptosis through the p38MAPK and JNK pathways in HA22T cells. The findings suggested that ECDT has a valuable anticancer property with the potential to be developed as a new chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kang Yuan
- Department of Radiology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wen Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Chiy-Rong Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yalçin E, Çavuşoğlu K. Spectroscopic contribution to glyphosate toxicity profile and the remedial effects of Momordica charantia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20020. [PMID: 36414701 PMCID: PMC9681759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the glyphosate toxicity and the toxicity-reducing role of bitter melon extract (Bmex) (Momordica charantia L.) were investigated in Allium cepa L. test material. The toxicity of glyphosate and protective role of Bmex were investigated with the help of physiological (germination, root elongation and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index-MI, micronucleus-MN and chromosomal abnormalities-CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde-MDA, superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT) and anatomical (root meristem cell damage) parameters. The genotoxicity mechanism of glyphosate was elucidated by spectral analysis. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups as one control and five applications. Tap water was applied to the bulbs in the control group for 72 h. Glyphosate (500 mg/L) and two different doses of Bmex (350 and 700 mg/L) were applied to the bulbs in the treatment group for 72 h. At the end of the period, the germinated bulbs were prepared for experimental analyses, measurements and observations by applying routine preparation procedures. As a result, glyphosate administration caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all selected physiological parameter values, and significant (p < 0.05) increases in the number of cytogenetic parameters (except MI), the levels of biochemical parameters and the severity of anatomical damage. Glyphosate promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and unequal distribution of chromatin in root tip meristem cells. By spectral analysis, it was determined that glyphosate interacts directly with DNA and causes genotoxicity. It also caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, binuclear cell and irregular vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Co-administration of glyphosate with Bmex at two different doses (350 and 700 mg/L) reduced the toxicity of glyphosate and led to significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all parameters examined. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 700 mg/L dose of Bmex. As a result, it was determined that glyphosate herbicide caused multi-dimensional toxicity in A. cepa test material, and Bmex reduced the effects of this toxicity due to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, glyphosate dose ranges need to be reconsidered, especially considering non-target organisms in agricultural applications. In addition, antioxidant products such as Bmex should be included in the daily diet in order to reduce the toxic effects of environmental agents such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Yalçin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey.
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Therapeutic Investigation of Standardized Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) for Its Potential against Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Experimental Animals’ Model: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5143653. [PMID: 36212951 PMCID: PMC9536891 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5143653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an heterogenous, endocrine, metabolic, and multidisciplinary disorder of reproductive-aged females that aggravates insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, obesity, menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Bitter melon is consumed as vegetable in various parts of the world. The purpose of this study was to provide the rationale for the folkloric uses of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) in reproductive abnormalities. HPLC analysis of standardized aqueous methanolic extract of bitter melon revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as quercetin, gallic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid. Twenty-five Swiss albino adult female rats (120–130 g) were acquired and divided into two groups (5 + 20). Letrozole (1 mg/kg p.o.) was used for four weeks to induce PCOS in twenty rats. Disease induction was confirmed by vaginal smear cytology analysis under the microscope. Animals were further divided into four groups, with one group as PCOS group, and the remaining three are treated with standardized extract of bitter melon (500 mg/kg p.o.), bitter melon plus metformin (500 mg/kg p.o.), and metformin alone for the period of next four weeks. After four weeks, the rats were euthanized at diestrus stage. Ovaries of the experimental animals were removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and blood samples were obtained from direct cardiac puncture and stored. Ovaries histopathological analysis showed cystic follicles (9–10) in PCOS group, while, in all the treatment groups, we found developing and mature follicles. Similarly, hormone analysis showed significant (p < 0.001) reduction of LH surge, insulin, and testosterone levels and improvement in FSH levels. Lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes status were also significantly (p < 0.001) improved. In conclusion, the study validates the bitter melon potential as an insulin sensitizer and ovulation enhancer and authenticates its potential in PCOS management.
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Wang S, Liu Q, Zeng T, Zhan J, Zhao H, Ho CT, Xiao Y, Li S. Immunomodulatory effects and associated mechanisms of Momordica charantia and its phytochemicals. Food Funct 2022; 13:11986-11998. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia), which is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, has been consumed as a vegetable and also used as herbal medicine for thousands of years worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250355, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250355, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhan
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yunli Xiao
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shiming Li
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Momordicine-I, a Bitter Melon Bioactive Metabolite, Displays Anti-Tumor Activity in Head and Neck Cancer Involving c-Met and Downstream Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061432. [PMID: 33801016 PMCID: PMC8003975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most aggressive cancers, and treatments are quite challenging due to the difficulty in early diagnosis, lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs, adverse side effects and therapy resistance. We identified momordicine-I (M-I), a bioactive secondary metabolite in bitter melon (Momordica charantia), by performing liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) analysis. M-I inhibited human HNC cell (JHU022, JHU029, Cal27) viability in a dose-dependent manner without an apparent toxic effect on normal oral keratinocytes. Mechanistic studies showed that M-I inhibited c-Met and its downstream signaling molecules c-Myc, survivin, and cyclin D1 through the inactivation of STAT3 in HNC cells. We further observed that M-I was non-toxic and stable in mouse (male C57Bl/6) blood, and a favorable pharmacokinetics profile was observed after IP administration. M-I treatment reduced HNC xenograft tumor growth in nude mice and inhibited c-Met and downstream signaling. Thus, M-I has potential therapeutic implications against HNC.
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Sur S, Ray RB. Diverse roles of bitter melon ( Momordica charantia) in prevention of oral cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7:12. [PMID: 34765739 PMCID: PMC8580380 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the common lethal malignancies which is increasing rapidly in the world. Increasing risks from alcohol and tobacco habits, lack of early detection markers, lack of effective chemotherapeutic agents, recurrence and distant metastasis make the disease more complicated to manage. Laboratory-based studies and epidemiological studies indicate important roles of nutraceuticals to manage different cancers. The plant bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a good source of nutrients and bio-active phytochemicals such as triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lectins, sterols and proteins. The plant is widely grown in Asia, Africa, and South America. Bitter melon has traditionally been used as a folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine in Asian culture to treat diseases such as diabetes, since ancient times. The crude extract and some of the isolated pure compounds of bitter melon show potential anticancer effects against different cancers. In this review, we shed light on its effect on OSCC. Bitter melon extract has been found to inhibit cell proliferation and metabolism, induce cell death and enhance the immune defense system in the prevention of OSCC in vitro and in vivo. Thus, bitter melon may be used as an attractive chemopreventive agent in progression towards OSCC clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Sur
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Promotion of Momordica Charantia polysaccharides on neural stem cell proliferation by increasing SIRT1 activity after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:254-263. [PMID: 33647420 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The deacetylase SIRT1 has been reported to play a critical role in regulating neurogenesis, which may be an adaptive processes contributing to recovery after stroke. Our previous work showed that the antioxidant capacity of Momordica charantia polysaccharides (MCPs) could protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) after stroke. However, whether the protective effect of MCPs on I/R injury is related to neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation remains unclear. In the present study, we designed invivo and invitro experiments to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which MCPs promote endogenous NSC proliferation during cerebral I/R. Invivo results showed that MCPs rescued the memory and learning abilities of rats after I/R damage and enhanced NSC proliferation in the rat subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgrannular zone (SGZ) during I/R. Invitro experiments demonstrated that MCPs could stimulate the proliferation of C17.2 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. Further studies revealed that the proliferation-promoting mechanism of MCPs relied on increasing the activity of SIRT1, decreasing the level of acetylation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm, and then triggering the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus. These data provide experimental evidence that the up-regulation of SIRT1 activity by MCPs led to an increased cytoplasmic deacetylation of β-catenin, which promoted translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus to participate in the signaling pathway involved in NSC proliferation. The present study reveals that MCPs function as a therapeutic drug to promote stroke recovery by increasing the activity of SIRT1, decreasing the level of acetylated β-catenin, promoting the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and thereby increasing endogenous NSC proliferation.
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Rasheed S, Zaidi S, Azim MK. The chloroplast genome sequence of Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd). GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kilcar AY, Yildiz O, Dogan T, Sulu E, Takan G, Muftuler FZ. The Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Extract on the Uptake of 99mTc Labeled Paclitaxel: In Vitro Monitoring in Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1497-1503. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200424124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bitter Melon Extract (BME) is widely used for the treatment of various diseases
worldwide due to its rich phytochemical and antioxidant content. The well-known anti-cancer drug Paclitaxel
(PAC) plays a major role in the treatment of various cancer types such as ovarian, breast, and lung cancer.
Technetium-99m (99mTc) radiolabeled paclitaxel is emerging as an imaging probe for breast cancer in vivo. 99mTc
labeled compounds have been attracting more scientific attention since the achievement of earlier researches in
Nuclear Medicine. People consume several types of diets of plant origin without knowing the interaction with
radiolabeled compounds or radiopharmaceuticals.
Objectives:
In the current study, we aimed to monitor the potential effects of the BME on the uptake of 99mTc
labeled Paclitaxel (99mTc-PAC) against MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-) cell lines by using in vitro
methods.
Methods:
BME was obtained by the extraction of BM seeds by 80% ethanol. PAC was labeled with 99mTc by
stannous chloride (SnCl2) as a reducing agent. Cytotoxicity and incorporation assays were performed on MCF-7
and MDA-MB-231 cells within the cell culture studies.
Results:
The uptake value of 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7 cells at 240 minutes was 6.20% and BME treated 99mTc-
PAC value was 17.39%.
Conclusion:
It is observed that BME treatment has a significant effect on the uptake of 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7
cells which is a known estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinoma cell line. It is concluded that this effect could
be due to the estrogen receptor-dependent interaction of BME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Y. Kilcar
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Onur Yildiz
- Chemistry Depertmant, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tansu Dogan
- Chemistry Depertmant, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Sulu
- Chemistry Depertmant, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Takan
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fazilet Z.B. Muftuler
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Sur S, Ray RB. Bitter Melon ( Momordica Charantia), a Nutraceutical Approach for Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2064. [PMID: 32726914 PMCID: PMC7464160 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Many dietary plant products show promising anticancer effects. Bitter melon or bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a nutrient-rich medicinal plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of many countries. Traditionally, bitter melon is used as a folk medicine and contains many bioactive components including triterpenoids, triterpene glycoside, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lectins, sterols and proteins that show potential anticancer activity without significant side effects. The preventive and therapeutic effects of crude extract or isolated components are studied in cell line-based models and animal models of multiple types of cancer. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in testing the cancer preventive and therapeutic activity of bitter melon with a focus on underlying molecular mechanisms. The crude extract and its components prevent many types of cancers by enhancing reactive oxygen species generation; inhibiting cancer cell cycle, cell signaling, cancer stem cells, glucose and lipid metabolism, invasion, metastasis, hypoxia, and angiogenesis; inducing apoptosis and autophagy cell death, and enhancing the immune defense. Thus, bitter melon may serve as a promising cancer preventive and therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Sur
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
- Cancer Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Santhosh Kumar J, Ramakrishan M, Seethapathy G, Krishna V, Uma Shaanker R, Ravikanth G. DNA barcoding of Momordica species and assessment of adulteration in Momordica herbal products, an anti-diabetic drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2020.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Mishra S, Ankit, Sharma R, Gogna N, Dorai K. NMR-based metabolomic profiling of the differential concentration of phytomedicinal compounds in pericarp, skin and seeds of Momordica charantia (bitter melon). Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:390-395. [PMID: 33438465 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1762190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Momordica charantia is a medicinal plant which is widely used in different traditional medicinal systems to treat several diseases. We have identified the differential distribution of phytomedicinally important metabolites in the pericarp, skin and seeds of M. charantia fruit via NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a clustering of the metabolic profiles of seeds and pericarp, and their clear separation from the metabolic profile of the skin. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the fruit extracts were estimated via bioassays, the radical scavenging activity was estimated via in vitro DPPH and ABTS assays and an inhibitory activity test of α-glucosidase was also performed. The pericarp and seeds contained significant amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, indicating that they are a good source for antioxidants. The skin contained a significantly higher amount of phytosterols such as Charantin and momordicine, which are known to correlate with antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mishra
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Navdeep Gogna
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India.,MDI Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Kavita Dorai
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
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16
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Bortolotti M, Mercatelli D, Polito L. Momordica charantia, a Nutraceutical Approach for Inflammatory Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:486. [PMID: 31139079 PMCID: PMC6517695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia, commonly called bitter melon, is a plant belonging to Cucurbitaceae family known for centuries for its pharmacological activities, and nutritional properties. Due to the presence of many bioactive compounds, some of which possess potent biological actions, this plant is used in folk medicine all over the world for the treatment of different pathologies, mainly diabetes, but also cancer, and other inflammation-associated diseases. It is widely demonstrated that M. charantia extracts contribute in lowering glycaemia in patients affected by type 2 diabetes. However, the majority of existing studies on M. charantia bioactive compounds were performed only on cell lines and in animal models. Therefore, because the real impact of bitter melon on human health has not been thoroughly demonstrated, systematic clinical studies are needed to establish its efficacy and safety in patients. Besides, both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that bitter melon may also elicit toxic or adverse effects under different conditions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic properties of bitter melon, discussing its pharmacological activity as well as the potential adverse effects. Even if a lot of literature is available about bitter melon as antidiabetic drug, few papers discuss the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Du Z, Zhang S, Lin Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yan G, Zhang M, Wang M, Li J, Tong Q, Duan Y, Du G. Momordicoside G Regulates Macrophage Phenotypes to Stimulate Efficient Repair of Lung Injury and Prevent Urethane-Induced Lung Carcinoma Lesions. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:321. [PMID: 30984004 PMCID: PMC6450463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordicoside G is a bioactive component from Momordica charantia, this study explores the contributions of macrophages to the effects of momordicoside G on lung injury and carcinoma lesion. In vitro, when administered at the dose that has no effect on cell viability in M2-like macrophages, momordicoside G decreased ROS and promoted autophagy and thus induced apoptosis in M1-like macrophages with the morphological changes. In the urethane-induced lung carcinogenic model, prior to lung carcinoma lesions, urethane induced obvious lung injury accompanied by the increased macrophage infiltration. The lung carcinoma lesions were positively correlated with lung tissue injury and macrophage infiltration in alveolar cavities in the control group, these macrophages showed mainly a M1-like (iNOS+/CD68+) phenotype. ELISA showed that the levels of IL-6 and IL-12 were increased and the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were reduced in the control group. After momordicoside G treatment, lung tissue injury and carcinoma lesions were ameliorated with the decreased M1-like macrophages and the increased M2-like (arginase+/CD68+) macrophages, whereas macrophage depletion by liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC) decreased significantly lung tissue injury and carcinoma lesions and also attenuated the protective efficacy of momordicoside G. The M2 macrophage dependent efficacy of momordicoside G was confirmed in a LPS-induced lung injury model in which epithelial closure was promoted by the transfer of M2-like macrophages and delayed by the transfer of M1-like macrophages. To acquire further insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms by which momordicoside G regulates M1 macrophages, we conduct a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of momordicoside G relevant targets and pathways involved in M1 macrophage phenotype. This study suggests a function of momordicoside G, whereby it selectively suppresses M1 macrophages to stimulate M2-associated lung injury repair and prevent inflammation-associated lung carcinoma lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Du
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yukun Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guixi Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiahuan Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiaozhen Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjian Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gangjun Du
- Institute of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Pharmacy and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Xinzheng, China
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Agyare C, Spiegler V, Asase A, Scholz M, Hempel G, Hensel A. An ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traditionally used for cancer treatment in the Ashanti region, Ghana. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 212:137-152. [PMID: 29066406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer represents a major health burden and drain on healthcare resources in the world. The majority of the people of Africa still patronize traditional medicine for their health needs, including various forms of cancer. The aim of the following study is the identification of medicinal plants used for cancer treatment by the traditional healers in the Ashanti area of Ghana and to cross-reference the identified plant species with published scientific literature. METHODOLOGY Validated questionnaires were administered to 85 traditional healers in 10 communities within Ashanti region. For cross-validation, also 7 healers located outside Ashanti region were investigated to evaluate regional differences. Interviews and structured conversations were used to administer the questionnaires. Selected herbal material dominantly used by the healers was collected and identified. RESULTS The ethnopharmacological survey revealed 151 plant species used for cancer treatment. Identified species were classified into different groups according to their frequency of use, resulting in the "top-22" plants. Interestingly group I (very frequent use) contained 5 plant species (Khaya senegalensis, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Azadirachta indica, Entandrophragma angolense, Terminalia superba), three of which belong to the plant family Meliaceae, phytochemically mainly characterized by the presence of limonoids. Cross-referencing of all plants identified by current scientific literature revealed species which have not been documented for cancer therapy until now. Special interest was laid on use of plants for cancer treatment of children. CONCLUSION A variety of traditionally used anti-cancer plants from Ghana have been identified and the widespread use within ethnotraditional medicine is obvious. Further in vitro and clinical studies will be performed in the near future to rationalize the phytochemical and functional scientific background of the respective extracts for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agyare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Verena Spiegler
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alex Asase
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Scholz
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Hempel
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry - Clinical Pharmacy, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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19
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Bhattacharya S, Muhammad N, Steele R, Peng G, Ray RB. Immunomodulatory role of bitter melon extract in inhibition of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33202-9. [PMID: 27120805 PMCID: PMC5078086 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer and leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Despite the advancement in treatment procedures the overall survival rate of patients has not considerably enhanced in the past few decades. Therefore, new strategies to achieve a favorable response for the improvement in the prognosis of HNSCC are urgently needed. In this study, we examined the role of bitter melon extract (BME) in HNSCC tumor microenvironment. Mouse head and neck cancer (SCCVII) cells were subcutaneously injected into the flanks of syngeneic mice. We observed that oral gavage of BME significantly inhibits the tumor growth in mice as compared to control group. Further study suggested that BME inhibits cell proliferation as evident from low expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and c-Myc in the tumors of BME fed mice as compared to that of control group. We next investigated the role of BME as an immunomodulator in HNSCC model. Forkhead box protein P3+ (FoxP3+) T cells suppress tumor immunity. Our data suggested that BME treatment decreases the infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells by inhibiting FoxP3+ populations in the tumors and in spleens. Additionally, BME treatment reduces Th17 cell population in the tumor. However, BME treatment did not alter Th1 and Th2 cell populations. Together, our findings offer a new insight into how bitter melon extract inhibits head and neck tumor growth by modulating cell proliferation and Treg populations, with implications for how to control tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Richmond RA, Vuong QV, Scarlett CJ. Cytotoxic Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Fractions on Pancreatic Cancer Cells in vitro. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2:1-11. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Muhammad N, Steele R, Isbell TS, Philips N, Ray RB. Bitter melon extract inhibits breast cancer growth in preclinical model by inducing autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66226-66236. [PMID: 29029506 PMCID: PMC5630406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major public health problem worldwide in women and current therapeutic strategies are not adequately effective for this deadly disease. We have previously shown the anti-proliferative activity of bitter melon extract (BME) in breast cancer cells. In this study, we observed that BME treatment induces autophagosome-bound Long chain 3 (LC3)-B and accumulates protein p62/SQSTM1 (p62) in breast cancer cells. Additionally, we observed that BME treatment in breast cancer cells increases phospho-AMPK expression and inhibits the mTOR/Akt signaling pathway. Subsequently, we demonstrated that BME feeding effectively inhibited breast cancer growth in syngeneic and xenograft mouse models. Further, we observed the increased p62 accumulation, induction of autophagy and apoptotic cell death in tumors from BME-fed animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BME treatment inhibits breast tumor growth, and this anti-tumor activity in breast cancer is, in part, mediated by induction of autophagy and modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway. The antitumor activity of BME by oral feeding in breast cancer models suggested the high potential for a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - T Scott Isbell
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nancy Philips
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Deng Y, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Wei Z, Tang X, Zhang M. Protective effect of Momordica charantia water extract against liver injury in restraint-stressed mice and the underlying mechanism. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1348864. [PMID: 28747868 PMCID: PMC5510204 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1348864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Momordica charantia is used in China for its jianghuo (heat-clearing and detoxifying) effects. The concept of shanghuo (the antonym of jianghuo, excessive internal heat) in traditional Chinese medicine is considered a type of stress response of the body. The stress process involves internal organs, especially the liver. Objective: We hypothesized that Momordica charantia water extract (MWE) has a hepatoprotective effect and can protect the body from stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of MWE against liver injury in restraint-stressed mice. Design: The mice were intragastrically administered with MWE (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw) daily for 7 days. The Normal Control (NC) and Model groups were administered distilled water. A positive control group was intragastrically administered vitamin C 250 mg/kg bw. After the last administration, mice were restrained for 20 h. Results: MWE reduced the serum AST and ALT, reduced the NO content and the protein expression level of iNOSin the liver; significantly reduced the mitochondrial ROS content, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and II in restraint-stressed mice. Conclusions: The results indicate that MWE has a protective effect against liver injury in restraint-stressed mice. Abbreviations: MWE: Momordica charantia water extract; M. charantia: Momordica charantia L.; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: interleukin 6; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; VC: vitamin C; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; GSH: glutathione; GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; BCA: bicinchoninic acid; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; Trolox: 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; JC-B: Janus Green B; DW: dry weight; FC: Folin-Ciocalteu; GAE: gallic acid equivalents; bw: body weight; NC: normal control group; Model: restraint stress model group; VC: positive control vitamin C group, 250 mg/kg bw; MWEL: Momordica charantia water extract low-dose group, 250 mg/kg bw; MWEM: Momordica charantia water extract middle-dose group, 500 mg/kg bw; MWEH: Momordica charantia water extract high-dose group, 750 mg/kg bw; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ORAC: total oxygen radical absorbance capacity; ABAP: dihydrochloride; ATP: adenosine triphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhencheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Bhattacharya S, Muhammad N, Steele R, Kornbluth J, Ray RB. Bitter Melon Enhances Natural Killer-Mediated Toxicity against Head and Neck Cancer Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:337-344. [PMID: 28465362 PMCID: PMC5499682 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the major components of innate immunity, with the ability to mediate antitumor activity. Understanding the role of NK-cell-mediated tumor killing in controlling of solid tumor growth is still in the developmental stage. We have shown recently that bitter melon extract (BME) modulates the regulatory T cell (Treg) population in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the role of BME in NK-cell modulation against HNSCC remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether BME can enhance the NK-cell killing activity against HNSCC cells. Our results indicated that treatment of human NK-cell line (NK3.3) with BME enhances ability to kill HNSCC cells. BME increases granzyme B accumulation and translocation/accumulation of CD107a/LAMP1 in NK3.3 cells exposed to BME. Furthermore, an increase in cell surface expression of CD16 and NKp30 in BME-treated NK3.3 cells was observed when cocultured with HNSCC cells. Collectively, our results demonstrated for the first time that BME augments NK-cell-mediated HNSCC killing activity, implicating an immunomodulatory role of BME. Cancer Prev Res; 10(6); 337-44. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Medicine, Traditional/methods
- Momordica charantia/chemistry
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3/metabolism
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jacki Kornbluth
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Saint Louis VA Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Kunde DA, Chong WC, Nerurkar PV, Ahuja KD, Just J, Smith JA, Guven N, Eri RD. Bitter melon protects against ER stress in LS174T colonic epithelial cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:2. [PMID: 28049460 PMCID: PMC5210302 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter Melon (BM) has been used as a functional food in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for many generations and has gained a great deal of attention due to its apparent benefits in moderating some of the pathogenic processes in a variety of inflammatory conditions. BM extract (BME) has been shown to possess strong anti-oxidant properties. In addition, it can ameliorate oxidative stress and potentially ER stress. There is increasing evidence that oxidative and ER stress are major contributors for intestinal secretory cell dysfunction which leads to local inflammation and disease pathogenesis that are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Hence, the search for potential therapeutics against ER stress and oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial secretory cells may provide valuable resources for the management of IBD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BME in ameliorating ER stress in colonic epithelial cells. METHODS Human colonic adenocarcinoma LS174T cells were used for the assessment of BME effects on colonic epithelial cells in vitro. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue exclusion and the effect of BME in ameliorating tunicamycin (TM)-induced ER stress was determined by analysing the mRNA expression of the common ER stress markers; ATF6, XBP1, GRP78, CHOP and PERK by quantitative RT-PCR and GRP78 and CHOP by western blot. RESULTS In the absence of ER stress, BME exhibited no cell toxicity up to 2.0% w/v and no significant effect on the basal mRNA expression of ER stress markers in LS174T cells. In contrast, pre-treatment of LS174T cells with BME followed by induction of ER stress resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA expression of ATF6, XBP1, GRP78, CHOP and PERK and protein expression of GRP78 and CHOP. Co-treatment during induction of ER stress and post- treatment following induction of ER Stress in LS174T cells resulted in a lower but still significant reduction in mRNA expression levels of most ER stress markers. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies demonstrating the efficacy of BME in reducing expression of ER stress markers in colonic epithelial cells suggesting the potential of BME as a dietary intervention in ameliorating ER stress and oxidation in IBD. Interestingly, while the most significant effect was seen with pre-treatment of cells with BME there was a reduced but still significant effect when co-treated or even post-treated. This suggests that BME may even be effective in modulating ER stress in the face of an existing cell stress environment.
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Zhang F, Lin L, Xie J. A mini-review of chemical and biological properties of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wang S, Zheng Y, Xiang F, Li S, Yang G. Antifungal activity of Momordica charantia seed extracts toward the pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani L. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:881-887. [PMID: 28911628 PMCID: PMC9337286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia L., a vegetable crop with high nutritional value, has been used as an antimutagenic, antihelminthic, anticancer, antifertility, and antidiabetic agent in traditional folk medicine. In this study, the antifungal activity of M. charantia seed extract toward Fusarium solani L. was evaluated. Results showed that M. charantia seed extract effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of F. solani, with a 50% inhibitory rate (IC50) value of 108.934 μg/mL. Further analysis with optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the seed extract led to deformation of cells with irregular budding, loss of integrity of cell wall, as well as disruption of the fungal cell membrane. In addition, genomic DNA was also severely affected, as small DNA fragments shorter than 50 bp appeared on agarose gel. These findings implied that M. charantia seed extract containing α-momorcharin, a typical ribosome-inactivating protein, could be an effective agent in the control of fungal pathogens, and such natural products would represent a sustainable alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Fu Xiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
- Corresponding author. College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, China E-mail address: (S. Wang)
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A triterpenoid from wild bitter gourd inhibits breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22419. [PMID: 26926586 PMCID: PMC4772478 DOI: 10.1038/srep22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor activity of 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al (TCD), a triterpenoid isolated from wild bitter gourd, in breast cancer cells was investigated. TCD suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with IC50 values at 72 h of 19 and 23 μM, respectively, via a PPARγ−independent manner. TCD induced cell apoptosis accompanied with pleiotrophic biological modulations including down-regulation of Akt-NF-κB signaling, up-regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p53, increased reactive oxygen species generation, inhibition of histone deacetylases protein expression, and cytoprotective autophagy. Together, these findings provided the translational value of TCD and wild bitter gourd as an antitumor agent for patients with breast cancer.
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Antimutagenic Compounds of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Isolation and Structural Elucidation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8148215. [PMID: 27006678 PMCID: PMC4783554 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8148215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the main cause of mortality worldwide; thus, the search of chemopreventive compounds to prevent the disease has become a priority. White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has been reported as a source of compounds with chemopreventive activities. In this study, shrimp lipids were extracted and then fractionated in order to isolate those compounds responsible for the antimutagenic activity. The antimutagenic activity was assessed by the inhibition of the mutagenic effect of aflatoxin B1 on TA98 and TA100 Salmonella tester strains using the Ames test. Methanolic fraction was responsible for the highest antimutagenic activity (95.6 and 95.9% for TA98 and TA100, resp.) and was further separated into fifteen different subfractions (M1-M15). Fraction M8 exerted the highest inhibition of AFB1 mutation (96.5 and 101.6% for TA98 and TA100, resp.) and, after further fractionation, four subfractions M8a, M8b, M8c, and M8d were obtained. Data from (1)H and (13)C NMR, and mass spectrometry analysis of fraction M8a (the one with the highest antimutagenic activity), suggest that the compound responsible for its antimutagenicity is an apocarotenoid.
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Feitelson MA, Arzumanyan A, Kulathinal RJ, Blain SW, Holcombe RF, Mahajna J, Marino M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Nawroth R, Sanchez-Garcia I, Sharma D, Saxena NK, Singh N, Vlachostergios PJ, Guo S, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Bilsland A, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Keith WN, Nowsheen S. Sustained proliferation in cancer: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S25-S54. [PMID: 25892662 PMCID: PMC4898971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stacy W Blain
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Randall F Holcombe
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, V.le G. Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Metabolomic Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isidro Sanchez-Garcia
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Neeraj K Saxena
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Neetu Singh
- Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Shanchun Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YG, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmonas Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, United States
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Guterres ZR, Zanetti TA, Sennes-Lopes TF, Gomes da Silva AF. Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Potential of Momordica charantia Linn (Cucurbitaceae) in the Wing Spot Test of Drosophila melanogaster. J Med Food 2015; 18:1136-42. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Rosa Guterres
- Laboratory Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Laboratory Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Felipe Sennes-Lopes
- Laboratory Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Francisca Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory Cytogenetic and Mutagenesis, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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31
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Jang SW, Lim SG, Lee DS, Suk K, Lee WH. Fermented bitter gourd extract differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine gene expression through nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor-1. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1042405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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32
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Upadhyay A, Agrahari P, Singh D. A Review on Salient Pharmacological Features of Momordica charantia. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.405.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Screening antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties of extracts isolated from Jackfruit pulp (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam). Food Chem 2015; 175:409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activities of Plumericin, an Iridoid Isolated from Momordica charantia Vine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:823178. [PMID: 25945113 PMCID: PMC4405293 DOI: 10.1155/2015/823178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plumericin, an iridoid lactone, was isolated with relatively high yield from Momordica charantia vine using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and the separation box (Sepbox) comprising dual combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction. This compound showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values better than cloxacillin. Plumericin potently inhibited proliferation of two leukemic cancer cell lines: they were acute and chronic leukemic cancer cell lines, NB4 and K562, with the effective doses (ED50) of 4.35 ± 0.21 and 5.58 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the mechanism of growth inhibition in both cell lines was induced by apoptosis, together with G2/M arrest in K562 cells.
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35
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Lu KH, Tseng HC, Liu CT, Huang CJ, Chyuan JH, Sheen LY. Wild bitter gourd protects against alcoholic fatty liver in mice by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Food Funct 2014; 5:1027-37. [PMID: 24664243 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a common vegetable grown widely in Asia that is used as a traditional medicine. The objective of this study was to investigate whether wild bitter gourd possessed protective effects against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet for 4 weeks to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Meanwhile, mice were treated with ethanol extracts from four different wild bitter gourd cultivars: Hualien No. 1', Hualien No. 2', Hualien No. 3' and Hualien No. 4'. The results indicated that the daily administration of 500 mg kg body weight(-1) of a Hualien No. 3' extract (H3E) or a Hualien No. 4' extract (H4E) markedly reduced the steatotic alternation of liver histopathology. In addition, the activation of serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT) and the accumulation of hepatic TG content caused by alcohol were ameliorated. The hepatoprotective effects of H3E and H4E involved the enhancement of the antioxidant defence system (GSH, GPx, GRd, CAT and SOD), inhibition of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in the liver. Moreover, H3E and H4E supplementation suppressed the alcohol-induced elevation of CYP2E1, SREBP-1, FAS and ACC protein expression. These results demonstrated that ethanol extracts of Hualien No. 3' and Hualien No. 4' have beneficial effects against alcoholic fatty liver, in which they attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617.
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López-Saiz CM, Velázquez C, Hernández J, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Robles-Sánchez M, Machi-Lara L, Burgos-Hernández A. Isolation and structural elucidation of antiproliferative compounds of lipidic fractions from white shrimp muscle (Litopenaeus vannamei). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23555-70. [PMID: 25526568 PMCID: PMC4284780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most popular seafood items worldwide, and has been reported as a source of chemopreventive compounds. In this study, shrimp lipids were separated by solvent partition and further fractionated by semi-preparative RP-HPLC and finally by open column chromatography in order to obtain isolated antiproliferative compounds. Antiproliferative activity was assessed by inhibition of M12.C3.F6 murine cell growth using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The methanolic fraction showed the highest antiproliferative activity; this fraction was separated into 15 different sub-fractions (M1-M15). Fractions M8, M9, M10, M12, and M13 were antiproliferative at 100 µg/mL and they were further tested at lower concentrations. Fractions M12 and M13 exerted the highest growth inhibition with an IC50 of 19.5 ± 8.6 and 34.9 ± 7.3 µg/mL, respectively. Fraction M12 was further fractionated in three sub-fractions M12a, M12b, and M12c. Fraction M12a was identified as di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate, fraction M12b as a triglyceride substituted by at least two fatty acids (predominantly oleic acid accompanied with eicosapentaenoic acid) and fraction M12c as another triglyceride substituted with eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated fatty acids. Bioactive triglyceride contained in M12c exerted the highest antiproliferative activity with an IC50 of 11.33 ± 5.6 µg/mL. Biological activity in shrimp had been previously attributed to astaxanthin; this study demonstrated that polyunsaturated fatty acids are the main compounds responsible for antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen-María López-Saiz
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Velázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1685, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | - Javier Hernández
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xico, Veracruz 91190, Mexico.
| | - Francisco-Javier Cinco-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | - Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | - Maribel Robles-Sánchez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | - Lorena Machi-Lara
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1685, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
| | - Armando Burgos-Hernández
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
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Preventive effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) against insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with the inhibition of NF-κB and JNK pathways in high-fat-fed OLETF rats. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:234-40. [PMID: 25488547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bitter melon (BM; Momordica charantia) has been used as a treatment method for various diseases including cancer and diabetes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether BM has preventive effects against insulin resistance and diabetes and to identify the underlying mechanism by which BM ameliorates insulin resistance in obese and diabetic rats. The rats were separated into three groups as follows: (a) high-fat (HF) diet control, (b) HF diet and 1% BM and (c) HF diet and 3% BM. After 6 weeks of assigned treatments, body weight and food intake were not altered by BM administration. Bitter melon treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly down-regulated in liver, muscle and epididymal fats from BM-treated rats. The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver and muscle was decreased by BM compared with HF controls. The 3% BM supplementation significantly increased the levels of phospho-insulin receptor substrate-1 (Tyr612) and phospho-Akt (Ser473). It also significantly decreased the levels of phospho-NF-κB (p65) (Ser536) and phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Thr183/Tyr185) in liver, muscle and epididymal fats. The findings of this study indicate that BM exerted preventive effects against insulin resistance and diabetes through the modulation of NF-κB and JNK pathways. Therefore, BM may be useful in the prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes.
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38
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Deng YY, Yi Y, Zhang LF, Zhang RF, Zhang Y, Wei ZC, Tang XJ, Zhang MW. Immunomodulatory activity and partial characterisation of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. Molecules 2014; 19:13432-47. [PMID: 25178064 PMCID: PMC6271773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia Linn. is used as an edible and medicinal vegetable in sub-tropical areas. Until now, studies on its composition and related activities have been confined to compounds of low molecular mass, and no data have been reported concerning the plant's polysaccharides. In this work, a crude polysaccharide of M. charantia (MCP) fruit was isolated by hot water extraction and then purified using DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange chromatography to produce two main fractions MCP1 and MCP2. The immunomodulatory effects and physicochemical characteristics of these fractions were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that intragastric administration of 150 or 300 mg·kg-·d⁻¹ of MCP significantly increased the carbolic particle clearance index, serum haemolysin production, spleen index, thymus index and NK cell cytotoxicity to normal control levels in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Both MCP1 and MCP2 effectively stimulated normal and concanavalin A-induced splenic lymphocyte proliferation in vitro at various doses. The average molecular weights of MCP1 and MCP2, which were measured using high-performance gel permeation chromatography, were 8.55×10⁴ Da and 4.41×10⁵ Da, respectively. Both fractions exhibited characteristic polysaccharide bands in their Fourier transform infrared spectrum. MCP1 is mainly composed of glucose and galactose, and MCP2 is mainly composed of glucose, mannose and galactose. The results indicate that MCP and its fractions have good potential as immunotherapeutic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mail:
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Rui-Fen Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Zhen-Cheng Wei
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Xiao-Jun Tang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Ming-Wei Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasan Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Overview of Botanical Status in EU, USA, and Thailand. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:480128. [PMID: 24228061 PMCID: PMC3818839 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The botanical status in EU, USA, and Thailand is different owing to the regulatory status, the progress of science, and the influence of culture and society. In the EU, botanicals are positioned as herbal medicinal products and food supplements, in the US they are regulated as dietary supplements but often used as traditional medicines, and in Thailand, they are regulated and used as traditional medicines. Information for some of the most popular botanicals from each country is included in this review.
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López-Saiz CM, Suárez-Jiménez GM, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Burgos-Hernández A. Shrimp lipids: a source of cancer chemopreventive compounds. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3926-50. [PMID: 24135910 PMCID: PMC3826143 DOI: 10.3390/md11103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most popular seafoods worldwide, and its lipids have been studied for biological activity in both, muscle and exoskeleton. Free fatty acids, triglycerides, carotenoids, and other lipids integrate this fraction, and some of these compounds have been reported with cancer chemopreventive activities. Carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been extensively studied for chemopreventive properties, in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Their mechanisms of action depend on the lipid chemical structure and include antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. The purpose of this review is to lay groundwork for future research about the properties of the lipid fraction of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen-María López-Saiz
- Department of Research and Food Science Graduate Program, University of Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
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Kwatra D, Venugopal A, Standing D, Ponnurangam S, Dhar A, Mitra A, Anant S. Bitter melon extracts enhance the activity of chemotherapeutic agents through the modulation of multiple drug resistance. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4444-54. [PMID: 24129966 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that extracts of bitter melon (BME) can be used as a preventive/therapeutic agent in colon cancers. Here, we determined BME effects on anticancer activity and bioavailability of doxorubicin (DOX) in colon cancer cells. BME enhanced the effect of DOX on cell proliferation and sensitized the cells toward DOX upon pretreatment. Furthermore, there was both increased drug uptake and reduced drug efflux. We also observed a reduction in the expression of multidrug resistance conferring proteins (MDRCP) P-glycoprotein, MRP-2, and BCRP. Further BME suppressed DOX efflux in MDCK cells overexpressing the three efflux proteins individually, suggesting that BME is a potent inhibitor of MDR function. Next, we determined the effect of BME on PXR, a xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptor and a transcription factor that controls the expression of the three MDR genes. BME suppressed PXR promoter activity thereby suppressing its expression. Finally, we determined the effect of AMPK pathway on drug efflux because we have previously demonstrated that BME affects the pathway. However, inhibiting AMPK did not affect drug resistance, suggesting that BME may use different pathways for the anticancer and MDR modulating activities. Together, these results suggest that BME can enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Kwatra
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160
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Inhibitory effects of new varieties of bitter melon on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Kaur M, Deep G, Jain AK, Raina K, Agarwal C, Wempe MF, Agarwal R. Bitter melon juice activates cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase causing apoptotic death of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1585-92. [PMID: 23475945 PMCID: PMC3697895 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of pancreatic cancer is extremely poor, suggesting critical needs for additional drugs to improve disease outcome. In this study, we examined efficacy and associated mechanism of a novel agent bitter melon juice (BMJ) against pancreatic carcinoma cells both in culture and nude mice. BMJ anticancer efficacy was analyzed in human pancreatic carcinoma BxPC-3, MiaPaCa-2, AsPC-1 and Capan-2 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, cell death enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and annexin/propidium iodide assays. BMJ effect on apoptosis regulators was assessed by immunoblotting. In vivo BMJ efficacy was evaluated against MiaPaCa-2 tumors in nude mice, and xenograft was analyzed for biomarkers by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results showed that BMJ (2-5% v/v) decreases cell viability in all four pancreatic carcinoma cell lines by inducing strong apoptotic death. At molecular level, BMJ caused caspases activation, altered expression of Bcl-2 family members and cytochrome-c release into the cytosol. Additionally, BMJ decreased survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein but increased p21, CHOP and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38) levels. Importantly, BMJ activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a biomarker for cellular energy status, and an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) reversed BMJ-induced caspase-3 activation suggesting activated AMPK involvement in BMJ-induced apoptosis. In vivo, oral administration of lyophilized BMJ (5mg in 100 µl water/day/mouse) for 6 weeks inhibited MiaPaCa-2 tumor xenograft growth by 60% (P < 0.01) without noticeable toxicity in nude mice. IHC analyses of MiaPaCa-2 xenografts showed that BMJ also inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis and activates AMPK in vivo. Overall, BMJ exerts strong anticancer efficacy against human pancreatic carcinoma cells, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anil K. Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael F. Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Hsiao PC, Liaw CC, Hwang SY, Cheng HL, Zhang LJ, Shen CC, Hsu FL, Kuo YH. Antiproliferative and hypoglycemic cucurbitane-type glycosides from the fruits of Momordica charantia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2979-2986. [PMID: 23432055 DOI: 10.1021/jf3041116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports that bioassay-guided fractionations of EtOH extract of Momordica charantia fruits led to the isolation of 15 cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides including 4 new compounds, kuguaosides A-D (1-4), along with 11 known ones, charantoside A (5), momordicosides I (6), F1 (7), F2 (8), K (9), L (10), and U (11), goyaglycosides-b (12) and -d (13), 7β,25-dihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al 3-O-β-d-allopyranoside (14), and 25-hydroxy-5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23-dien-19-on-3β-ol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (15). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. This study also established the HPLC-ELSD fingerprinting profile of an antiproliferative fraction of which 11 main peaks were identified. Biological evaluation showed that several isolated cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides had antiproliferative activities against MCF-7, WiDr, HEp-2, and Doay human tumor cell lines. In addition, compound 14 showed potent hypoglycemic activities by glucose uptake assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chun Hsiao
- Divison of Herbal Drugs and Natural Products, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Kwatra D, Subramaniam D, Ramamoorthy P, Standing D, Moran E, Velayutham R, Mitra A, Umar S, Anant S. Methanolic extracts of bitter melon inhibit colon cancer stem cells by affecting energy homeostasis and autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:702869. [PMID: 23533514 PMCID: PMC3606719 DOI: 10.1155/2013/702869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bitter melon fruit is recommended in ancient Indian and Chinese medicine for prevention/treatment of diabetes. However its effects on cancer progression are not well understood. Here, we have determined the efficacy of methanolic extracts of bitter melon on colon cancer stem and progenitor cells. Both, whole fruit (BMW) and skin (BMSk) extracts showed significant inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation, with BMW showing greater efficacy. In addition, the cells were arrested at the S phase of cell cycle. Moreover, BMW induced the cleavage of LC3B but not caspase 3/7, suggesting that the cells were undergoing autophagy and not apoptosis. Further confirmation of autophagy was obtained when western blots showed reduced Bcl-2 and increased Beclin-1, Atg 7 and 12 upon BMW treatment. BMW reduced cellular ATP levels coupled with activation of AMP activated protein kinase; on the other hand, exogenous additions of ATP lead to revival of cell proliferation. Finally, BMW treatment results in a dose-dependent reduction in the number and size of colonospheres. The extracts also decreased the expression of DCLK1 and Lgr5, markers of quiescent, and activated stem cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the extracts of bitter melon can be an effective preventive/therapeutic agent for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Kwatra
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Dharmalingam Subramaniam
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Prabhu Ramamoorthy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David Standing
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Elizabeth Moran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Ashim Mitra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bitter melon extract inhibits proliferation of Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:353-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tuan PA, Kim JK, Lee S, Chae SC, Park SU. Riboflavin accumulation and characterization of cDNAs encoding lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase in bitter melon (Momordica charantia). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11980-11986. [PMID: 23153065 DOI: 10.1021/jf3036963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the universal precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide--cofactors that are essential for the activity of a wide variety of metabolic enzymes in animals, plants, and microbes. Using the RACE PCR approach, cDNAs encoding lumazine synthase (McLS) and riboflavin synthase (McRS), which catalyze the last two steps in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway, were cloned from bitter melon (Momordica charantia), a popular vegetable crop in Asia. Amino acid sequence alignments indicated that McLS and McRS share high sequence identity with other orthologous genes and carry an N-terminal extension, which is reported to be a plastid-targeting sequence. Organ expression analysis using quantitative real-time RT PCR showed that McLS and McRS were constitutively expressed in M. charantia, with the strongest expression levels observed during the last stage of fruit ripening (stage 6). This correlated with the highest level of riboflavin content, which was detected during ripening stage 6 by HPLC analysis. McLS and McRS were highly expressed in the young leaves and flowers, whereas roots exhibited the highest accumulation of riboflavin. The cloning and characterization of McLS and McRS from M. charantia may aid the metabolic engineering of vitamin B2 in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Zhu Y, Dong Y, Qian X, Cui F, Guo Q, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xiong Z. Effect of superfine grinding on antidiabetic activity of bitter melon powder. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:14203-18. [PMID: 23203059 PMCID: PMC3509575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic activities of bitter melon powders produced with lyophilization/superfine grinding and hot air drying/normal grinding were investigated in vivo for selecting a suitable bitter melon processing procedure. After a five-week treatment, bitter melon lyophilized superfine grinding powder (BLSP) had a higher antidiabetic activity with reducing fasting blood glucose levels from 21.40 to 12.54 mmol/L, the serum insulin levels from 40.93 to 30.74 mIU/L, and restoring activities of SOD compared with those in the bitter melon hot air drying powder (BAP) treated group. Furthermore, BLSP protected pancreatic tissues including islet beta cells and reduced the loss of islet cells. Combined with the difference of compositions in BLSP and BAP, it could be concluded that superfine grinding and lyophilization processes were beneficial for presenting the antidiabetic activity, which will provide a reference for direct utilization of bitter melon as a suitable functional food to relieve symptoms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xiwen Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Fengjie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Qin Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xinghua Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhiyu Xiong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (X.Q.); (F.C.); (Q.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
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Tabata K, Hamano A, Akihisa T, Suzuki T. Kuguaglycoside C, a constituent of Momordica charantia, induces caspase-independent cell death of neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2153-8. [PMID: 22957888 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuguaglycoside C is a triterpene glycoside isolated from the leaves of Momordica charantia, and the biological effects of this compound remain almost unknown. We investigated the anti-cancer effect of kuguaglycoside C against human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. In the MTT assay, kuguaglycoside C induced significant cytotoxicity against the IMR-32 cells (IC(50) : 12.6 μM) after 48 h treatment. Although examination by Hoechst 33342 staining revealed that kuguaglycoside C induced nuclear shrinkage at a high concentration (100 μM), no apoptotic bodies were observed on flow cytometry. No activation of caspase-3 or caspase-9 was observed at the effective concentration (30 μM) of kuguaglycoside C. On the other hand, the substance significantly decreased the expression of survivin and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Kuguaglycoside C also significantly increased the expression and cleavage of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Moreover, kuguaglycoside C was found to induce caspase-independent DNA cleavage in the dual-fluorescence apoptosis detection assay. These results suggest that kuguaglycoside C induces caspase-independent cell death, and is involved, at least in part, in the mechanism underlying cell necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tabata
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan.
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