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Tapoi DA, Popa ML, Tanase C, Derewicz D, Gheorghișan-Gălățeanu AA. Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: New Approaches in Classification, Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5301. [PMID: 37958474 PMCID: PMC10649263 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenohypophysal pituitary tumors account for 10-15% of all intracranial tumors, and 25-55% display signs of invasiveness. Nevertheless, oncology still relies on histopathological examination to establish the diagnosis. Considering that the classification of pituitary tumors has changed significantly in recent years, we discuss the definition of aggressive and invasive tumors and the latest molecular criteria used for classifying these entities. The pituitary tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential for neoplastic development and progression. This review aims to reveal the impact of TME characteristics on stratifying these tumors in view of finding appropriate therapeutic approaches. The role of the pituitary tumor microenvironment and its main components, non-tumoral cells and soluble factors, has been addressed. The variable display of different immune cell types, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and folliculostellate cells is discussed in relation to tumor development and aggressiveness. The molecules secreted by both tumoral and non-tumoral cells, such as VEGF, FGF, EGF, IL6, TNFα, and immune checkpoint molecules, contribute to the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment. They could be considered potential biomarkers for diagnosis and the invasiveness of these tumors, together with emerging non-coding RNA molecules. Therefore, assessing this complex network associated with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors could bring a new era in diagnosing and treating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Antonia Tapoi
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria-Linda Popa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell Biology and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Derewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Marie Sklodowska Curie Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041447 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ancuța-Augustina Gheorghișan-Gălățeanu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Tumour microenvironment and pituitary tumour behaviour. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:1047-1063. [PMID: 37060402 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary tumour microenvironment encompasses a spectrum of non-tumoural cells, such as immune, stromal or endothelial cells, as well as enzymes and signalling peptides like cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround the tumour cells and may influence pituitary tumour behaviour and tumourigenic mechanisms. Recently, there has been intensive research activity in this field describing various pituitary tumour-infiltrating immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and immune- and microenvironment-related pathways. Key changes in oncological therapeutic avenues resulted in the recognition of pituitary as a target of adverse events for patients treated with immune checkpoint regulators. However, these phenomena can be turned into therapeutic advantage in severe cases of pituitary tumours. Therefore, unravelling the pituitary tumour microenvironment will allow a better understanding of the biology and behaviour of pituitary tumours and may provide further developments in terms of diagnosis and management of patients with aggressively growing or recurrent pituitary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marques
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Marques P, Silva AL, López-Presa D, Faria C, Bugalho MJ. The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas: biological, clinical and therapeutical implications. Pituitary 2022; 25:363-382. [PMID: 35194709 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas (PAs) includes a range of non-tumoral cells, such as immune and stromal cells, as well as cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround pituitary tumor cells and may modulate tumor initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and other tumorigenic processes. The microenvironment of PAs has been actively investigated over the last years, with several immune and stromal cell populations, as well as different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being recently characterized in PAs. Moreover, key microenvironment-related genes as well as immune-related molecules and pathways have been investigated, with immune check point regulators emerging as promising targets for immunotherapy. Understanding the microenvironment of PAs will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the complex biology of PAs, as well as will provide developments in terms of diagnosis, clinical management and ultimately treatment of patients with aggressive and/or refractory PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dolores López-Presa
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Faria
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Raverot G, Ilie MD, Lasolle H, Amodru V, Trouillas J, Castinetti F, Brue T. Aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:671-684. [PMID: 34493834 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although usually benign, anterior pituitary tumours occasionally exhibit aggressive behaviour, with invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional treatments and multiple recurrences. In very rare cases, they metastasize and are termed pituitary carcinomas. The time between a 'classical' pituitary tumour and a pituitary carcinoma can be years, which means that monitoring should be performed regularly in patients with clinical (invasion and/or tumour growth) or pathological (Ki67 index, mitotic count and/or p53 detection) markers suggesting aggressiveness. However, although both invasion and proliferation have prognostic value, such parameters cannot predict outcome or malignancy without metastasis. Future research should focus on the biology of both tumour cells and their microenvironment, hopefully with improved therapeutic outcomes. Currently, the initial therapeutic approach for aggressive pituitary tumours is generally to repeat surgery or radiotherapy in expert centres. Standard medical treatments usually have no effect on tumour progression but they can be maintained on a long-term basis to, at least partly, control hypersecretion. In cases where standard treatments prove ineffective, temozolomide, the sole formally recommended treatment, is effective in only one-third of patients. Personalized use of emerging therapies, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, angiogenesis-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, will hopefully improve the outcomes of patients with this severe condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Raverot
- Endocrinology Department, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRLC), Lyon, France
| | - Mirela Diana Ilie
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRLC), Lyon, France
- Endocrinology Department, "C.I.Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hélène Lasolle
- Endocrinology Department, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRLC), Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Amodru
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Endocrinology Department, Hôpital de la Conception, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Endocrinology Department, Hôpital de la Conception, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Endocrinology Department, Hôpital de la Conception, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France.
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Marques P, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tumour microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100852. [PMID: 32553750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is known in pituitary tumours. However, the understanding of the TME of pituitary tumours has advanced thanks to active research in this field over the last decade. Different immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and several cytokines, growth factors and matrix remodelling enzymes, have been characterised in pituitary tumours. Studying the TME in pituitary tumours may lead to a better understanding of tumourigenic mechanisms, identification of biomarkers useful to predict aggressive disease, and development of novel therapies. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different TME cellular/non-cellular elements in pituitary tumours and provides an overview of their role in tumourigenesis, biological behaviour and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Chai BY, Yip WK, Dusa N, Mohtarrudin N, Seow HF. Loss of Interleukin-17RA Expression is Associated with Tumour Progression in Colorectal Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2291-2298. [PMID: 32462420 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine found in various cancers. Current evidence indicates that IL-17 plays a vital role in tumour initiation and progression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) via binding with its receptor, IL-17RA. However, the association between clinicopathological features and presence of IL-17 and IL-17RA protein in primary CRC tissues remains unclear. This study also investigates the difference between the presence of IL-17 and IL-17RA in the paired tumour tissues versus adjacent normal tissues. The presence of IL-17RA and IL-17 protein in primary CRC tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Associations between clinicopathological features and IL-17RA and IL-17 immunoreactivity, were analyzed by χ2 tests. We found that both IL-17RA (p = 0.001) and IL-17 (p = 0.025) in tumour cells of primary CRC tissues was significantly lower as compared to adjacent normal tissue. Positive immunoreactivity for IL-17RA and IL-17 were detected in 51.0% and 16.8% of tumour tissues, respectively. Furthermore, negative immunoreactivity of IL-17R was significantly associated with advanced stage according to TNM classifier (p = 0.027), high grade of tumour (p = 0.019), increased depth of tumour invasion (p = 0.023) and vascular invasion (p = 0.039). Positive IL-17 immunoreactivity was associated with advanced stage (p = 0.008) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.008). Thus, this study suggests that the loss of IL-17RA expression occurs as tumour progresses and this may predict the aggressiveness of tumour whilst expression of IL-17 promotes tumour progression and lymph node metastasis. Thus, loss of IL-17RA could be a useful prognostic biomarker for tumour progression in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Yean Chai
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wai Kien Yip
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noraini Dusa
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Heng Fong Seow
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. .,Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
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7
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Marques P, Barry S, Carlsen E, Collier D, Ronaldson A, Awad S, Dorward N, Grieve J, Mendoza N, Muquit S, Grossman AB, Balkwill F, Korbonits M. Chemokines modulate the tumour microenvironment in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:172. [PMID: 31703742 PMCID: PMC6839241 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-tumoural cells within the tumour microenvironment (TME) influence tumour proliferation, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Little is known about TME in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs). We aimed to characterise the role of TME in the aggressive behaviour of PitNETs, focusing on immune cells and cytokines. The cytokine secretome of 16 clinically non-functioning PitNETs (NF-PitNETs) and 8 somatotropinomas was assessed in primary culture using an immunoassay panel with 42 cytokines. This was correlated with macrophage (CD68, HLA-DR, CD163), T-lymphocyte (CD8, CD4, FOXP3), B-lymphocyte (CD20), neutrophil (neutrophil elastase) and endothelial cells (CD31) content, compared to normal pituitaries (NPs, n = 5). In vitro tumour-macrophage interactions were assessed by conditioned medium (CM) of GH3 (pituitary tumour) and RAW264.7 (macrophage) cell lines on morphology, migration/invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cytokine secretion. IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10, CCL22 and CXCL1 are the main PitNET-derived cytokines. PitNETs with increased macrophage and neutrophil content had higher IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL1 levels. CD8+ T-lymphocytes were associated to higher CCL2, CCL4 and VEGF-A levels. PitNETs had more macrophages than NPs (p < 0.001), with a 3-fold increased CD163:HLA-DR macrophage ratio. PitNETs contained more CD4+ T-lymphocytes (p = 0.005), but fewer neutrophils (p = 0.047) with a 2-fold decreased CD8:CD4 ratio. NF-PitNETs secreted more cytokines and had 9 times more neutrophils than somatotropinomas (p = 0.002). PitNETs with higher Ki-67 had more FOXP3+ T cells, as well as lower CD68:FOXP3, CD8:CD4 and CD8:FOXP3 ratios. PitNETs with "deleterious immune phenotype" (CD68hiCD4hiFOXP3hiCD20hi) had a Ki-67 ≥ 3%. CD163:HLA-DR macrophage ratio was positively correlated with microvessel density (p = 0.015) and area (p < 0.001). GH3 cell-CM increased macrophage chemotaxis, while macrophage-CM changed morphology, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and secreted cytokines of GH3 cells. PitNETs are characterised by increased CD163:HLA-DR macrophage and reduced CD8:CD4 and CD8:FOXP3 T cell ratios. PitNET-derived chemokines facilitate macrophage, neutrophil and T cell recruitment into the tumours which can determine aggressive behaviour.
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Yang Q, Li X. Molecular Network Basis of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30733705 PMCID: PMC6353782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases with pituitary adenoma comprise 10-25% of intracranial neoplasm, being the third most common intracranial tumor, most of the adenomas are considered to be benign. About 35% of pituitary adenomas are invasive. This review summarized the known molecular basis of the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The study pointed out that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, pituitary tumor transforming gene, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, mainly MMP-2, and MMP-9) are core molecules responsible for the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The reason is that these molecules have the ability to directly or indirectly induce cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, degradation, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. HIF-1α induced by hypoxia or apoplexy inside the adenoma might be the initiating factor of invasive transformation, followed with angiogenesis for overexpressed VEGF, EMT for overexpressed PTTG, degradation of ECM for overexpressed MMPs, creating a suitable microenvironment within the tumor. Together, they form a complex interactive network. More investigations are required to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas.
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Colombo M, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M, Basile A, Locati M, Lesma E, Chiaramonte R, Platonova N. Cancer Cells Exploit Notch Signaling to Redefine a Supportive Cytokine Milieu. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1823. [PMID: 30154786 PMCID: PMC6102368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is a well-known key player in the communication between adjacent cells during organ development, when it controls several processes involved in cell differentiation. Notch-mediated communication may occur through the interaction of Notch receptors with ligands on adjacent cells or by a paracrine/endocrine fashion, through soluble molecules that can mediate the communication between cells at distant sites. Dysregulation of Notch pathway causes a number of disorders, including cancer. Notch hyperactivation may be caused by mutations of Notch-related genes, dysregulated upstream pathways, or microenvironment signals. Cancer cells may exploit this aberrant signaling to "educate" the surrounding microenvironment cells toward a pro-tumoral behavior. This may occur because of key cytokines secreted by tumor cells or it may involve the microenvironment through the activation of Notch signaling in stromal cells, an event mediated by a direct cell-to-cell contact and resulting in the increased secretion of several pro-tumorigenic cytokines. Up to now, review articles were mainly focused on Notch contribution in a specific tumor context or immune cell populations. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the outcomes of Notch-mediated pathological interactions in different tumor settings and on the molecular and cellular mediators involved in this process. We describe how Notch dysregulation in cancer may alter the cytokine network and its outcomes on tumor progression and antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic Biopharma Inc., Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrea Basile
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Natalia Platonova
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Association of Ki-67 Labelling Index and IL-17A with Pituitary Adenoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7490585. [PMID: 29955610 PMCID: PMC6000872 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7490585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if the Ki-67 labelling index reflects invasiveness of pituitary adenoma and to evaluate IL-17A concentration in blood serum of pituitary adenoma patients. The study was conducted in the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. All pituitary adenomas were analysed based on magnetic resonance imaging findings. The suprasellar extension and sphenoid sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma were classified according to Hardy classification modified by Wilson. Knosp classification system was used to quantify the invasion of the cavernous sinus. The Ki-67 labelling index was obtained by immunohistochemical analysis with the monoclonal antibody, and serum levels of IL-17A were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sixty-nine PA tissue samples were investigated. Serum levels of IL–17A were determined in 60 patients with PA and 64 control subjects. Analysis revealed statistically significantly higher Ki-67 labelling index in invasive compared to noninvasive pituitary adenomas. Median serum IL-17A level was higher in the pituitary adenoma patients than in the control group. Conclusion. IL-17A might be a significant marker for patients with pituitary adenoma and Ki-67 labelling index in case of invasive pituitary adenomas.
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Yang C, Bao X, Wang R. Role of matrix Metalloproteinases in pituitary adenoma invasion. Chin Neurosurg J 2018; 4:2. [PMID: 32922863 PMCID: PMC7393832 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-017-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though pituitary adenomas are benign tumors in most cases, a considerable fraction of PAs behave in a malignant-like manner and invade to the adjacent structures in sellar region, especially the cavernous sinuses. Cancer-cell invasion and metastasis remain a great challenge for physicians and surgeons in spite of emerging advances in drug therapy and surgical Treatment. matrix metalloproteinases, as a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, have long been known to be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis mainly via breaking down basement membrane in different tissues. Aberrant expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases have been detected in invasive pituitary adenomas as in malignancy and correlated to tumor invasion. Therefore, matrix metalloproteinases are considered as promising biomarkers for predicting tumor behavior and even drug targets for novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we give an overview of the expression, function, regulation and clinical prospects of matrix metalloproteinases, especially focusing on the biological network in which matrix metalloproteinases may be abnormally activated in promoting pituitary adenoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
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Abstract
In recent decades, extensive studies have indicated that IL-17A plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not immediately clear. In this review, we examined the literature from the recent years concerning the study of IL-17A in four kinds of tumor transfer paths, including hematogenous metastasis, lymphatic metastasis, local invasion and transcoelomic metastasis, to summarize the roles and underlying mechanisms of IL-17A on tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Xu
- a Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhi-Jun Li
- b Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Xiu-Long Niu
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , Hospital Affiliated to Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China
| | - Wei-Min Deng
- a Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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13
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Lactate dehydrogenase A promotes the invasion and proliferation of pituitary adenoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4734. [PMID: 28680051 PMCID: PMC5498590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) has been reported to be involved in the initiation and progression of tumors. However, the potential role of LDHA in pituitary adenoma (PA) remains unknown. In this study, we showed that the expression levels of LDHA mRNA and protein were significantly elevated in invasive PA samples, and positively correlated with higher Ki-67 index. Overexpression of LDHA in a PA cell line (GH3) promoted glucose uptake through the upregulation of glucose transporter-1 (Glut1), lactate secretion and induced cellular invasion by upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase2 (MMP2). LDHA also promoted GH3 cell proliferation through induction of cell cycle progression via activation of the Akt-GSK-3β-cyclinD1 pathway. Accordingly, oxamate-induced inhibition of LDHA suppressed glucose uptake, lactate secretion, invasion and proliferation in GH3 cells via down regulation of Glut1 and MMP2 expression and inhibition of the Akt-GSK-3β-cyclinD1 pathway. Moreover, oxamate induced GH3 cell apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In vivo, LDHA overexpression promoted tumor growth, and oxamate delayed tumor growth. In primary PA cell cultures, oxamate also effectively suppressed invasion and proliferation. Our data indicate that LDHA is involved in promoting the progression of PA, and oxamate might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of PA.
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Zheng X, Li S, Zhang W, Zang Z, Hu J, Yang H. Current biomarkers of invasive sporadic pituitary adenomas. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:658-667. [PMID: 27659267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Though pituitary adenomas (PA) are considered benign, some of them exhibit invasive behaviors such as recurrence and low rate of total surgical resection. Reliable prognostic biomarkers for invasive PA are highly desired; however they remain to be identified. In this review, we summarize the current controversial findings of biomarkers for invasive sporadic PA, and we discuss the possible reasons for the controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Usui S, Hama S, Tominaga A, Kinoshita Y, Kurisu K. Effect of Gonadotropin and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion on Invasiveness of Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas: A Cell Culture Study. World Neurosurg 2016; 96:578-584.e1. [PMID: 27601155 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between clinical features (especially cyst formation and cavernous sinus invasion) and minor secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, especially adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and gonadotropin, by clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (CNFPAs) in cell culture. METHODS We examined anterior pituitary hormones secreted by samples from 63 cases of CNFPAs grown in cell culture. Magnetic resonance imaging, including determination of the Knosp grade, cystic changes, and intraoperative cavernous sinus invasion, was performed. RESULTS Detection of minor hormone secretion using cell culture showed that 61.9% (39/63) of CNFPAs secreted luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, 44.4% (28/63) secreted ACTH, 57.1% (36/63) secreted prolactin, and 28.6% (18/63) secreted growth hormone; only 1 case of the null-cell adenoma was observed (1.6%). Cystic changes, Knosp grade 4 status, and cavernous sinus invasion were predominantly observed in cases of ACTH-secreting adenomas. Gonadotropin-secreting adenomas showed opposite characteristics to ACTH-secreting adenomas. CONCLUSIONS Minor secretion of ACTH and gonadotropin may be related to clinical features, especially cystic changes and invasiveness of CNFPAs, suggesting that our cell culture method could be helpful for elucidating the mechanisms of pituitary cyst formation and the invasiveness of CNFPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Usui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Seiji Hama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kurisu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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16
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Liu HY, Gu WJ, Wang CZ, Ji XJ, Mu YM. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in invasive pituitary adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3904. [PMID: 27310993 PMCID: PMC4998479 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is important for tumor invasion and metastasis. Normal function of the extracellular matrix depends on the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between expression of MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 and invasion of pituitary adenomas.We searched Pubmed, Embase, and the Chinese Biomedical Database up to October 2015. RevMan 5.1 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used for statistical analysis. We calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) for data expressed as mean ± standard deviation because of the difference in the detection method.Twenty-four studies (1320 patients) were included. MMP-9 expression was higher in the patients with invasive pituitary adenomas (IPAs) than patients with noninvasive pituitary adenomas (NIPAs) with detection methods of IHC [odds ratio (OR) = 5.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.61-11.50, P < 0.00001), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (SMD = 2.28, 95% CI = 0.91-3.64, P = 0.001). MMP-2 expression was also increased in patients with IPAs at the protein level (OR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.63-7.87, P = 0.001), and RNA level (SMD = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.52-6.29, P = 0.001). Meta-analysis showed that there was no difference in TIMP-2 expression between invasive and NIPAs at the protein level (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.06-2.26, P = 0.29). MMP-9 expression in prolactinomas and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas was also no difference (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.48-2.20, P = 0.95).The results indicated that MMP-9 and -2 may be correlated with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas, although their relationship with functional status of pituitary adenomas is still not clear. TIMP-2 expression in IPAs needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology Department of rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
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17
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Saeger W, Petersenn S, Schöfl C, Knappe UJ, Theodoropoulou M, Buslei R, Honegger J. Emerging Histopathological and Genetic Parameters of Pituitary Adenomas: Clinical Impact and Recommendation for Future WHO Classification. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:115-22. [PMID: 26874696 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The review assesses immunohistochemical findings of somatostatin receptors and of metalloproteinases in different pituitary adenoma types and the significance of molecular genetic data. Current evidence does not support routine immunohistochemical assessment of somatostatin or dopamine receptor subtype expression on hormone-secreting or nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Further prospective studies are needed to define its role for clinical decision making. Until then we suggest to restrict membrane receptor profiling to individual cases or for study purposes. The problems of adenoma expansion and invasion are discussed. Despite partially contradictory publications, proteases clearly play a major role in permission of infiltrative growth of pituitary adenomas. Therefore, detection of at least MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and uPA seems to be justified. Molecular characterization is important for familial adenomas, adenomas in MEN, Carney complex, and McCune-Albright syndrome and can gain insight into pathogenesis of sporadic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Saeger
- Institutes of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Hamburg, UKE, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - S Petersenn
- ENDOC Center for Endocrinology, 22587 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Schöfl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - U J Knappe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes-Wesling-Klinikum Minden, 32429, Minden, Germany
| | - M Theodoropoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - R Buslei
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Honegger
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Zheng X, Li S, Zang Z, Hu J, An J, Pei X, Zhu F, Zhang W, Yang H. Evidence for possible role of toll-like receptor 3 mediating virus-induced progression of pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:22-32. [PMID: 26891958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-related viruses are known to be involved in initiation and progression of certain tumors. However, the relationship between virus and pituitary adenomas (PAs) remains unknown. Here, we investigated infection status of three types of viruses (HPV16, HHV6B and HSV1) and expression level of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in 60 human PA samples. We also determined the role of TLR3 signaling pathway on a PA cell line (GH3). We firstly found that positive rates of HPV16 and HHV6B infection were significantly higher in invasive PA samples than in noninvasive samples (P < 0.01). Similarly, TLR3 mRNA and protein expression also increased in invasive PA samples (P < 0.01). In vitro analysis indicated that GH3 cell proliferation and survival were enhanced by TLR3 activation, which was accompanied by NF-κB activation. Our data indicate that HPV16 and HHV6B viruses may be involved in promoting the progression of PA by activating the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Song Li
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiayin An
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiangdong Pei
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, University of Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Hui Yang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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19
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Qian X, Chen H, Wu X, Hu L, Huang Q, Jin Y. Interleukin-17 acts as double-edged sword in anti-tumor immunity and tumorigenesis. Cytokine 2016; 89:34-44. [PMID: 26883678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a proinflammatory cytokine, mainly produced by Th17 cells, participates in both innate and adaptive immune responses and is involved in various diseases, including infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that IL-17 not only has an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis by regulating tumor angiogenesis and enhancing tumor immune evasion but also exerts anti-tumor functions by enhancing natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activation and through the recruitment of neutrophils, NK cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to tumor tissue. In this review, we provide an overview on the basic biology of IL-17 and recent findings regarding its enigmatic double-edged features in tumorigenesis, with special attention to the roles of IL-17 produced by tumor cells interacting with other factors in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 32, South Renmin Road, Shiyan 44200, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Hankui Chen
- Rush University Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 32, South Renmin Road, Shiyan 44200, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Ling Hu
- Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
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20
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Yu FF, Chen LL, Su YH, Huo LH, Lin XX, Liao RD. Factors influencing improvement of visual field after trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:1224-8. [PMID: 26682178 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influencing factors of visual field improvement after trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 201 patients (366 eyes) with visual field defect induced by pituitary macroadenomas. All of them were treated with trans-sphenoidal surgery. Ophthalmologic evaluation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and visual field examination were performed before and 3mo after surgery. BCVA, visual field defect index mean deviation (MD), duration of symptoms, age, sex, and volume of tumors were compared. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ki-67 of tumor tissue were detected by immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 44.23±1.29y. Ninety-three patients were female and 108 were male. The mean tumor volume was 14.36±6.23 cm(3). The mean duration of preoperative symptoms was 11.50±0.88mo. Mean preoperative MD was -17.50±0.82 dB. Mean Preoperative visual acuity was 0.64±0.04. Postoperative visual field improved in 270 (73.77%) eyes, unchanged in 96 (26.23%) eyes. Multivariate logistic regression displayed that the factors independently influencing visual field improvement were young age (OR=1.71, 95%CI: 1.325-2.387, P=0.013), low preoperative MD absolute value (OR=1.277, 95%CI: 1.205-1.355, P<0.001), small volume of tumor (OR=1.458, 95%CI: 1.060-4.289, P<0.001), low expression of VEGF in tumor tissue (OR=1.554, 95%CI: 1.089-2.457, P=0.022), and low expression of Ki-67 in tumor tissue (OR=1.552, 95%CI: 1.161-2.847, P=0.026). CONCLUSION After pituitary macroadenomas trans-sphenoidal resection, the independent influencing factors of the visual fields recovery were low preoperative MD absolute value, young age, small volume of tumor, and expression levels of VEGF/ Ki-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Fen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Hua Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Hun Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xian-Xuan Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui-Duan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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21
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Cannavo S, Ferrau F, Cotta OR, Saitta S, Barresi V, Cristani MT, Saija A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F, Gangemi S. Increased serum interleukin-22 levels in patients with PRL-secreting and non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Pituitary 2014; 17:76-80. [PMID: 23512698 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-013-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines' involvement in tumorigenesis has been hypothesized. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is implicated in proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways via its receptor IL-22R. Its role in pituitary adenomas has never been investigated. Twenty-seven patients with pituitary macroadenomas (PA, 21 males, mean age 53.8 ± 14.4 years) and 30 healthy controls (19 males, mean age 50.4 ± 8.4 years) were enrolled. Out of 27 PA patients, 17 had a non-functioning tumour (NFPA) and 10 a PRL-secreting adenoma (PRL-oma). Serum IL-22 levels were measured in both patients and controls. Immunohistochemical (IHC) tumoral IL-22R expression was evaluated in 10 patients with NFPA and 4 with PRL-oma. IL-22 levels were significantly higher in PA patients than in controls [32.47 (11.29-70.12) vs. 5.58 (0.19-21.46) pg/mL, p < 0.0001] but did not correlate with tumor maximum diameter and were not associated to pituitary function impairment. PRL-oma patients had significantly higher IL-22 levels than NFPA patients [37.18 (14.82-70.12) vs. 21.29 (11.29-56) pg/mL, p = 0.039]. IHC revealed a strong IL-22R staining in 100 % of PRL-omas and 60 % of NFPAs. We provide the first evidence of increased serum IL-22 levels in patients with pituitary macroadenoma, especially in PRL-omas, regardless of tumor size and/or degree of pituitary function impairment. We also demonstrated the expression of IL22R in all PRL-omas and in 60 % of NFPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cannavo
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino" (Pad. H, floor 4), Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Italy
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22
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Qiu L, Yang J, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wu Q. Expression of T-helper-associated cytokines in the serum of pituitary adenoma patients preoperatively and postperatively. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:781-6. [PMID: 23562284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors, However, 30% of them may develop into invasive tumors by invading the surrounding tissues. The studies have shown that several cytokines were expressed in human anterior pituitary adenomas, therefore, we speculate that the cytokines are important in human anterior pituitary tumorigenesis. The current study is designed to investigate expression profiles of cytokines in the serum of patients with pituitary adenomas. This was done by selecting 75 cases with pituitary adenoma, including invasive and non-invasive pituitary adenomas and collected blood samples of preoperative, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery, respectively. We used the cell flow instrument to detect the level of Lymphocytes and subsets and immunoglobulin and complement in the peripheral blood, and by ELISA detecting the content of cytokines (IL-17, IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, INF-γ) in the serum of pituitary adenoma patients. The results show that the level of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 was increased substantially before surgery but they decreased substantially after surgery, IFN-γ, TNF-a was increased after surgery, the ratio of Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/IL-4) was significantly lower before surgery and increased distinctly post-operation. These data indicated that there is some cross-regulation among Th1, Th2 and Th17 subsets and that cytokines are important in tissue inflammatory lesions of pituitary adenomas and promoting invasive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Qiu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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23
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Le Tissier PR, Hodson DJ, Lafont C, Fontanaud P, Schaeffer M, Mollard P. Anterior pituitary cell networks. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:252-66. [PMID: 22981652 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both endocrine and non-endocrine cells of the pituitary gland are organized into structural and functional networks which are formed during embryonic development but which may be modified throughout life. Structural mapping of the various endocrine cell types has highlighted the existence of distinct network motifs and relationships with the vasculature which may relate to temporal differences in their output. Functional characterization of the network activity of growth hormone and prolactin cells has revealed a role for cell organization in gene regulation, the plasticity of pituitary hormone output and remarkably the ability to memorize altered demand. As such, the description of these endocrine cell networks alters the concept of the pituitary from a gland which simply responds to external regulation to that of an oscillator which may memorize information and constantly adapt its coordinated networks' responses to the flow of hypothalamic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Le Tissier
- Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom;
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