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Freerks L, Arien T, Mackie C, Inghelbrecht S, Klein S. A toolbox for mimicking gastrointestinal conditions in children: Design and evaluation of biorelevant dissolution media for mimicking paediatric gastric- and small intestinal conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:144-157. [PMID: 37852543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present work was to develop an in vitro toolbox to evaluate the oral administration of dosage forms to children of different age groups and under different administration conditions (fasted/fed). Based on current data on the gastrointestinal physiology of children, a set of new biorelevant media was designed to mimic the composition and physicochemical properties of resting gastric and resting small intestinal fluid in children of different age groups. In addition, guidelines were developed on how to generate fasted and fed state gastric and small intestinal fluids by combining these media with age-specific drinking volumes or portions of already established simulated paediatric breakfast meals, respectively. These fluids can simulate the conditions in the paediatric stomach and small intestine after administration of a dosage form in the fasting state or after a breakfast. The in vitro toolbox was evaluated using the example of pre-school children with a total of five paediatric medicines. Results from the corresponding set of in vitro studies highlight the importance of addressing patient-specific characteristics rather than downscaling existing adult in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freerks
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tina Arien
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Klein
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. Crystallinity: A Complex Critical Quality Attribute of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4802-4825. [PMID: 37699354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Does the performance of an amorphous solid dispersion rely on having 100% amorphous content? What specifications are appropriate for crystalline content within an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) drug product? In this Perspective, the origin and significance of crystallinity within amorphous solid dispersions will be considered. Crystallinity can be found within an ASD from one of two pathways: (1) incomplete amorphization, or (2) crystal creation (nucleation and crystal growth). While nucleation and crystal growth is the more commonly considered pathway, where crystals originate as a physical stability failure upon accelerated or prolonged storage, manufacturing-based origins of crystallinity are possible as well. Detecting trace levels of crystallinity is a significant analytical challenge, and orthogonal methods should be employed to develop a holistic assessment of sample properties. Probing the impact of crystallinity on release performance which may translate to meaningful clinical significance is inherently challenging, requiring optimization of dissolution test variables to address the complexity of ASD formulations, in terms of drug physicochemical properties (e.g., crystallization tendency), level of crystallinity, crystal reference material selection, and formulation characteristics. The complexity of risk presented by crystallinity to product performance will be illuminated through several case studies, highlighting that a one-size-fits-all approach cannot be used to set specification limits, as the risk of crystallinity can vary widely based on a multitude of factors. Risk assessment considerations surrounding drug physicochemical properties, formulation fundamentals, physical stability, dissolution, and crystal micromeritic properties will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Worldwide Research and Development Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Moens F, Vandevijver G, De Blaiser A, Larsson A, Spreafico F, Augustijns P, Marzorati M. The Dynamic Intestinal Absorption Model (Diamod®), an in vitro tool to study the interconnected kinetics of gastrointestinal solubility, supersaturation, precipitation, and intestinal permeation processes of oral drugs. Int J Pharm X 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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Moseson DE, Corum ID, Lust A, Altman KJ, Hiew TN, Eren A, Nagy ZK, Taylor LS. Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Residual Crystallinity: Competition Between Dissolution and Matrix Crystallization. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:69. [PMID: 34002256 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crystallinity in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) may negatively impact dissolution performance by causing lost solubility advantage and/or seeding crystal growth leading to desupersaturation. The goal of the study was to evaluate underlying dissolution and crystallization mechanisms resulting from residual crystallinity contained within bicalutamide (BCL)/polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA) ASDs produced by hot melt extrusion (HME). In-line Raman spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize crystallization kinetics and mechanisms. The fully amorphous ASD (0% crystallinity) did not dissolve completely, and underwent crystallization to the metastable polymorph (form 2), initiating in the amorphous matrix at the interface of the amorphous solid with water. Under non-sink conditions, higher extents of supersaturation were achieved because dissolution initially proceeded unhindered prior to nucleation. ASDs containing residual crystallinity had markedly reduced supersaturation. Solid-mediated crystallization (matrix crystallization) consumed the amorphous solid, growing the stable polymorph (form 1). Under sink conditions, both the fully amorphous ASD and crystalline physical mixture achieve faster release than the ASDs containing residual crystallinity. In the latter systems, matrix crystallization leads to highly agglomerated crystals with high relative surface area. Solution-mediated crystallization was not a significant driver of concentration loss, due to slow crystal growth from solution in the presence of PVPVA. The high risk stemming from residual crystallinity in BCL/PVPVA ASDs stems from (1) fast matrix crystallization propagating from crystal seeds, and (2) growth of the stable crystal form. This study has implications for dissolution performance outcomes of ASDs containing residual crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Isaac D Corum
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Andres Lust
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Kevin J Altman
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Ayse Eren
- Charles B. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Charles B. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Dynamic Colon Model (DCM): A Cine-MRI Informed Biorelevant In Vitro Model of the Human Proximal Large Intestine Characterized by Positron Imaging Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070659. [PMID: 32668624 PMCID: PMC7407282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work used in vivo MRI images of human colon wall motion to inform a biorelevant Dynamic Colon Model (DCM) to understand the interplay of wall motion, volume, viscosity, fluid, and particle motion within the colon lumen. Hydrodynamics and particle motion within the DCM were characterized using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT), respectively. In vitro PET images showed that fluid of higher viscosity follows the wall motion with poor mixing, whereas good mixing was observed for a low viscosity fluid. PEPT data showed particle displacements comparable to the in vivo data. Increasing fluid viscosity favors the net forward propulsion of the tracked particles. The use of a floating particle demonstrated shorter residence times and greater velocities on the liquid surface, suggesting a surface wave that was moving faster than the bulk liquid. The DCM can provide an understanding of flow motion and behavior of particles with different buoyancy, which in turn may improve the design of drug formulations, whereby fragments of the dosage form and/or drug particles are suspended in the proximal colon.
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Friedel HD, Brown CK, Barker AR, Buhse LF, Keitel S, Kraemer J, Morris JM, Reppas C, Sperry DC, Sakai-Kato K, Stickelmeyer MP, Shah VP. FIP Guidelines for Dissolution Testing of Solid Oral Products. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2995-3002. [PMID: 30148985 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution testing is an important physiochemical test for the development of solid oral dosage forms, tablets, and capsules. As a quality control test, the dissolution test is used for assessment of drug product quality and is specified for batch release and regulatory stability studies. In vitro dissolution test results can often be correlated with the biopharmaceutical behavior of a product.This article provides a summary of views from major global agencies (Europe, Japan, United States), pharmacopoeias, academia, and industry. Based on available guidance and literature, this article summarizes highlights for development and validation of a suitable dissolution method, setting appropriate specifications, in vitro-in vivo comparison, and how to obtain a biowaiver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia K Brown
- Eli Lilly and Company, Product Research and Development, and Global Quality Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Amy R Barker
- Eli Lilly and Company, Product Research and Development, and Global Quality Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Lucinda F Buhse
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration/CDER/OPQ, White Oak, Maryland 10903
| | | | | | | | - Christos Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Greece
| | - David C Sperry
- Eli Lilly and Company, Product Research and Development, and Global Quality Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | | | | - Vinod P Shah
- Pharmaceutical Consultant, North Potomac, Maryland 20878
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Landis MS, Bhattachar S, Yazdanian M, Morrison J. Commentary: Why Pharmaceutical Scientists in Early Drug Discovery Are Critical for Influencing the Design and Selection of Optimal Drug Candidates. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1-10. [PMID: 28755053 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary reflects the collective view of pharmaceutical scientists from four different organizations with extensive experience in the field of drug discovery support. Herein, engaging discussion is presented on the current and future approaches for the selection of the most optimal and developable drug candidates. Over the past two decades, developability assessment programs have been implemented with the intention of improving physicochemical and metabolic properties. However, the complexity of both new drug targets and non-traditional drug candidates provides continuing challenges for developing formulations for optimal drug delivery. The need for more enabled technologies to deliver drug candidates has necessitated an even more active role for pharmaceutical scientists to influence many key molecular parameters during compound optimization and selection. This enhanced role begins at the early in vitro screening stages, where key learnings regarding the interplay of molecular structure and pharmaceutical property relationships can be derived. Performance of the drug candidates in formulations intended to support key in vivo studies provides important information on chemotype-formulation compatibility relationships. Structure modifications to support the selection of the solid form are also important to consider, and predictive in silico models are being rapidly developed in this area. Ultimately, the role of pharmaceutical scientists in drug discovery now extends beyond rapid solubility screening, early form assessment, and data delivery. This multidisciplinary role has evolved to include the practice of proactively taking part in the molecular design to better align solid form and formulation requirements to enhance developability potential.
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Grady H, Elder D, Webster GK, Mao Y, Lin Y, Flanagan T, Mann J, Blanchard A, Cohen MJ, Lin J, Kesisoglou F, Hermans A, Abend A, Zhang L, Curran D. Industry's View on Using Quality Control, Biorelevant, and Clinically Relevant Dissolution Tests for Pharmaceutical Development, Registration, and Commercialization. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:34-41. [PMID: 29074376 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article intends to summarize the current views of the IQ Consortium Dissolution Working Group, which comprises various industry companies, on the roles of dissolution testing throughout pharmaceutical product development, registration, commercialization, and beyond. Over the past 3 decades, dissolution testing has evolved from a routine and straightforward test as a component of end-product release into a comprehensive set of tools that the developer can deploy at various stages of the product life cycle. The definitions of commonly used dissolution approaches, how they relate to one another and how they may be applied in modern drug development, and life cycle management is described in this article. Specifically, this article discusses the purpose, advantages, and limitations of quality control, biorelevant, and clinically relevant dissolution methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Grady
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, Illinois 60015.
| | - David Elder
- David P Elder Consultancy, Hertford, Hertfordshire SG14 2DE, UK
| | - Gregory K Webster
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Yun Mao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Yiqing Lin
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Talia Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - James Mann
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Andy Blanchard
- Worldwide Research and Development, Global Chemistry and Manufacturing Controls, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michael J Cohen
- Worldwide Research and Development, Global Chemistry and Manufacturing Controls, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Judy Lin
- Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Andre Hermans
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Andreas Abend
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Limin Zhang
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - David Curran
- Analytical Sciences and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia Pennsylvania 19406
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Hermans A, Abend AM, Kesisoglou F, Flanagan T, Cohen MJ, Diaz DA, Mao Y, Zhang L, Webster GK, Lin Y, Hahn DA, Coutant CA, Grady H. Approaches for Establishing Clinically Relevant Dissolution Specifications for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1537-1549. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Hamed R, AlJanabi R, Sunoqrot S, Abbas A. The effect of pH, buffer capacity and ionic strength on quetiapine fumarate release from matrix tablets prepared using two different polymeric blends. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1330-1342. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1318897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Reem AlJanabi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Suhair Sunoqrot
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Gao Z. In Vitro Dissolution Testing of Gelatin Capsules with Applied Mechanical Compression-a Technical Note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:231-237. [PMID: 26912355 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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In-vitro simulation of luminal conditions for evaluation of performance of oral drug products: Choosing the appropriate test media. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martinez MN, Fahmy R. Demonstrating comparative in vitro bioequivalence for animal drug products through chemistry and manufacturing controls and physicochemical characterization: a proposal. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:307-12. [PMID: 25609223 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) of nonsystemically absorbed drug products has been a longstanding challenge facing drug manufacturers and regulators of human or animal health products. Typically, in situations where blood level BE studies are not feasible, clinical endpoint BE trials have provided the only option for generating interproduct comparisons. Given the imprecision and logistic challenges associated with these studies, there has been an effort to identify alternative pathways that can reliably ensure the equivalence of product performance and quality. This commentary provides a proposal for an in vitro approach for evaluating the in vivo BE of veterinary drug products that are either nonsystemically absorbed or that act both locally and systemically but where the local site of action is proximal to the absorption window. The assumption underlying this approach is that equivalence in product physicochemical attributes and in vitro product performance translates to equivalence in product in vivo behavior. For sponsors with a right of reference to underlying safety and effectiveness data, this approach could be used to support pre and post-approval changes. When comparing a generic test product to the pioneer (reference listed new animal drug, RLNAD) product, a demonstration of sameness across a battery of in vitro test procedures could be used to confirm that the test and RLNAD products are bioequivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- USFDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, 7500 Standish Place, HFV-100, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA,
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