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Nath AG, Dubey P, Kumar A, Vaiphei KK, Rosenholm JM, Bansal KK, Gulbake A. Recent Advances in the Use of Cubosomes as Drug Carriers with Special Emphasis on Topical Applications. J Lipids 2024; 2024:2683466. [PMID: 39022452 PMCID: PMC11254465 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2683466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery employing drug nanocarriers has shown prominent results in treating topical ailments, especially those confined to the skin and eyes. Conventional topical formulations persist with drug and disease-related challenges during treatment. Various nanotechnology-driven approaches have been adopted to mitigate the issues associated with conventional formulations. Among these, cubosomes have shown potential applications owing to their liquid crystalline structure, which aids in bioadhesion, retention, sustained release, and loading hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. The phase transition behavior of glyceryl monooleate, the concentration of stabilizers, and critical packing parameters are crucial parameters that affect the formation of cubosomes. Microfluidics-based approaches constitute a recent advance in technologies for generating stable cubosomes. This review covers the recent topical applications of cubosomes for treating skin (psoriasis, skin cancer, cutaneous candidiasis, acne, and alopecia) and eye (fungal keratitis, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, and uveitis) diseases. The article summarizes the manufacturing and biological challenges (skin and ocular barriers) that must be considered and encountered for successful clinical outcomes. The patented products are successful examples of technological advancements within cosmeceuticals that support various topical applications with cubosomes in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gowri Nath
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Prashant Dubey
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Ankaj Kumar
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Klaudi K. Vaiphei
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryFaculty of Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Kuldeep K. Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryFaculty of Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Arvind Gulbake
- Department of PharmaceuticsNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
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2
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Datta D, Priyanka Bandi S, Colaco V, Dhas N, Siva Reddy DV, Vora LK. Fostering the unleashing potential of nanocarriers-mediated delivery of ocular therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124192. [PMID: 38703931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Ocular delivery is the most challenging aspect in the field of pharmaceutical research. The major hurdle for the controlled delivery of drugs to the eye includes the physiological static barriers such as the complex layers of the cornea, sclera and retina which restrict the drug from permeating into the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Recent years have witnessed inventions in the field of conventional and nanocarrier drug delivery which have shown considerable enhancement in delivering small to large molecules across the eye. The dynamic challenges associated with conventional systems include limited drug contact time and inadequate ocular bioavailability resulting from solution drainage, tear turnover, and dilution or lacrimation. To this end, various bioactive-based nanosized carriers including liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, dendrimer, nanogel, nanofibers, contact lenses, nanoprobes, selenium nanobells, nanosponge, polymeric micelles, silver nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles among others have been developed to circumvent the limitations associated with the conventional dosage forms. These nanocarriers have been shown to achieve enhanced drug permeation or retention and prolong drug release in the ocular tissue due to their better tissue adherence. The surface charge and the size of nanocarriers (10-1000 nm) are the important key factors to overcome ocular barriers. Various nanocarriers have been shown to deliver active therapeutic molecules including timolol maleate, ampicillin, natamycin, voriconazole, cyclosporine A, dexamethasone, moxifloxacin, and fluconazole among others for the treatment of anterior and posterior eye diseases. Taken together, in a nutshell, this extensive review provides a comprehensive perspective on the numerous facets of ocular drug delivery with a special focus on bioactive nanocarrier-based approaches, including the difficulties and constraints involved in the fabrication of nanocarriers. This also provides the detailed invention, applications, biodistribution and safety-toxicity of nanocarriers-based therapeutcis for the ophthalmic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanjan Datta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
| | - Sony Priyanka Bandi
- Loka Laboratories Private Limited, Technology Business Incubator, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal 500078, Telangana, India.
| | - Viola Colaco
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - D V Siva Reddy
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX78227, USA
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
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3
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Nirbhavane P, Sharma G, Sharma R, Katare OP. Steroidal nanoformulations for the treatment of uveitis: potential, promises and future perspectives. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:58. [PMID: 38342799 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraocular inflammation, commonly referred to as uveitis, is a prevalent ocular disease. The categorization of uveitis may be based on the prevailing anatomical site, which includes anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis. There exists a significant body of evidence indicating that T cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis. In addition to the presence of T cells, an elevation in levels of inflammatory cytokines and a reduction in regulatory cytokines were also noted. The primary pharmacological interventions for uveitis comprise of corticosteroids, methotrexate, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antibodies, and sirolimus. These medications offer prompt alleviation for inflammation. Nevertheless, prolonged administration of corticosteroids invariably leads to unfavorable adverse reactions. The traditional topical corticosteroids exhibit certain limitations, including inadequate transcorneal permeation and low corneal retention, leading to reduced ocular bioavailability. Consequently, there is a growing inclination towards the creation of innovative steroid drug delivery systems with the aim of reducing the potential for adverse effects, while simultaneously enhancing the drug's corneal permeation and retention. CONCLUSION This review is an attempt to compile all the research work done so far in this field and provides a brief overview of the global efforts to develop innovative nanocarrier-based systems for corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rajeev Sharma
- Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474005, India
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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4
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Amisha, Singh D, Kurmi BD, Singh A. Recent Advances in Nanocarrier-based Approaches to Atopic Dermatitis and Emerging Trends in Drug Development and Design. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:932-960. [PMID: 37157192 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230508121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), commonly known as Eczema, is a non-communicable skin condition that tends to become chronic. The deteriorating immunological abnormalities are marked by mild to severe erythema, severe itching, and recurrent eczematous lesions. Different pharmacological approaches are used to treat AD. The problem with commercial topical preparations lies in the limitation of skin atrophy, systemic side effects, and burning sensation that decreases patient compliance. The carrier-based system promises to eliminate these shortcomings; thus, a novel approach to treating AD is required. Liposomes, microemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanoemulsions, etc., have been developed recently to address this ailment. Despite extensive research in the development method and various techniques, it has been challenging to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of these carrier- based systems, which illustrates a gap among the different research areas. Further, different soft wares and other tools have proliferated among biochemists as part of a cooperative approach to drug discovery. It is crucial in designing, developing, and analyzing processes in the pharmaceutical industry and is widely used to reduce costs, accelerate the development of biologically innovative active ingredients, and shorten the development time. This review sheds light on the compilation of extensive efforts to combat this disease, the product development processes, commercial products along with patents in this regard, numerous options for each step of computer-aided drug design, including in silico pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity screening or predictions that are important in finding the drug-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
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5
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Mahajan K, Bhattacharya S. The Advancement and Obstacles in Improving the Stability of Nanocarriers for Precision Drug Delivery in the Field of Nanomedicine. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:686-721. [PMID: 38409730 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266287101240214071718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Nanocarriers have emerged as a promising class of nanoscale materials in the fields of drug delivery and biomedical applications. Their unique properties, such as high surface area- tovolume ratios and enhanced permeability and retention effects, enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific tissues or cells. However, the inherent instability of nanocarriers poses significant challenges to their successful application. This review highlights the importance of nanocarrier stability in biomedical applications and its impact on biocompatibility, targeted drug delivery, long shelf life, drug delivery performance, therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects, prolonged circulation time, and targeted delivery. Enhancing nanocarrier stability requires careful design, engineering, and optimization of physical and chemical parameters. Various strategies and cutting-edge techniques employed to improve nanocarrier stability are explored, with a focus on their applications in drug delivery. By understanding the advances and challenges in nanocarrier stability, this review aims to contribute to the development and implementation of nanocarrier- based therapies in clinical settings, advancing the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Mahajan
- Department of Quality Assurence, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMS NMIMS Maharashtra, Shirpur, 425405, India
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Elgendy HA, Makky AMA, Elakkad YE, Ismail RM, Younes NF. Syringeable atorvastatin loaded eugenol enriched PEGylated cubosomes in-situ gel for the intra-pocket treatment of periodontitis: statistical optimization and clinical assessment. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2162159. [PMID: 36604813 PMCID: PMC9833412 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2162159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) is a well-known anti-hyperlipidemic drug currently being recognized for possessing an anti-inflammatory effect. Introducing it as a novel remedy for periodontitis treatment necessitates developing a syringeable modified delivery system capable of targeting inflammation within the periodontal pockets. Thus, a 33 Box-Behnken design was used to generate eugenol enriched PEGylated cubosomes. Based on the desirability function, the optimized formulation (OEEPC) was selected exhibiting a solubilization efficiency (SE%) of 97.71 ± 0.49%, particle size (PS) of 135.20 ± 1.11 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.09 ± 0.006, zeta potential (ZP) of -28.30 ± 1.84 mV and showing a sustained drug release over 12 h. It displayed a cubic structure under the transmission electron microscope, furthermore, it was stable upon storage for up to 30 days. Hence, it was loaded into an optimum syringeable in-situ gel (ISG) which displayed the desired periodontal gelation temperature (34 ± 0.70 °C) and an adequate gelation time (46 ± 2.82 sec), it also released approximately 75% of the drug within 72 h. Clinical evaluation of the ISG showed a promising percentage reduction of about 58.33% in probing depth, 90% in the bleeding index, 81.81% in the plaque index, and 70.21% in gingival levels of transforming growth factor-β1. This proved that the formulated syringeable intra-pocket delivery system of ATV is an efficient candidate for diminishing inflammation in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Amin Elgendy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amna M. A. Makky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara E. Elakkad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwa M. Ismail
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nihal Farid Younes
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,CONTACT Nihal Farid Younes Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, P.O. Box 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Ahmed LM, Hassanein KMA, Mohamed FA, Elfaham TH. Formulation and evaluation of simvastatin cubosomal nanoparticles for assessing its wound healing effect. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17941. [PMID: 37864028 PMCID: PMC10589326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most challenging medical circumstances for patients. Pathogens can infect wounds, resulting in tissue damage, inflammation, and disruption of the healing process. Simvastatin was investigated recently, as a wound healing agent that may supersede the present therapies for wounds. Our goal in this paper is to focus on formulation of simvastatin cubosomes for topical delivery, as a potential approach to improve simvastatin skin permeation. By this technique its wound healing effect could be improved. Cubosomes were prepared using the top-down method and the prepared cubosomes were characterized by several techniques. The most optimal simvastatin cubosomal formulation was then included in a cubogel dosage form using different gelling agents. The results showed that the average particle size of the prepared cubosomes was 113.90 ± 0.58 nm, the entrapment efficiency was 93.95 ± 0.49% and a sustained simvastatin release was achieved. The optimized formula of simvastatin cubogel displayed pseudoplastic rheological behavior. This same formula achieved enhancement in drug permeation through excised rat skin compared to free simvastatin hydrogel with flux values of 46.18 ± 2.12 mcg cm-2 h-1 and 25.92 ± 3.45 mcg cm-2 h-1 respectively. Based on the in-vivo rat studies results, this study proved a promising potential of simvastatin cubosomes as wound healing remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Khaled M A Hassanein
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Fergany A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Tahani H Elfaham
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
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8
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Yang Y, Zhong J, Cui D, Jensen LD. Up-to-date molecular medicine strategies for management of ocular surface neovascularization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115084. [PMID: 37689278 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocular surface neovascularization and its resulting pathological changes significantly alter corneal refraction and obstruct the light path to the retina, and hence is a major cause of vision loss. Various factors such as infection, irritation, trauma, dry eye, and ocular surface surgery trigger neovascularization via angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis dependent on VEGF-related and alternative mechanisms. Recent advances in antiangiogenic drugs, nanotechnology, gene therapy, surgical equipment and techniques, animal models, and drug delivery strategies have provided a range of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of ocular surface neovascularization. In this review article, we comprehensively discuss the etiology and mechanisms of corneal neovascularization and other types of ocular surface neovascularization, as well as emerging animal models and drug delivery strategies that facilitate its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Junmu Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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9
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Wu KY, Tan K, Akbar D, Choulakian MY, Tran SD. A New Era in Ocular Therapeutics: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Uveitis and Neuro-Ophthalmologic Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1952. [PMID: 37514137 PMCID: PMC10385446 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye's intricate anatomical barriers pose significant challenges to the penetration, residence time, and bioavailability of topically applied medications, particularly in managing uveitis and neuro-ophthalmologic conditions. Addressing this issue, polymeric nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have surfaced as a promising solution. These systems enhance drug bioavailability in hard-to-reach target tissues, extend residence time within ocular tissues, and utilize biodegradable and nanosized polymers to reduce undesirable side effects. Thus, they have stimulated substantial interest in crafting innovative treatments for uveitis and neuro-ophthalmologic diseases. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of polymeric nano-based DDS used for managing these conditions. We discuss the present therapeutic hurdles posed by these diseases and explore the potential role of various biopolymers in broadening our treatment repertoire. Our study incorporates a detailed literature review of preclinical and clinical studies from 2017 to 2023. Owing to advancements in polymer science, ocular DDS has made rapid strides, showing tremendous potential to revolutionize the treatment of patients with uveitis and neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dania Akbar
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mazen Y Choulakian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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10
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Mostafa M, Al Fatease A, Alany RG, Abdelkader H. Recent Advances of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: Prominence of Ocular Implants for Chronic Eye Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37376194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ocular diseases can seriously impact the eyes and could potentially result in blindness or serious vision loss. According to the most recent data from the WHO, there are more than 2 billion visually impaired people in the world. Therefore, it is pivotal to develop more sophisticated, long-acting drug delivery systems/devices to treat chronic eye conditions. This review covers several drug delivery nanocarriers that can control chronic eye disorders non-invasively. However, most of the developed nanocarriers are still in preclinical or clinical stages. Long-acting drug delivery systems, such as inserts and implants, constitute the majority of the clinically used methods for the treatment of chronic eye diseases due to their steady state release, persistent therapeutic activity, and ability to bypass most ocular barriers. However, implants are considered invasive drug delivery technologies, especially those that are nonbiodegradable. Furthermore, in vitro characterization approaches, although useful, are limited in mimicking or truly representing the in vivo environment. This review focuses on long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS), particularly implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), their formulation, methods of characterization, and clinical application for the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya 61519, Egypt
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid G Alany
- School of Pharmacy, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Tames KT1 2EE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Shetty S, Shetty S. Cubosome-based cosmeceuticals: a breakthrough in skincare. Drug Discov Today 2023:103623. [PMID: 37224997 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology in skin cosmetics has revolutionized robust skincare formulations, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents to achieve the effective concentration at the targeted site of action. Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are emerging as a potential nanoparticle delivery system owing to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Within the space of LLCs, the structural and functional relationships of cubosomal characteristics are investigated as drug delivery vehicles for a potential application in skincare. The objective of this review is to describe the structure, preparation methods and the potential application of cubosomes for the successful delivery of cosmetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Shetty
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs, NMIMS Deemed to Be University, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saritha Shetty
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs, NMIMS Deemed to Be University, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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12
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Leu JSL, Teoh JJX, Ling ALQ, Chong J, Loo YS, Mat Azmi ID, Zahid NI, Bose RJC, Madheswaran T. Recent Advances in the Development of Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051421. [PMID: 37242663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their distinctive structural features, lyotropic nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs), such as cubosomes and hexosomes, are considered effective drug delivery systems. Cubosomes have a lipid bilayer that makes a membrane lattice with two water channels that are intertwined. Hexosomes are inverse hexagonal phases made of an infinite number of hexagonal lattices that are tightly connected with water channels. These nanostructures are often stabilized by surfactants. The structure's membrane has a much larger surface area than that of other lipid nanoparticles, which makes it possible to load therapeutic molecules. In addition, the composition of mesophases can be modified by pore diameters, thus influencing drug release. Much research has been conducted in recent years to improve their preparation and characterization, as well as to control drug release and improve the efficacy of loaded bioactive chemicals. This article reviews current advances in LCNP technology that permit their application, as well as design ideas for revolutionary biomedical applications. Furthermore, we have provided a summary of the application of LCNPs based on the administration routes, including the pharmacokinetic modulation property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassica S L Leu
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jasy J X Teoh
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Angel L Q Ling
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joey Chong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Shan Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Diana Mat Azmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Idayu Zahid
- Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajendran J C Bose
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Christensen G, Urimi D, Lorenzo-Soler L, Schipper N, Paquet-Durand F. Ocular permeability, intraocular biodistribution of lipid nanocapsule formulation intended for retinal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:175-183. [PMID: 37088247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cGMP analogues have been investigated for the treatment of inherited retinal degenerations (IRD) using intravitreal injections. However, higher vitreous elimination rates limit the possibility to treat the retina with small molecule drugs. Here, we investigated the potential of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) as vehicles to reduce clearance and prolong the delivery of cGMP analogue, CN03 to the retinal photoreceptors. Initially LNCs were investigated for both topical/periocular and intravitreal administration routes. While LNC-mediated drug permeation through the cornea proved to be too low for clinical applications, intravitreal application showed significant promise. Intravitreally administered LNCs containing fluorescent tracer in ex vivo porcine eyes showed complete intravitreal dispersal within 24 h. Ocular bio-distribution on histological sections showed that around 10 % of the LNCs had reached the retina, and 40 % accumulated in the ciliary body. For comparison, we used fluorescently labeled liposomes and these showed a different intraocular distribution with 48 % accumulated in the retina, and almost none were in the ciliary body. LNCs were then tested in retinal explants prepared from wild-type (WT) and rd1 mouse. In WT retina LNCs showed no significant toxic effects up to a concentration of 5 mg/mL. In rd1 retina, the LNC/CN03 formulation protected rd1 photoreceptors with similar efficacy to that of free CN03, demonstrating the usefulness of LNC/CN03 formulation in the treatment of IRD. Overall, our results indicate the suitability of LNCs for intraocular administration and drug delivery to both the retina and the ciliary body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Christensen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn Straße 5-7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dileep Urimi
- Division Bioeconomy and Health, Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 18, Södertälje 151 36, Sweden; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, Reykjavík IS-107, Iceland
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Soler
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, Reykjavík IS-107, Iceland
| | - Nicolaas Schipper
- Division Bioeconomy and Health, Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 18, Södertälje 151 36, Sweden
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn Straße 5-7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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El-Gendy MA, Mansour M, El-Assal MIA, Ishak RAH, Mortada ND. Travoprost Liquid Nanocrystals: An Innovative Armamentarium for Effective Glaucoma Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030954. [PMID: 36986814 PMCID: PMC10056037 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the ophthalmic application of liquid crystalline nanostructures (LCNs) has not been thoroughly reconnoitered, yet they have been extensively used. LCNs are primarily made up of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) or phytantriol as a lipid, a stabilizing agent, and a penetration enhancer (PE). For optimization, the D-optimal design was exploited. A characterization using TEM and XRPD was conducted. Optimized LCNs were loaded with the anti-glaucoma drug Travoprost (TRAVO). Ex vivo permeation across the cornea, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic studies were performed along with ocular tolerability examinations. Optimized LCNs are constituted of GMO, Tween® 80 as a stabilizer, and either oleic acid or Captex® 8000 as PE at 25 mg each. TRAVO-LNCs, F-1-L and F-3-L, showed particle sizes of 216.20 ± 6.12 and 129.40 ± 11.73 nm, with EE% of 85.30 ± 4.29 and 82.54 ± 7.65%, respectively, revealing the highest drug permeation parameters. The bioavailability of both attained 106.1% and 322.82%, respectively, relative to the market product TRAVATAN®. They exhibited respective intraocular pressure reductions lasting for 48 and 72 h, compared to 36 h for TRAVATAN®. All LCNs exhibited no evidence of ocular injury in comparison to the control eye. The findings revealed the competence of TRAVO-tailored LCNs in glaucoma treatment and suggested the potential application of a novel platform in ocular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mai Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona I. A. El-Assal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Rania A. H. Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Nahed D. Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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15
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El-Shenawy AA, Elsayed MMA, Atwa GMK, Abourehab MAS, Mohamed MS, Ghoneim MM, Mahmoud RA, Sabry SA, Anwar W, El-Sherbiny M, Hassan YA, Belal A, Ramadan AEH. Anti-Tumor Activity of Orally Administered Gefitinib-Loaded Nanosized Cubosomes against Colon Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020680. [PMID: 36840004 PMCID: PMC9960579 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib (GFT) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug used as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung, colon, and breast cancer. GFT exhibits low solubility and hence low oral bioavailability, which restricts its clinical application. One of the most important trends in overcoming such problems is the use of a vesicular system. Cubosomes are considered one of the most important vesicular systems used to improve solubility and oral bioavailability. In this study, GFT cubosomal nanoparticles (GFT-CNPs) were prepared by the emulsification method. The selected formulation variables were analyzed and optimized by full factorial design and response surface methodology. Drug entrapment efficiency (EE%), transmission electron microscopy, particle size, polydispersity index, in vitro release and its kinetics, and the effect of storage studies were estimated. The chosen GFT-CNPs were subjected to further investigations as gene expression levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinases-7 (MMP-7), colon biomarkers, and histopathological examination of colon tissues. The prepared GFT-CNPs were semi-cubic in shape, with high EE%, smaller vesicle size, and higher zeta potential values. The in vivo data showed a significant decrease in the serum level of embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), and gene expression level of TIMP-1 and MMP-7. Histopathological examination showed enhancement in cancer tissue and highly decreased focal infiltration in the lamina propria after treatment with GFT-CNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. El-Shenawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. A. Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-122-766-0470
| | - Gamal M. K. Atwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42515, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Reda A. Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Shereen A. Sabry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Walid Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yasser A. Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Amany Belal
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd El hakim Ramadan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42515, Egypt
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16
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Ahmed S, Amin MM, Sayed S. Ocular Drug Delivery: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:66. [PMID: 36788150 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye is a sophisticated organ with distinctive anatomy and physiology that hinders the passage of drugs into targeted ophthalmic sites. Effective topical administration is an interest of scientists for many decades. Their difficult mission is to prolong drug residence time and guarantee an appropriate ocular permeation. Several ocular obstacles oppose effective drug delivery such as precorneal, corneal, and blood-corneal barriers. Routes for ocular delivery include topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral, and retrobulbar. More than 95% of marketed products exists in liquid state. However, other products could be in semi-solid (ointments and gels), solid state (powder, insert and lens), or mixed (in situ gel). Nowadays, attractiveness to nanotechnology-based carries is resulted from their capabilities to entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, enhance ocular permeability, sustain residence time, improve drug stability, and augment bioavailability. Different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization approaches help to predict the outcomes of the constructed nanocarriers. This review aims to clarify anatomy of the eye, various ocular diseases, and obstacles to ocular delivery. Moreover, it studies the advantages and drawbacks of different ocular routes of administration and dosage forms. This review also discusses different nanostructured platforms and their characterization approaches. Strategies to enhance ocular bioavailability are also explained. Finally, recent advances in ocular delivery are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sinar Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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17
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QbD-based optimization of raloxifene-loaded cubosomal formulation for transdemal delivery: ex vivo permeability and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2979-2992. [PMID: 35462597 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene (RLX) is a drug that is commonly recommended to postmenopausal women at high risk of invasive breast cancer and to prevent osteoporosis. However, limited water solubility (0.000512 mg/ml) and low oral bioavailability (2%) of RLX limit its therapeutic utility. The objective of the present study was to develop an alternative transdermal delivery of RLX to improve its absorption, bypass first pass metabolism, and subsequently improve bioavailability. RLX-loaded cubosomes were prepared using the ethanol injection method followed by microfluidization technique and optimized using the QbD-based 23 factorial design. The average particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential of the optimized formulation were found to be 110.6 nm, 98.23%, and 26.2 mV, respectively. In vitro dissolution study indicated that the RLX-loaded cubosomes released 98.26% of the drug compared to pure RLX dispersion (58.6%). Histopathological examination revealed no sign of inflammation, indicating the safety of the developed formulation. Accelerated stability study as per ICH guidelines displayed no significant change in the formulation characteristics and drug-related performance of the developed formulation. Ex vivo permeability studies demonstrated a prolonged release from cubosomal formulation. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the relative bioavailability of the optimized transdermal RLX-loaded cubosomes increased by 2.33-fold and 1.22-fold when compared with the oral RLX dispersion and transdermal RLX hydro-ethanolic solution respectively. IVIVC showed level C correlation with linear regression. Thus, the developed RLX-loaded cubosomes may have potential to overcome the problems associated with the existing marketed oral dosage forms of RLX.
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18
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Das B, Nayak AK, Mallick S. Lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: An updated review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Almoshari Y. Development, Therapeutic Evaluation and Theranostic Applications of Cubosomes on Cancers: An Updated Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030600. [PMID: 35335975 PMCID: PMC8954425 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a group of disorders characterized by aberrant gene function and alterations in gene expression patterns. In 2020, it was anticipated that 19 million new cancer cases would be diagnosed globally, with around 10 million cancer deaths. Late diagnosis and interventions are the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. In addition, the absence of comprehensive cancer therapy adds to the burden. Many lyotropic non-lamellar liquid-crystalline-nanoparticle-mediated formulations have been developed in the last few decades, with promising results in drug delivery, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Cubosomes are nano-structured liquid-crystalline particles made of specific amphiphilic lipids in particular proportions. Their ability to encapsulate lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic molecules within their structure makes them one of a kind. They are biocompatible, versatile drug carriers that can deliver medications through various routes of administration. Many preclinical studies on the use of cubosomes in cancer treatment and theranostic applications have been conducted. However, before cubosomes may be employed in clinical practice, significant technical advances must be accomplished. This review summarizes the development of cubosomes and their multifunctional role in cancer treatment based on the most recent reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Fathalla Z, Mustafa WW, Abdelkader H, Moharram H, Sabry AM, Alany RG. Hybrid thermosensitive-mucoadhesive in situ forming gels for enhanced corneal wound healing effect of L-carnosine. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:374-385. [PMID: 35068268 PMCID: PMC8788381 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2023236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Thermosensitive in situ gels have been around for decades but only a few have been translated into ophthalmic pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to combine the thermo-gelling polymer poloxamer 407 and mucoadhesive polymers chitosan (CS) and methyl cellulose (MC) for developing effective and long-acting ophthalmic delivery systems for L-carnosine (a natural dipeptide drug) for corneal wound healing. Methods The effect of different polymer combinations on parameters like gelation time and temperature, rheological properties, texture, spreading coefficients, mucoadhesion, conjunctival irritation potential, in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation were studied. Healing of corneal epithelium ulcers was investigated in a rabbit’s eye model. Results Both gelation time and temperature were significantly dependent on the concentrations of poloxamer 407 and additive polymers (chitosan and methyl cellulose), where it ranged from <10 s to several minutes. Mechanical properties investigated through texture analysis (hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) were dependent on composition. Promising spreading-ability, mucoadhesion, transcorneal permeation of L-carnosine, high ocular tolerability, and enhanced corneal epithelium wound healing were recorded for poloxamer 407/chitosan systems. Conclusion In situ gelling systems comprising combinations of poloxamer-chitosan exhibited superior gelation time and temperature, mucoadhesion, and rheological characteristics suitable for effective long-acting drug delivery systems for corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Fathalla
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Wesam W. Mustafa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustafa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hamdy Abdelkader
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Hossam Moharram
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Sabry
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Raid G. Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care Theme, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Abourehab MA, Ansari MJ, Singh A, Hassan A, Abdelgawad MA, Shrivastav P, Abualsoud BM, Amaral LS, Pramanik S. Cubosomes as an emerging platform for drug delivery: a state-of-the-art review. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2781-2819. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based drug delivery nanoparticles, including non-lamellar type, mesophasic nanostructured materials of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), have been a topic of interest for researchers for their applications in encapsulation of drugs...
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22
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Kaul S, Nagaich U, Verma N. Investigating nanostructured liquid crystalline particles as prospective ocular delivery vehicle for tobramycin sulfate: Ex vivo and in vivo studies. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:356-361. [PMID: 34820309 PMCID: PMC8588912 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_188_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobramycin remains the anchor drug for bacterial keratitis treatment and management; however, unlike other aminoglycosides, it does not pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the current investigation was to formulate tobramycin-loaded nanostructured liquid crystalline particles as an ophthalmic drug delivery system to ameliorate its preocular residence duration and ophthalmic bioavailability. Tobramycin cubosomes were fabricated by liquid-lipid monoolein, water, and poloxamer 407 as a stabilizer. Corneal penetration studies exhibited that the apparent permeation coefficient of tobramycin cubosomes was nearly 3.6-fold greater than marketed tobramycin eye drops. Ocular in vivo analysis performed in rabbits' eyes manifested that the intensity of bacterial keratitis was reduced on day 3, and on day 5, the manifestations were considerably mitigated with tobramycin cubosomes as compared to marked eye drops. Pharmacokinetic study of rabbit aqueous humor demonstrated that the area under curve and the peak concentration of optimized cubosomes were 3.1-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively, which was significantly higher than marketed eye drops. Moreover, histopathological studies illustrated the existence of normal ocular structures, thus indicating that there was no damage to the corneal epithelium or stromal layer. Consequently, the results acquired demonstrated that tobramycin-loaded cubosomal formulation could be a propitious lipid-based nanodelivery system that would enhance retention time and corneal permeability contrast to commercial eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Kaul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navneet Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Cellulosic Polymers for Enhancing Drug Bioavailability in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111201. [PMID: 34832983 PMCID: PMC8621906 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major impediments to drug development is low aqueous solubility and thus poor bioavailability, which leads to insufficient clinical utility. Around 70–80% of drugs in the discovery pipeline are suffering from poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, which is a major challenge when one has to develop an ocular drug delivery system. The outer lipid layer, pre-corneal, dynamic, and static ocular barriers limit drug availability to the targeted ocular tissues. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drugs with adequate permeability and limited or no aqueous solubility have been extensively studied for various polymer-based solubility enhancement approaches. The hydrophilic nature of cellulosic polymers and their tunable properties make them the polymers of choice in various solubility-enhancement techniques. This review focuses on various cellulose derivatives, specifically, their role, current status and novel modified cellulosic polymers for enhancing the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs in ocular drug delivery systems.
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24
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Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121105. [PMID: 34537269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ with unique anatomy and physiology that restricts the delivery of drugs to target ocular tissues/sites. Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. This review highlights the different anatomical and physiological factors which affect ocular bioavailability of drugs and explores advancements from 2016 to 2020 in various ophthalmic preparations. Different routes of drug administration such as topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral and retrobulbar are discussed with their advances and limitations.
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25
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Abstract
Acetazolamide is the drug of choice for glaucoma treatment in an emergency. However, it is not available in any topical formulation and it is available only as systemic tablets. Despite its efficiency as a drug in decreasing intraocular pressure, it has negative systemic effects as renal toxicity and metabolic acidosis. Moreover, it suffers from poor aqueous solubility and low corneal permeability limiting its ocular bioavailability and its use topically. Cubosomes have enormous advantages as a drug delivery system, most importantly, high surface area, thermal stability, and ability to encapsulate hydrophobic, amhiphilic, and hydrophilic molecules. Herein, we have exploited the unique properties of cubosomes as a novel nano-delivery system for acetazolamide as eye drops dosage form for glaucoma treatment. Different acetazolamide-loaded cubosomes have been developed and evaluated. The best-optimized formulation (F5), was cubic shaped structure, with an average particle size of 359.5 ± 2.8 nm, surface charge −10.8 ± 3.2 mV, and 59.8% entrapment efficiency. Ex-vivo corneal permeation studies have revealed a 4-fold increase in acetazolamide permeability coefficient compared to that stated in the literature. F5 showed superior therapeutic efficacy represented by a 38.22% maximum decrease in intraocular pressure vs. 31.14 and 21.99% decrease for the commercial Azopt® eye drops and Cidamex® tablets, respectively. It also exhibited higher (AUC0–10) compared to Azopt® eye drops and Cidamex® tablets by 2.3 and 3 times, respectively. F5 showed mean residence time 4.22 h vs. 2.36 and 2.62 h for Azopt® and Cidamex® with no eye irritation observed according to the modified Draize test. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for developing acetazolamide-loaded cubosomes as the topical delivery system for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda E Teba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Heba M El Sorogy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October, Egypt
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26
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Zhang J, Jiao J, Niu M, Gao X, Zhang G, Yu H, Yang X, Liu L. Ten Years of Knowledge of Nano-Carrier Based Drug Delivery Systems in Ophthalmology: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Prospective. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6497-6530. [PMID: 34588777 PMCID: PMC8473849 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s329831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex drug delivery barrier in the eye reduces the bioavailability of many drugs, resulting in poor therapeutic effects. It is necessary to investigate new drugs through appropriate delivery routes and vehicles. Nanotechnology has utilized various nano-carriers to develop potential ocular drug delivery techniques that interact with the ocular mucosa, prolong the retention time of drugs in the eye, and increase permeability. Additionally, nano-carriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nano-suspensions, nano-micelles, and nano-emulsions have grown in popularity as an effective theranostic application to combat different microbial superbugs. In this review, we summarize the nano-carrier based drug delivery system developments over the last decade, particularly review the biology, methodology, approaches, and clinical applications of nano-carrier based drug delivery system in the field of ocular therapeutics. Furthermore, this review addresses upcoming challenges, and provides an outlook on potential future trends of nano-carrier-based drug delivery approaches in ophthalmology, and hopes to eventually provide successful applications for treating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, 261041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- Department of Retina, Inner Mongolia Chaoju Eye Hospital, Hohhot, 010050, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Abdelkader H, Fathalla Z, Seyfoddin A, Farahani M, Thrimawithana T, Allahham A, Alani AWG, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Polymeric long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS) for treatment of chronic diseases: Inserts, patches, wafers, and implants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113957. [PMID: 34481032 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-oral long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS) encompass a range of technologies for precisely delivering drug molecules into target tissues either through the systemic circulation or via localized injections for treating chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and brain disorders as well as for age-related eye diseases. LADDS have been shown to prolong drug release from 24 h up to 3 years depending on characteristics of the drug and delivery system. LADDS can offer potentially safer, more effective, and patient friendly treatment options compared to more invasive modes of drug administration such as repeated injections or minor surgical intervention. Whilst there is no single technology or definition that can comprehensively embrace LADDS; for the purposes of this review, these systems include solid implants, inserts, transdermal patches, wafers and in situ forming delivery systems. This review covers common chronic illnesses, where candidate drugs have been incorporated into LADDS, examples of marketed long-acting pharmaceuticals, as well as newly emerging technologies, used in the fabrication of LADDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Abdelkader
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Minia, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Fathalla
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Mojtaba Farahani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thilini Thrimawithana
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ayman Allahham
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam W G Alani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Moody Avenue, RLSB, Portland, OR, United States; Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S. Moody Avenue, RLSB, Portland, OR, United States; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S. Moody Avenue, RLSB, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ali A Al-Kinani
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care Theme (DDDPC), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, UK.
| | - Raid G Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care Theme (DDDPC), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, UK; School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles: Scaffolds for delivery of myriad therapeutics and diagnostics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Navarro-Partida J, Castro-Castaneda CR, Santa Cruz-Pavlovich FJ, Aceves-Franco LA, Guy TO, Santos A. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Intraocular Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050678. [PMID: 34065059 PMCID: PMC8151015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to intraocular tissues remains a great challenge due to complex anatomical and physiological barriers that selectively limit the entry of drugs into the eye. To overcome these challenges, frequent topical application and regular intravitreal injections are currently used to achieve the desired drug concentrations into the eye. However, the repetitive installation or recurrent injections may result in several side effects. Recent advancements in the field of nanoparticle-based drug delivery have demonstrated promising results for topical ophthalmic nanotherapies in the treatment of intraocular diseases. Studies have revealed that nanocarriers enhance the intraocular half-life and bioavailability of several therapies including proteins, peptides and genetic material. Amongst the array of nanoparticles available nowadays, lipid-based nanosystems have shown an increased efficiency and feasibility in topical formulations, making them an important target for constant and thorough research in both preclinical and clinical practice. In this review, we will cover the promising lipid-based nanocarriers used in topical ophthalmic formulations for intraocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Navarro-Partida
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodrigo Castro-Castaneda
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Francisco J. Santa Cruz-Pavlovich
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Luis Abraham Aceves-Franco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
| | - Tomer Ori Guy
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Arturo Santos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-36-69-30-00 (ext. 2540)
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Abdelkader H, Wertheim D, Pierscionek B, Alany RG. Curcumin In Situ Gelling Polymeric Insert with Enhanced Ocular Performance. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121158. [PMID: 33260494 PMCID: PMC7761359 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for an ocular drug delivery system that could provide long-acting effects without a detriment to the anatomy and physiology of the eye remains a challenge. Polyphenolic compounds (curcumin in particular) have recently gained popularity due to their powerful antioxidant properties; yet curcumin suffers poor stability and water solubility. A conventional eye drop formulation of curcumin in the form of a suspension is likely to suffer a short duration of action requiring multiple instillations. On the other hand, polymeric in-situ gelling inserts offer the prospect of overcoming these limitations. The aim of this study was to prepare, characterize and evaluate in vivo, polymeric, in-situ gelling and mucoadhesive inserts for ocular surface delivery of curcumin. Different types and ratios of biocompatible polymers (HPMC, CMC, PL 127 and PVA) and three plasticizers along with the solvent casting method were adopted to prepare curcumin inserts. The inserts were investigated for their physicochemical characteristics, applicability, and suitability of use for potential placement on the ocular surface. The prepared inserts revealed that curcumin was mainly dispersed in the molecular form. Insert surfaces remained smooth and uniform without cracks appearing during preparation and thereafter. Improved mechanical and mucoadhesive properties, enhanced in vitro release (7.5- to 9-fold increases in RRT300 min) and transcorneal permeation (5.4- to 8.86-fold increases in Papp) of curcumin was achieved by selected in-situ gelling inserts compared to a control curcumin suspension. The developed inserts demonstrated acceptable ocular tolerability, enhanced corneal permeability, and sustained release of curcumin along with retention of insert formulation F7 on the ocular surface for at least two-hours. This insert provides a viable alternative to conventional eye drop formulations of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Abdelkader
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (R.G.A.); Tel.: +44-2084172996 (R.G.A.)
| | - David Wertheim
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
| | - Barbara Pierscionek
- School of Life Science and Education, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK;
| | - Raid G. Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care Research Group, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (R.G.A.); Tel.: +44-2084172996 (R.G.A.)
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Corticosteroids in ophthalmology: drug delivery innovations, pharmacology, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:866-893. [PMID: 32901367 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of the treatment for various ocular conditions affecting the ocular surface, anterior and posterior segments of the eye due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous, and anti-neovascularization properties. Prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, and loteprednol etabonate are amongst the most widely used ophthalmic corticosteroids. Corticosteroids differ in their activity and potency in the eye due to their inherent pharmacological and pharmaceutical differences. Different routes and regimens are available for ocular administration of corticosteroids. Conventional topical application to the eye is the route of choice when targeting diseases affecting the ocular surface and anterior segment, while periocular, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal injections can be potentially effective for posterior segment diseases. Corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation remain the most significant local risks following topical as well as systemic corticosteroid administration. Invasive drug administration via intracameral, subconjunctival, and intravitreal injection can enhance ocular bioavailability and minimize dose and dosing frequency of administration, yet may exacerbate ocular side effects of corticosteroids. This review provides a critical appraisal of the ophthalmic uses of corticosteroid, routes of administration, drug delivery fundamentals and novel ocular implantable steroid delivery systems, factors influencing side effects, and future perspectives for ocular corticosteroid therapy.
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