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Luo L, Yu L, Yang J, Wang E. Peptide Signals Regulate Nitrogen Deficiency Adaptation of Dicotyledonous Model Plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39420598 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a crucial macroelement essential for plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis Thaliana, classical phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin orchestrate local and systemic signalling networks coordinate plant growth and development in response to nitrogen deficiency. Nowadays, emerging signalling pathways involving small peptides like CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDINGR REGION (CLE) and C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) and their corresponding kinase receptors, also regulate Arabidopsis' adaptation to nitrogen scarcity. Unlike Arabidopsis, which adapts to nitrogen deficiency by changing root development, legumes have the unique ability to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules through symbiotic interactions with soil rhizobia. During the symbiotic nodulation in Medicago, CLE and CEP peptides and their receptors consist of an autoregulatory network governing the number of nodules in accordance with the soil nitrogen level. Additionally, other plant peptides, such as phytosulfokine (PSK) and root meristem growth factors (RGF), have been identified as new regulators of leguminous root nodule development under nitrogen-limited condition. However, the precise mechanism by which these peptides coordinate nitrogen deficiency response and the development of nitrogen-fixing organs remains to be fully elucidated. This review summarises the adaptive strategies of dicotyledons to nitrogen deficiency, with a particular focus on the regulation of Medicago nitrogen-fixing nodule development by the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Center of Plant Science, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Center of Plant Science, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Chaulagain D, Schnabel E, Kappes M, Lin EX, Müller LM, Frugoli JA. TML1 AND TML2 SYNERGISTICALLY REGULATE NODULATION AND AFFECT ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA IN MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.07.570674. [PMID: 38106087 PMCID: PMC10723381 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Two symbiotic processes, nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza, are primarily controlled by the plant's need for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), respectively. Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) and Autoregulation of Mycorrhization (AOM) both negatively regulate their respective processes and share multiple components - plants that make too many nodules usually have higher AM fungal root colonization. The protein TML (TOO MUCH LOVE) was shown to function in roots to maintain susceptibly to rhizobial infection under low N conditions and control nodule number through AON in Lotus japonicus . M. truncatula has two sequence homologs: Mt TML1 and Mt TML2. We report the generation of stable single and double mutants harboring multiple allelic variations in MtTML1 and MtTML2 using CRISPR-Cas9 targeted mutagenesis and screening of a transposon mutagenesis library. Plants containing single mutations in Mt TML1 or Mt TML2 produced 2-3 times the nodules of wild-type plants whereas plants containing mutations in both genes displayed a synergistic effect, forming 20x more nodules compared to wild type plants. Examination of expression and heterozygote effects suggest genetic compensation may play a role in the observed synergy. Plants with mutations in both TMLs only showed mild increases in AM fungal root colonization at later timepoints in our experiments, suggesting these genes may also play a minor role in AM symbiosis regulation. The mutants created will be useful tools to dissect the mechanism of synergistic action of Mt TML1 and Mt TML2 in M. truncatula symbiosis with beneficial microbes.
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Liu T, Liu Z, Fan J, Yuan Y, Liu H, Xian W, Xiang S, Yang X, Liu Y, Liu S, Zhang M, Jiao Y, Cheng S, Doyle JJ, Xie F, Li J, Tian Z. Loss of Lateral suppressor gene is associated with evolution of root nodule symbiosis in Leguminosae. Genome Biol 2024; 25:250. [PMID: 39350172 PMCID: PMC11441212 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a fascinating evolutionary event. Given that limited genes conferring the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae have been functionally validated, the genetic basis of the evolution of RNS remains largely unknown. Identifying the genes involved in the evolution of RNS will help to reveal the mystery. RESULTS Here, we investigate the gene loss event during the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae through phylogenomic and synteny analyses in 48 species including 16 Leguminosae species. We reveal that loss of the Lateral suppressor gene, a member of the GRAS-domain protein family, is associated with the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae. Ectopic expression of the Lateral suppressor (Ls) gene from tomato and its homolog MONOCULM 1 (MOC1) and Os7 from rice in soybean and Medicago truncatula result in almost completely lost nodulation capability. Further investigation shows that Lateral suppressor protein, Ls, MOC1, and Os7 might function through an interaction with NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY 2 (NSP2) and CYCLOPS to repress the transcription of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) to inhibit the nodulation in Leguminosae. Additionally, we find that the cathepsin H (CTSH), a conserved protein, could interact with Lateral suppressor protein, Ls, MOC1, and Os7 and affect the nodulation. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on uncovering the genetic basis of the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae and suggests that gene loss plays an essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shi-Jiazhuang, China
| | - Jingwei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfei Xian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shuaiying Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuannian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Sections of Plant Biology and Plant Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Zhixi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, China.
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Schnabel E, Bashyal S, Corbett C, Kassaw T, Nowak S, Rosales-García RA, Noorai RE, Müller LM, Frugoli J. The Defective in Autoregulation (DAR) gene of Medicago truncatula encodes a protein involved in regulating nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:766. [PMID: 39123119 PMCID: PMC11316349 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumes utilize a long-distance signaling feedback pathway, termed Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON), to regulate the establishment and maintenance of their symbiosis with rhizobia. Several proteins key to this pathway have been discovered, but the AON pathway is not completely understood. RESULTS We report a new hypernodulating mutant, defective in autoregulation, with disruption of a gene, DAR (Medtr2g450550/MtrunA17_Chr2g0304631), previously unknown to play a role in AON. The dar-1 mutant produces ten-fold more nodules than wild type, similar to AON mutants with disrupted SUNN gene function. As in sunn mutants, suppression of nodulation by CLE peptides MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 is abolished in dar. Furthermore, dar-1 also shows increased root length colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, suggesting a role for DAR in autoregulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis (AOM). However, unlike SUNN which functions in the shoot to control nodulation, DAR functions in the root. CONCLUSIONS DAR encodes a membrane protein that is a member of a small protein family in M. truncatula. Our results suggest that DAR could be involved in the subcellular transport of signals involved in symbiosis regulation, but it is not upregulated during symbiosis. DAR gene family members are also present in Arabidopsis, lycophytes, mosses, and microalgae, suggesting the AON and AOM may use pathway components common to other plants, even those that do not undergo either symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sagar Bashyal
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Cameron Corbett
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Present addresses: Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Tessema Kassaw
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Present addresses: Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Stephen Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Present addresses: Center for Technology Licensing, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Ramsés Alejandro Rosales-García
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Clemson University Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Rooksana E Noorai
- Clemson University Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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Fu M, Yao X, Li X, Liu J, Bai M, Fang Z, Gong J, Guan Y, Xie F. GmNLP1 and GmNLP4 activate nitrate-induced CLE peptides NIC1a/b to mediate nitrate-regulated root nodulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:783-795. [PMID: 38701020 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an energy-intensive process, to maintain the balance between growth and nitrogen fixation, high concentrations of nitrate inhibit root nodulation. However, the precise mechanism underlying the nitrate inhibition of nodulation in soybean remains elusive. In this study, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of GmNLP1 and GmNLP4 unveiled a notable nitrate-tolerant nodulation phenotype. GmNLP1b and GmNLP4a play a significant role in the nitrate-triggered inhibition of nodulation, as the expression of nitrate-responsive genes was largely suppressed in Gmnlp1b and Gmnlp4a mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GmNLP1b and GmNLP4a can bind to the promoters of GmNIC1a and GmNIC1b and activate their expression. Manipulations targeting GmNIC1a and GmNIC1b through knockdown or overexpression strategies resulted in either increased or decreased nodule number in response to nitrate. Additionally, transgenic roots that constitutively express GmNIC1a or GmNIC1b rely on both NARK and hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase RDN1 to prevent the inhibitory effects imposed by nitrate on nodulation. In conclusion, this study highlights the crucial role of the GmNLP1/4-GmNIC1a/b module in mediating high nitrate-induced inhibition of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Fu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengyan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Fang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiming Gong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Xie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai, 200032, China
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6
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Qiao L, Lin J, Suzaki T, Liang P. Staying hungry: a roadmap to harnessing central regulators of symbiotic nitrogen fixation under fluctuating nitrogen availability. ABIOTECH 2024; 5:107-113. [PMID: 38576431 PMCID: PMC10987428 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Legumes have evolved specific inventions to enhance nitrogen (N) acquisition by establishing symbiotic interactions with N-fixing rhizobial bacteria. Because symbiotic N fixation is energetically costly, legumes have developed sophisticated mechanisms to ensure carbon-nitrogen balance, in a variable environment, both locally and at the whole plant level, by monitoring nodule number, nodule development, and nodular nitrogenase activity, as well as controlling nodule senescence. Studies of the autoregulation of nodulation and regulation of nodulation by nodule inception (NIN) and NIN-LIKE PROTEINs (NLPs) have provided great insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the nitrate-induced regulation of root nodulation for adapting to N availability in the rhizosphere. However, many aspects of N-induced pleiotropic regulation remain to be fully explained, such as N-triggered senescence in mature nodules. Wang et al. determined that this process is governed by a transcriptional network regulated by NAC-type transcription factors. Characterization and dissection of these soybean nitrogen-associated NAPs (SNAPs) transcription factor-mastered networks have yielded a roadmap for exploring how legumes rewire nodule functions across a range of N levels, laying the foundation for enhancing the growth of N-deprived crops in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Pengbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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7
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Bashyal S, Gautam CK, Müller LM. CLAVATA signaling in plant-environment interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1336-1357. [PMID: 37930810 PMCID: PMC10904329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants must rapidly and dynamically adapt to changes in their environment. Upon sensing environmental signals, plants convert them into cellular signals, which elicit physiological or developmental changes that allow them to respond to various abiotic and biotic cues. Because plants can be simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental cues, signal integration between plant cells, tissues, and organs is necessary to induce specific responses. Recently, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides and their cognate CLAVATA-type receptors received increased attention for their roles in plant-environment interactions. CLE peptides are mobile signaling molecules, many of which are induced by a variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Secreted CLE peptides are perceived by receptor complexes on the surface of their target cells, which often include the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase CLAVATA1. Receptor activation then results in cell-type and/or environment-specific responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the diverse roles of environment-regulated CLE peptides in modulating plant responses to environmental cues. We highlight how CLE signals regulate plant physiology by fine-tuning plant-microbe interactions, nutrient homeostasis, and carbon allocation. Finally, we describe the role of CLAVATA receptors in the perception of environment-induced CLE signals and discuss how diverse CLE-CLAVATA signaling modules may integrate environmental signals with plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bashyal
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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8
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Pereira WJ, Boyd J, Conde D, Triozzi PM, Balmant KM, Dervinis C, Schmidt HW, Boaventura-Novaes C, Chakraborty S, Knaack SA, Gao Y, Feltus FA, Roy S, Ané JM, Frugoli J, Kirst M. The single-cell transcriptome program of nodule development cellular lineages in Medicago truncatula. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113747. [PMID: 38329875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Legumes establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia by developing nodules. Nodules are modified lateral roots that undergo changes in their cellular development in response to bacteria, but the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in these root cells remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we describe the cell-type-specific transcriptome response of Medicago truncatula roots to rhizobia during early nodule development in the wild-type genotype Jemalong A17, complemented with a hypernodulating mutant (sunn-4) to expand the cell population responding to infection and subsequent biological inferences. The analysis identifies epidermal root hair and stele sub-cell types associated with a symbiotic response to infection and regulation of nodule proliferation. Trajectory inference shows cortex-derived cell lineages differentiating to form the nodule primordia and, posteriorly, its meristem, while modulating the regulation of phytohormone-related genes. Gene regulatory analysis of the cell transcriptomes identifies new regulators of nodulation, including STYLISH 4, for which the function is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell J Pereira
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jade Boyd
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Conde
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo M Triozzi
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56010 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kelly M Balmant
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Henry W Schmidt
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sara A Knaack
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Yueyao Gao
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Frank Alexander Feltus
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Biomedical Data Science and Informatics Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Clemson Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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9
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Shen L, Feng J. NIN-at the heart of NItrogen-fixing Nodule symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1284720. [PMID: 38283980 PMCID: PMC10810997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1284720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Legumes and actinorhizal plants establish symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, resulting in the formation of nodules. Nodules create an ideal environment for nitrogenase to convert atmospheric nitrogen into biological available ammonia. NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) is an indispensable transcription factor for all aspects of nodule symbiosis. Moreover, NIN is consistently lost in non-nodulating species over evolutions. Here we focus on recent advances in the signaling mechanisms of NIN during nodulation and discuss the role of NIN in the evolution of nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Shen
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS−JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Thomas J, Frugoli J. Mutation of BAM2 rescues the sunn hypernodulation phenotype in Medicago truncatula, suggesting that a signaling pathway like CLV1/BAM in Arabidopsis affects nodule number. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1334190. [PMID: 38273950 PMCID: PMC10808729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1334190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The unique evolutionary adaptation of legumes for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis leading to nodulation is tightly regulated by the host plant. The autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway negatively regulates the number of nodules formed in response to the carbon/nitrogen metabolic status of the shoot and root by long-distance signaling to and from the shoot and root. Central to AON signaling in the shoots of Medicago truncatula is SUNN, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase with high sequence similarity with CLAVATA1 (CLV1), part of a class of receptors in Arabidopsis involved in regulating stem cell populations in the root and shoot. This class of receptors in Arabidopsis includes the BARELY ANY MERISTEM family, which, like CLV1, binds to CLE peptides and interacts with CLV1 to regulate meristem development. M. truncatula contains five members of the BAM family, but only MtBAM1 and MtBAM2 are highly expressed in the nodules 48 hours after inoculation. Plants carry mutations in individual MtBAMs, and several double BAM mutant combinations all displayed wild-type nodule number phenotypes. However, Mtbam2 suppressed the sunn-5 hypernodulation phenotype and partially rescued the short root length phenotype of sunn-5 when present in a sunn-5 background. Grafting determined that bam2 suppresses supernodulation from the roots, regardless of the SUNN status of the root. Overexpression of MtBAM2 in wild-type plants increases nodule numbers, while overexpression of MtBAM2 in some sunn mutants rescues the hypernodulation phenotype, but not the hypernodulation phenotypes of AON mutant rdn1-2 or crn. Relative expression measurements of the nodule transcription factor MtWOX5 downstream of the putative bam2 sunn-5 complex revealed disruption of meristem signaling; while both bam2 and bam2 sunn-5 influence MtWOX5 expression, the expression changes are in different directions. We propose a genetic model wherein the specific root interactions of BAM2/SUNN are critical for signaling in nodule meristem cell homeostasis in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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11
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Taleski M, Jin M, Chapman K, Taylor K, Winning C, Frank M, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. CEP hormones at the nexus of nutrient acquisition and allocation, root development, and plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:538-552. [PMID: 37946363 PMCID: PMC10773996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing understanding is emerging of the roles of peptide hormones in local and long-distance signalling that coordinates plant growth and development as well as responses to the environment. C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) signalling triggered by its interaction with CEP RECEPTOR 1 (CEPR1) is known to play roles in systemic nitrogen (N) demand signalling, legume nodulation, and root system architecture. Recent research provides further insight into how CEP signalling operates, which involves diverse downstream targets and interactions with other hormone pathways. Additionally, there is emerging evidence of CEP signalling playing roles in N allocation, root responses to carbon levels, the uptake of other soil nutrients such as phosphorus and sulfur, root responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant immunity, and reproductive development. These findings suggest that CEP signalling more broadly coordinates growth across the whole plant in response to diverse environmental cues. Moreover, CEP signalling and function appear to be conserved in angiosperms. We review recent advances in CEP biology with a focus on soil nutrient uptake, root system architecture and organogenesis, and roles in plant-microbe interactions. Furthermore, we address knowledge gaps and future directions in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taleski
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Marvin Jin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Kelly Chapman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Katia Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Courtney Winning
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nijat Imin
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
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12
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Schnabel E, Thomas J, El-Hawaz R, Gao Y, Poehlman WL, Chavan S, Pasha A, Esteban E, Provart N, Feltus FA, Frugoli J. Laser Capture Microdissection Transcriptome Reveals Spatiotemporal Tissue Gene Expression Patterns of Medicago truncatula Roots Responding to Rhizobia. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:805-820. [PMID: 37717250 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-23-0029-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a public resource for examining the spatiotemporal RNA expression of 54,893 Medicago truncatula genes during the first 72 h of response to rhizobial inoculation. Using a methodology that allows synchronous inoculation and growth of more than 100 plants in a single media container, we harvested the same segment of each root responding to rhizobia in the initial inoculation over a time course, collected individual tissues from these segments with laser capture microdissection, and created and sequenced RNA libraries generated from these tissues. We demonstrate the utility of the resource by examining the expression patterns of a set of genes induced very early in nodule signaling, as well as two gene families (CLE peptides and nodule specific PLAT-domain proteins) and show that despite similar whole-root expression patterns, there are tissue differences in expression between the genes. Using a rhizobial response dataset generated from transcriptomics on intact root segments, we also examined differential temporal expression patterns and determined that, after nodule tissue, the epidermis and cortical cells contained the most temporally patterned genes. We circumscribed gene lists for each time and tissue examined and developed an expression pattern visualization tool. Finally, we explored transcriptomic differences between the inner cortical cells that become nodules and those that do not, confirming that the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases distinguishes inner cortical cells that become nodules and provide and describe potential downstream genes involved in early nodule cell division. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Schnabel
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Jacklyn Thomas
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Rabia El-Hawaz
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Yueyao Gao
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - William L Poehlman
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA 98121, U.S.A
| | - Suchitra Chavan
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Leidos, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30345, U.S.A
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - F Alex Feltus
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Biomedical Data Science and Informatics Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Clemson Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29636, U.S.A
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
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13
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Kuznetsova K, Efremova E, Dodueva I, Lebedeva M, Lutova L. Functional Modules in the Meristems: "Tinkering" in Action. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3661. [PMID: 37896124 PMCID: PMC10610496 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A feature of higher plants is the modular principle of body organisation. One of these conservative morphological modules that regulate plant growth, histogenesis and organogenesis is meristems-structures that contain pools of stem cells and are generally organised according to a common principle. Basic content: The development of meristems is under the regulation of molecular modules that contain conservative interacting components and modulate the expression of target genes depending on the developmental context. In this review, we focus on two molecular modules that act in different types of meristems. The WOX-CLAVATA module, which includes the peptide ligand, its receptor and the target transcription factor, is responsible for the formation and control of the activity of all meristem types studied, but it has its own peculiarities in different meristems. Another regulatory module is the so-called florigen-activated complex, which is responsible for the phase transition in the shoot vegetative meristem (e.g., from the vegetative shoot apical meristem to the inflorescence meristem). CONCLUSIONS The review considers the composition and functions of these two functional modules in different developmental programmes, as well as their appearance, evolution and use in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (K.K.); (E.E.); (M.L.); (L.L.)
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14
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Mohd-Radzman NA, Drapek C. Compartmentalisation: A strategy for optimising symbiosis and tradeoff management. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2998-3011. [PMID: 36717758 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant root architecture is developmentally plastic in response to fluctuating nutrient levels in the soil. Part of this developmental plasticity is the formation of dedicated root cells and organs to host mutualistic symbionts. Structures like nitrogen-fixing nodules serve as alternative nutrient acquisition strategies during starvation conditions. Some root systems can also form myconodules-globular root structures that can host mycorrhizal fungi. The myconodule association is different from the wide-spread arbuscular mycorrhization. This range of symbiotic associations provides different degrees of compartmentalisation, from the cellular to organ scale, which allows the plant host to regulate the entry and extent of symbiotic interactions. In this review, we discuss the degrees of symbiont compartmentalisation by the plant host as a developmental strategy and speculate how spatial confinement mitigates risks associated with root symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen Drapek
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Pradhan M, Baldwin IT, Pandey SP. Argonaute7 (AGO7) optimizes arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations and enhances competitive growth in Nicotiana attenuata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:382-398. [PMID: 37532924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and in doing so, change transcript levels of many miRNAs and their targets. However, the identity of an Argonaute (AGO) that modulates this interaction remains unknown, including in Nicotiana attenuata. We examined how the silencing of NaAGO1/2/4/7/and 10 by RNAi influenced plant-competitive ability under low-P conditions when they interact with AMF. Furthermore, the roles of seven miRNAs, predicted to regulate signaling and phosphate homeostasis, were evaluated by transient overexpression. Only NaAGO7 silencing by RNAi (irAGO7) significantly reduced the competitive ability under P-limited conditions, without changes in leaf or root development, or juvenile-to-adult phase transitions. In plants growing competitively in the glasshouse, irAGO7 roots were over-colonized with AMF, but they accumulated significantly less phosphate and the expression of their AMF-specific transporters was deregulated. Furthermore, the AMF-induced miRNA levels were inversely regulated with the abundance of their target transcripts. miRNA overexpression consistently decreased plant fitness, with four of seven-tested miRNAs reducing mycorrhization rates, and two increasing mycorrhization rates. Overexpression of Na-miR473 and Na-miRNA-PN59 downregulated targets in GA, ethylene, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. We infer that AGO7 optimizes competitive ability and colonization by regulating miRNA levels and signaling pathways during a plant's interaction with AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitree Pradhan
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Shree P Pandey
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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16
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Li Q, Shan D, Zheng W, Wang Y, Lin Z, Jin H, Ding A, Yan J, Yu L, Luo L. MtRGF3 peptide activates defense responses and represses the expressions of nodulation signaling genes in Medicago truncatula. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1319-1322. [PMID: 37381673 PMCID: PMC10448048 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Dandan Shan
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Wenjia Zheng
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yawen Wang
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Zhiyin Lin
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Huibo Jin
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Anqi Ding
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Junhui Yan
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Li Luo
- />Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
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17
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Rahmat Z, Sohail MN, Perrine-Walker F, Kaiser BN. Balancing nitrate acquisition strategies in symbiotic legumes. PLANTA 2023; 258:12. [PMID: 37296318 PMCID: PMC10256645 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Legumes manage both symbiotic (indirect) and non-symbiotic (direct) nitrogen acquisition pathways. Understanding and optimising the direct pathway for nitrate uptake will support greater legume growth and seed yields. Legumes have multiple pathways to acquire reduced nitrogen to grow and set seed. Apart from the symbiotic N2-fixation pathway involving soil-borne rhizobia bacteria, the acquisition of nitrate and ammonia from the soil can also be an important secondary nitrogen source to meet plant N demand. The balance in N delivery between symbiotic N (indirect) and inorganic N uptake (direct) remains less clear over the growing cycle and with the type of legume under cultivation. In fertile, pH balanced agricultural soils, NO3- is often the predominant form of reduced N available to crop plants and will be a major contributor to whole plant N supply if provided at sufficient levels. The transport processes for NO3- uptake into legume root cells and its transport between root and shoot tissues involves both high and low-affinity transport systems called HATS and LATS, respectively. These proteins are regulated by external NO3- availability and by the N status of the cell. Other proteins also play a role in NO3- transport, including the voltage dependent chloride/nitrate channel family (CLC) and the S-type anion channels of the SLAC/SLAH family. CLC's are linked to NO3- transport across the tonoplast of vacuoles and the SLAC/SLAH's with NO3- efflux across the plasma membrane and out of the cell. An important step in managing the N requirements of a plant are the mechanisms involved in root N uptake and the subsequent cellular distribution within the plant. In this review, we will present the current knowledge of these proteins and what is understood on how they function in key model legumes (Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and Glycine sp.). The review will examine their regulation and role in N signalling, discuss how post-translational modification affects NO3- transport in roots and aerial tissues and its translocation to vegetative tissues and storage/remobilization in reproductive tissues. Lastly, we will present how NO3-influences the autoregulation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation and its role in mitigating salt and other abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Rahmat
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Muhammad N Sohail
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Francine Perrine-Walker
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia.
| | - Brent N Kaiser
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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18
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Nasrollahi V, Allam G, Kohalmi SE, Hannoufa A. MsSPL9 Modulates Nodulation under Nitrate Sufficiency Condition in Medicago sativa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119615. [PMID: 37298564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodulation in Leguminous spp. is induced by common environmental cues, such as low nitrogen availability conditions, in the presence of the specific Rhizobium spp. in the rhizosphere. Medicago sativa (alfalfa) is an important nitrogen-fixing forage crop that is widely cultivated around the world and relied upon as a staple source of forage in livestock feed. Although alfalfa's relationship with these bacteria is one of the most efficient between rhizobia and legume plants, breeding for nitrogen-related traits in this crop has received little attention. In this report, we investigate the role of Squamosa-Promoter Binding Protein-Like 9 (SPL9), a target of miR156, in nodulation in alfalfa. Transgenic alfalfa plants with SPL9-silenced (SPL9-RNAi) and overexpressed (35S::SPL9) were compared to wild-type (WT) alfalfa for phenotypic changes in nodulation in the presence and absence of nitrogen. Phenotypic analyses showed that silencing of MsSPL9 in alfalfa caused an increase in the number of nodules. Moreover, the characterization of phenotypic and molecular parameters revealed that MsSPL9 regulates nodulation under a high concentration of nitrate (10 mM KNO3) by regulating the transcription levels of the nitrate-responsive genes Nitrate Reductase1 (NR1), NR2, Nitrate transporter 2.5 (NRT2.5), and a shoot-controlled autoregulation of nodulation (AON) gene, Super numeric nodules (SUNN). While MsSPL9-overexpressing transgenic plants have dramatically increased transcript levels of SUNN, NR1, NR2, and NRT2.5, reducing MsSPL9 caused downregulation of these genes and displayed a nitrogen-starved phenotype, as downregulation of the MsSPL9 transcript levels caused a nitrate-tolerant nodulation phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that MsSPL9 regulates nodulation in alfalfa in response to nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Nasrollahi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Gamalat Allam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Susanne E Kohalmi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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19
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Schnabel EL, Chavan SA, Gao Y, Poehlman WL, Feltus FA, Frugoli JA. A Medicago truncatula Autoregulation of Nodulation Mutant Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Disruption of the SUNN Pathway Causes Constitutive Expression Changes in Some Genes, but Overall Response to Rhizobia Resembles Wild-Type, Including Induction of TML1 and TML2. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4612-4631. [PMID: 37367042 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodule number regulation in legumes is controlled by a feedback loop that integrates nutrient and rhizobia symbiont status signals to regulate nodule development. Signals from the roots are perceived by shoot receptors, including a CLV1-like receptor-like kinase known as SUNN in Medicago truncatula. In the absence of functional SUNN, the autoregulation feedback loop is disrupted, resulting in hypernodulation. To elucidate early autoregulation mechanisms disrupted in SUNN mutants, we searched for genes with altered expression in the loss-of-function sunn-4 mutant and included the rdn1-2 autoregulation mutant for comparison. We identified constitutively altered expression of small groups of genes in sunn-4 roots and in sunn-4 shoots. All genes with verified roles in nodulation that were induced in wild-type roots during the establishment of nodules were also induced in sunn-4, including autoregulation genes TML2 and TML1. Only an isoflavone-7-O-methyltransferase gene was induced in response to rhizobia in wild-type roots but not induced in sunn-4. In shoot tissues of wild-type, eight rhizobia-responsive genes were identified, including a MYB family transcription factor gene that remained at a baseline level in sunn-4; three genes were induced by rhizobia in shoots of sunn-4 but not wild-type. We cataloged the temporal induction profiles of many small secreted peptide (MtSSP) genes in nodulating root tissues, encompassing members of twenty-four peptide families, including the CLE and IRON MAN families. The discovery that expression of TML2 in roots, a key factor in inhibiting nodulation in response to autoregulation signals, is also triggered in sunn-4 in the section of roots analyzed, suggests that the mechanism of TML regulation of nodulation in M. truncatula may be more complex than published models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | | | - Yueyao Gao
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | | | - Frank Alex Feltus
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Biomedical Data Science and Informatics Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29636, USA
| | - Julia A Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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20
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Paries M, Gutjahr C. The good, the bad, and the phosphate: regulation of beneficial and detrimental plant-microbe interactions by the plant phosphate status. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37145847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi ) is indispensable for life on this planet. However, for sessile land plants it is poorly accessible. Therefore, plants have developed a variety of strategies for enhanced acquisition and recycling of Pi . The mechanisms to cope with Pi limitation as well as direct uptake of Pi from the substrate via the root epidermis are regulated by a conserved Pi starvation response (PSR) system based on a family of key transcription factors (TFs) and their inhibitors. Furthermore, plants obtain Pi indirectly through symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi, which employ their extensive hyphal network to drastically increase the soil volume that can be explored by plants for Pi . Besides mycorrhizal symbiosis, there is also a variety of other interactions with epiphytic, endophytic, and rhizospheric microbes that can indirectly or directly influence plant Pi uptake. It was recently discovered that the PSR pathway is involved in the regulation of genes that promote formation and maintenance of AM symbiosis. Furthermore, the PSR system influences plant immunity and can also be a target of microbial manipulation. It is known for decades that the nutritional status of plants influences the outcome of plant-microbe interactions. The first molecular explanations for these observations are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paries
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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21
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Fu B, Xu Z, Lei Y, Dong R, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhu H, Cao Y, Yan Z. A novel secreted protein, NISP1, is phosphorylated by soybean Nodulation Receptor Kinase to promote nodule symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1297-1311. [PMID: 36534458 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation Receptor Kinase (NORK) functions as a co-receptor of Nod factor receptors to mediate rhizobial symbiosis in legumes, but its direct phosphorylation substrates that positively mediate root nodulation remain to be fully identified. Here, we identified a GmNORK-Interacting Small Protein (GmNISP1) that functions as a phosphorylation target of GmNORK to promote soybean nodulation. GmNORKα directly interacted with and phosphorylated GmNISP1. Transcription of GmNISP1 was strongly induced after rhizobial infection in soybean roots and nodules. GmNISP1 encodes a peptide containing 90 amino acids with a "DY" consensus motif at its N-terminus. GmNISP1 protein was detected to be present in the apoplastic space. Phosphorylation of GmNISP1 by GmNORKα could enhance its secretion into the apoplast. Pretreatment with either purified GmNISP1 or phosphorylation-mimic GmNISP112D on the roots could significantly increase nodule numbers compared with the treatment with phosphorylation-inactive GmNISP112A . The data suggested a model that soybean GmNORK phosphorylates GmNISP1 to promote its secretion into the apoplast, which might function as a potential peptide hormone to promote root nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolan Fu
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yutao Lei
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ru Dong
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhe Yan
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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22
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Basu U, Parida SK. The developmental dynamics in cool season legumes with focus on chickpea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:473-491. [PMID: 37016106 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea is one of the most widely consumed grain legume world-wide. Advances in next-generation sequencing and genomics tools have led to genetic dissection and identification of potential candidate genes regulating agronomic traits in chickpea. However, the developmental particularities and its potential in reforming the yield and nutritional value remain largely unexplored. Studies in crops such as rice, maize, tomato and pea have highlighted the contribution of key regulator of developmental events in yield related traits. A comprehensive knowledge on the development aspects of a crop can pave way for new vistas to explore. Pea and Medicago are the close relatives of genus Cicer and the basic developmental events in these legumes are similar. However, there are some distinct developmental features in chickpea which hold potential for future crop improvement endeavours. The global chickpea germplasm encompasses wide range of diversities in terms of morphology at both vegetative and reproductive stages. There is an immediate need for understanding the genetic and molecular basis of this diversity and utilizing them for the yield contributing trait improvement. The review discusses some of the key developmental events which have potential in yield enhancement and the lessons which can be learnt from model legumes in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Basu
- Genomics-assisted Breeding and Crop Improvement Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box: 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- Genomics-assisted Breeding and Crop Improvement Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box: 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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23
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Solís-Miranda J, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Nava N, Rosas P, Leija-Salas A, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. The Phaseolus vulgaris Receptor-Like Kinase PvFER1 and the Small Peptides PvRALF1 and PvRALF6 Regulate Nodule Number as a Function of Nitrate Availability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065230. [PMID: 36982308 PMCID: PMC10049175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes associate with Gram-negative soil bacteria called rhizobia, resulting in the formation of a nitrogen-fixing organ, the nodule. Nodules are an important sink for photosynthates for legumes, so these plants have developed a systemic regulation mechanism that controls their optimal number of nodules, the so-called autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway, to balance energy costs with the benefits of nitrogen fixation. In addition, soil nitrate inhibits nodulation in a dose-dependent manner, through systemic and local mechanisms. The CLE family of peptides and their receptors are key to tightly controlling these inhibitory responses. In the present study, a functional analysis revealed that PvFER1, PvRALF1, and PvRALF6 act as positive regulators of the nodule number in growth medium containing 0 mM of nitrate but as negative regulators in medium with 2 and 5 mM of nitrate. Furthermore, the effect on nodule number was found to be consistent with changes in the expression levels of genes associated with the AON pathway and with the nitrate-mediated regulation of nodulation (NRN). Collectively, these data suggest that PvFER1, PvRALF1, and PvRALF6 regulate the optimal number of nodules as a function of nitrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Solís-Miranda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
- Departamento de Docencia, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Paul Rosas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Leija-Salas
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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24
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Lepetit M, Brouquisse R. Control of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis by the plant nitrogen demand is tightly integrated at the whole plant level and requires inter-organ systemic signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114840. [PMID: 36968361 PMCID: PMC10033964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nodules formed on legume roots with rhizobia fix atmospheric N2. Bacteria reduce N2 to NH4 + that is assimilated into amino acids by the plant. In return, the plant provides photosynthates to fuel the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis is tightly adjusted to the whole plant nutritional demand and to the plant photosynthetic capacities, but regulatory circuits behind this control remain poorly understood. The use of split-root systems combined with biochemical, physiological, metabolomic, transcriptomic, and genetic approaches revealed that multiple pathways are acting in parallel. Systemic signaling mechanisms of the plant N demand are required for the control of nodule organogenesis, mature nodule functioning, and nodule senescence. N-satiety/N-deficit systemic signaling correlates with rapid variations of the nodules' sugar levels, tuning symbiosis by C resources allocation. These mechanisms are responsible for the adjustment of plant symbiotic capacities to the mineral N resources. On the one hand, if mineral N can satisfy the plant N demand, nodule formation is inhibited, and nodule senescence is activated. On the other hand, local conditions (abiotic stresses) may impair symbiotic activity resulting in plant N limitation. In these conditions, systemic signaling may compensate the N deficit by stimulating symbiotic root N foraging. In the past decade, several molecular components of the systemic signaling pathways controlling nodule formation have been identified, but a major challenge remains, that is, to understand their specificity as compared to the mechanisms of non-symbiotic plants that control root development and how they contribute to the whole plant phenotypes. Less is known about the control of mature nodule development and functioning by N and C nutritional status of the plant, but a hypothetical model involving the sucrose allocation to the nodule as a systemic signaling process, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the redox status as potential effectors of this signaling is emerging. This work highlights the importance of organism integration in plant biology.
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Cai J, Veerappan V, Arildsen K, Sullivan C, Piechowicz M, Frugoli J, Dickstein R. A modified aeroponic system for growing small-seeded legumes and other plants to study root systems. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:21. [PMID: 36869350 PMCID: PMC9983192 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various growth systems are available for studying plant root growth and plant-microbe interactions including hydroponics and aeroponics. Although some of these systems work well with Arabidopsis thaliana and smaller cereal model plants, they may not scale up as well for use with hundreds of plants at a time from a larger plant species. The aim of this study is to present step-by-step instructions for fabricating an aeroponic system, also called a "caisson," that has been in use in several legume research labs studying the development of symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodules, but for which detailed directions are not currently available. The aeroponic system is reusable and is adaptable for many other types of investigations besides root nodulation. RESULTS An aeroponic system that is affordable and reusable was adapted from a design invented by French engineer René Odorico. It consists of two main components: a modified trash can with a lid of holes and a commercially available industrial humidifier that is waterproofed with silicon sealant. The humidifier generates a mist in which plant roots grow, suspended from holes in trash can lid. Results from use of the aeroponic system have been available in the scientific community for decades; it has a record as a workhorse in the lab. CONCLUSIONS Aeroponic systems present a convenient way for researchers to grow plants for studying root systems and plant-microbe interactions in root systems. They are particularly attractive for phenotyping roots and following the progress of nodule development in legumes. Advantages include the ability to precisely control the growth medium in which the plants grow and easy observations of roots during growth. In this system, mechanical shear potentially killing microbes found in some other types of aeroponic devices is not an issue. Disadvantages of aeroponic systems include the likelihood of altered root physiology compared to root growth on soil and other solid substrates and the need to have separate aeroponic systems for comparing plant responses to different microbial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Vijaykumar Veerappan
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, 06226, USA.
| | - Kate Arildsen
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, 06226, USA
| | - Catrina Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, 06226, USA
| | - Megan Piechowicz
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, 06226, USA
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Rebecca Dickstein
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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26
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Lebedeva MA, Dobychkina DA, Yashenkova YS, Romanyuk DA, Lutova LA. Local and systemic targets of the MtCLE35-SUNN pathway in the roots of Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153922. [PMID: 36669364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION-related) peptides are systemic regulators of legume-rhizobium symbiosis that negatively control the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules. CLE peptides are produced in the root in response to rhizobia inoculation and/or nitrate treatment and are transported to the shoot where they are recognized by the CLV1-like (CLAVATA1-like) receptor kinase. As a result, a shoot-derived signaling pathway is activated that inhibits subsequent nodule development in the root. In Medicago truncatula, MtCLE35 is activated in response to rhizobia and nitrate treatment and the overexpression of this gene systemically inhibits nodulation. The inhibitory effect of MtCLE35 overexpression is dependent on the CLV1-like receptor kinase MtSUNN (SUPER NUMERIC NODULES), suggesting that MtSUNN could be involved in the reception of the MtCLE35 peptide. Yet little is known about the downstream genes regulated by a MtCLE35-activated response in the root. In order to identify genes whose expression levels could be regulated by the MtCLE35-MtSUNN pathway, we performed a MACE-Seq (Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends) transcriptomic analysis of MtCLE35-overexpressing roots. Among upregulated genes, the gene MtSUNN that encodes a putative receptor of MtCLE35 was detected. Moreover, we found that MtSUNN, as well as several other differentially expressed genes, were upregulated locally in MtCLE35-overexpressing roots whereas the MtTML1 and MtTML2 genes were upregulated systemically. Our data suggest that MtCLE35 has both local and systemic effects on target genes in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - D A Dobychkina
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ya S Yashenkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D A Romanyuk
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Podbelsky Sh. 3, 196608, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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27
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Li X, Liu M, Cai M, Chiasson D, Groth M, Heckmann AB, Wang TL, Parniske M, Downie JA, Xie F. RPG interacts with E3-ligase CERBERUS to mediate rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010621. [PMID: 36735729 PMCID: PMC9931111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and legumes result in the formation of root nodules, which fix nitrogen that can be used for plant growth. Rhizobia usually invade legume roots through a plant-made tunnel-like structure called an infection thread (IT). RPG (Rhizobium-directed polar growth) encodes a coiled-coil protein that has been identified in Medicago truncatula as required for root nodule infection, but the function of RPG remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified and characterized RPG in Lotus japonicus and determined that it is required for IT formation. RPG was induced by Mesorhizobium loti or purified Nodulation factor and displayed an infection-specific expression pattern. Nodule inception (NIN) bound to the RPG promoter and induced its expression. We showed that RPG displayed punctate subcellular localization in L. japonicus root protoplasts and in root hairs infected by M. loti. The N-terminal predicted C2 lipid-binding domain of RPG was not required for this subcellular localization or for function. CERBERUS, a U-box E3 ligase which is also required for rhizobial infection, was found to be localized similarly in puncta. RPG co-localized and directly interacted with CERBERUS in the early endosome (TGN/EE) compartment and near the nuclei in root hairs after rhizobial inoculation. Our study sheds light on an RPG-CERBERUS protein complex that is involved in an exocytotic pathway mediating IT elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoxia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David Chiasson
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2–4, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Groth
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2–4, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anne B. Heckmann
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor L. Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2–4, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - J. Allan Downie
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhang RY, Massey B, Mathesius U, Clarke VC. Photosynthetic Gains in Super-Nodulating Mutants of Medicago truncatula under Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:441. [PMID: 36771529 PMCID: PMC9920600 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are generally considered to be more responsive to elevated CO2 (eCO2) conditions due to the benefits provided by symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In response to high carbohydrate demand from nodules, legumes display autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to restrict nodules to the minimum number necessary to sustain nitrogen supply under current photosynthetic levels. AON mutants super-nodulate and typically grow smaller than wild-type plants under ambient CO2. Here, we show that AON super-nodulating mutants have substantially higher biomass under eCO2 conditions, which is sustained through increased photosynthetic investment. We examined photosynthetic and physiological traits across super-nodulating rdn1-1 (Root Determined Nodulation) and sunn4 (Super Numeric Nodules) and non-nodulating nfp1 (Nod Factor Perception) Medicago truncatula mutants. Under eCO2 conditions, super-nodulating plants exhibited increased rates of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (J) relative to wild-type and non-nodulating counterparts. The substantially higher rate of CO2 assimilation in eCO2-grown sunn4 super-nodulating plants was sustained through increased production of key photosynthetic enzymes, including Rieske FeS. We hypothesize that AON mutants are carbon-limited and can perform better at eCO2 through improved photosynthesis. Nodulating legumes, especially those with higher nitrogen fixation capability, are likely to out-perform non-nodulating plants under future CO2 conditions and will be important tools for understanding carbon and nitrogen partitioning under eCO2 conditions and future crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Y. Zhang
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Baxter Massey
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Victoria C. Clarke
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
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29
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Nasrollahi V, Yuan ZC, Lu QSM, McDowell T, Kohalmi SE, Hannoufa A. Deciphering the role of SPL12 and AGL6 from a genetic module that functions in nodulation and root regeneration in Medicago sativa. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:511-529. [PMID: 35976552 PMCID: PMC9684250 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Our results show that SPL12 plays a crucial role in regulating nodule development in Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa), and that AGL6 is targeted and downregulated by SPL12. Root architecture in plants is critical because of its role in controlling nutrient cycling, water use efficiency and response to biotic and abiotic stress factors. The small RNA, microRNA156 (miR156), is highly conserved in plants, where it functions by silencing a group of SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors. We previously showed that transgenic Medicago sativa (alfalfa) plants overexpressing miR156 display increased nodulation, improved nitrogen fixation and enhanced root regenerative capacity during vegetative propagation. In alfalfa, transcripts of eleven SPLs, including SPL12, are targeted for cleavage by miR156. In this study, we characterized the role of SPL12 in root architecture and nodulation by investigating the transcriptomic and phenotypic changes associated with altered transcript levels of SPL12, and by determining SPL12 regulatory targets using SPL12-silencing and -overexpressing alfalfa plants. Phenotypic analyses showed that silencing of SPL12 in alfalfa caused an increase in root regeneration, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. In addition, AGL6 which encodes AGAMOUS-like MADS box transcription factor, was identified as being directly targeted for silencing by SPL12, based on Next Generation Sequencing-mediated transcriptome analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Taken together, our results suggest that SPL12 and AGL6 form a genetic module that regulates root development and nodulation in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Nasrollahi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ze-Chun Yuan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Qing Shi Mimmie Lu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Susanne E Kohalmi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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30
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Bellés-Sancho P, Liu Y, Heiniger B, von Salis E, Eberl L, Ahrens CH, Zamboni N, Bailly A, Pessi G. A novel function of the key nitrogen-fixation activator NifA in beta-rhizobia: Repression of bacterial auxin synthesis during symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:991548. [PMID: 36247538 PMCID: PMC9554594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia fix nitrogen within root nodules of host plants where nitrogenase expression is strictly controlled by its key regulator NifA. We recently discovered that in nodules infected by the beta-rhizobial strain Paraburkholderia phymatum STM815, NifA controls expression of two bacterial auxin synthesis genes. Both the iaaM and iaaH transcripts, as well as the metabolites indole-acetamide (IAM) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed increased abundance in nodules occupied by a nifA mutant compared to wild-type nodules. Here, we document the structural changes that a P. phymatum nifA mutant induces in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules, eventually leading to hypernodulation. To investigate the role of the P. phymatum iaaMH genes during symbiosis, we monitored their expression in presence and absence of NifA over different stages of the symbiosis. The iaaMH genes were found to be under negative control of NifA in all symbiotic stages. While a P. phymatum iaaMH mutant produced the same number of nodules and nitrogenase activity as the wild-type strain, the nifA mutant produced more nodules than the wild-type that clustered into regularly-patterned root zones. Mutation of the iaaMH genes in a nifA mutant background reduced the presence of these nodule clusters on the root. We further show that the P. phymatum iaaMH genes are located in a region of the symbiotic plasmid with a significantly lower GC content and exhibit high similarity to two genes of the IAM pathway often used by bacterial phytopathogens to deploy IAA as a virulence factor. Overall, our data suggest that the increased abundance of rhizobial auxin in the non-fixing nifA mutant strain enables greater root infection rates and a role for bacterial auxin production in the control of early stage symbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bellés-Sancho
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yilei Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Heiniger
- Agroscope, Molecular Ecology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elia von Salis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian H. Ahrens
- Agroscope, Molecular Ecology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Pessi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Mathesius U. Are legumes different? Origins and consequences of evolving nitrogen fixing symbioses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153765. [PMID: 35952452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixing symbioses between plants and bacteria are ancient and, while not numerous, are formed in diverse lineages of plants ranging from microalgae to angiosperms. One symbiosis stands out as the most widespread one is that between legumes and rhizobia, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. The legume family is one of the largest and most diverse group of plants and legumes have been used by humans since the beginning of agriculture, both as high nitrogen food, as well as pastures and rotation crops. One open question is whether their ability to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has contributed to legumes' success, and whether legumes have any unique characteristics that have made them more diverse and widespread than other groups of plants. This review examines the evolutionary journey that has led to the diversification of legumes, in particular its nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and asks four questions to investigate which legume traits might have contributed to their success: 1. In what ways do legumes differ from other plant groups that have evolved nitrogen-fixing symbioses? In order to answer this question, the characteristics of the symbioses, and efficiencies of nitrogen fixation are compared between different groups of nitrogen fixing plants. 2. Could certain unique features of legumes be a reason for their success? This section examines the manifestations and possible benefits of a nitrogen-rich 'lifestyle' in legumes. 3. If nitrogen fixation was a reason for such a success, why have some species lost the symbiosis? Formation of symbioses has trade-offs, and while these are less well known for non-legumes, there are known energetic and ecological reasons for loss of symbiotic potential in legumes. 4. What can we learn from the unique traits of legumes for future crop improvements? While exploiting some of the physiological properties of legumes could be used to improve legume breeding, our increasing molecular understanding of the essential regulators of root nodule symbioses raise hope of creating new nitrogen fixing symbioses in other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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32
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Roy S, Müller LM. A rulebook for peptide control of legume-microbe endosymbioses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:870-889. [PMID: 35246381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage in mutually beneficial relationships with microbes, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, for optimized nutrient acquisition. In return, the microbial symbionts receive photosynthetic carbon from the plant. Both symbioses are regulated by the plant nutrient status, indicating the existence of signaling pathways that allow the host to fine-tune its interactions with the beneficial microbes depending on its nutrient requirements. Peptide hormones coordinate a plethora of developmental and physiological processes and, recently, various peptide families have gained special attention as systemic and local regulators of plant-microbe interactions and nutrient homeostasis. In this review, we identify five 'rules' or guiding principles that govern peptide function during symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, and highlight possible points of integration with nutrient acquisition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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33
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Sainao W, Shi Z, Pang H, Feng H. Alleviative effects of magnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles on the physiological toxicity of 3-nitrophenol to rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:626-640. [PMID: 35800077 PMCID: PMC9202536 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the present study, we explored whether magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs-Fe3O4) can be used to alleviate the toxicity of 3-nitrophenol (3-NP) to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that 3-NP from 7 to 560 μM decreased the growth, photochemical activity of the photosystem II (PS II), and chlorophyll content of the seedlings in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of 3-NP, 2,000 mg L−1 MNPs-Fe3O4 were added to the growth medium as the absorbents of 3-NP and then were separated with a magnet. The emergence of MNPs-Fe3O4 effectively alleviated the negative effects of 3-NP on rice seedlings. In addition, the long-term presence of MNPs-Fe3O4 (from 100 to 2,000 mg L−1) in the growth medium enhanced the growth, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of antioxidant enzymes, photochemical activity of PS II, and chlorophyll content of the rice seedlings. These results suggest that MNPs-Fe3O4 could be used as potential additives to relieve the physiological toxicity of 3-NP to rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqing Sainao
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University , 730070 , Lanzhou , Gansu , China
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University , 730070 , Lanzhou , Gansu , China
| | - Hailong Pang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University , 730070 , Lanzhou , Gansu , China
| | - Hanqing Feng
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University , 730070 , Lanzhou , Gansu , China
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University , 730070 , Lanzhou , Gansu , China
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34
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Li Y, Pei Y, Shen Y, Zhang R, Kang M, Ma Y, Li D, Chen Y. Progress in the Self-Regulation System in Legume Nodule Development-AON (Autoregulation of Nodulation). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126676. [PMID: 35743118 PMCID: PMC9224500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and development of legumes nodules requires a lot of energy. Legumes must strictly control the number and activity of nodules to ensure efficient energy distribution. The AON system can limit the number of rhizobia infections and nodule numbers through the systemic signal pathway network that the aboveground and belowground parts participate in together. It can also promote the formation of nodules when plants are deficient in nitrogen. The currently known AON pathway includes four parts: soil NO3− signal and Rhizobium signal recognition and transmission, CLE-SUNN is the negative regulation pathway, CEP-CRA2 is the positive regulation pathway and the miR2111/TML module regulates nodule formation and development. In order to ensure the biological function of this important approach, plants use a variety of plant hormones, polypeptides, receptor kinases, transcription factors and miRNAs for signal transmission and transcriptional regulation. This review summarizes and discusses the research progress of the AON pathway in Legume nodule development.
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Wekesa C, Jalloh AA, Muoma JO, Korir H, Omenge KM, Maingi JM, Furch ACU, Oelmüller R. Distribution, Characterization and the Commercialization of Elite Rhizobia Strains in Africa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126599. [PMID: 35743041 PMCID: PMC9223902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain legumes play a significant role in smallholder farming systems in Africa because of their contribution to nutrition and income security and their role in fixing nitrogen. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) serves a critical role in improving soil fertility for legumes. Although much research has been conducted on rhizobia in nitrogen fixation and their contribution to soil fertility, much less is known about the distribution and diversity of the bacteria strains in different areas of the world and which of the strains achieve optimal benefits for the host plants under specific soil and environmental conditions. This paper reviews the distribution, characterization, and commercialization of elite rhizobia strains in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clabe Wekesa
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.W.); (K.M.O.); (A.C.U.F.)
| | - Abdul A. Jalloh
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - John O. Muoma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya;
| | - Hezekiah Korir
- Crops, Horticulture and Soils Department, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya;
| | - Keziah M. Omenge
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.W.); (K.M.O.); (A.C.U.F.)
| | - John M. Maingi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.W.); (K.M.O.); (A.C.U.F.)
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.W.); (K.M.O.); (A.C.U.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641949232
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36
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Wang D, Dong W, Murray J, Wang E. Innovation and appropriation in mycorrhizal and rhizobial Symbioses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1573-1599. [PMID: 35157080 PMCID: PMC9048890 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants benefit from endosymbiotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi, including legumes and some nonlegumes that also interact with endosymbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria to form nodules. In addition to these helpful interactions, plants are continuously exposed to would-be pathogenic microbes: discriminating between friends and foes is a major determinant of plant survival. Recent breakthroughs have revealed how some key signals from pathogens and symbionts are distinguished. Once this checkpoint has been passed and a compatible symbiont is recognized, the plant coordinates the sequential development of two types of specialized structures in the host. The first serves to mediate infection, and the second, which appears later, serves as sophisticated intracellular nutrient exchange interfaces. The overlap in both the signaling pathways and downstream infection components of these symbioses reflects their evolutionary relatedness and the common requirements of these two interactions. However, the different outputs of the symbioses, phosphate uptake versus N fixation, require fundamentally different components and physical environments and necessitated the recruitment of different master regulators, NODULE INCEPTION-LIKE PROTEINS, and PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSES, for nodulation and mycorrhization, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ertao Wang
- Authors for correspondence: (E.W) and (J.M.)
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Misawa F, Ito M, Nosaki S, Nishida H, Watanabe M, Suzuki T, Miura K, Kawaguchi M, Suzaki T. Nitrate transport via NRT2.1 mediates NIN-LIKE PROTEIN-dependent suppression of root nodulation in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1844-1862. [PMID: 35146519 PMCID: PMC9048892 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have adaptive mechanisms that regulate nodulation in response to the amount of nitrogen in the soil. In Lotus japonicus, two NODULE INCEPTION (NIN)-LIKE PROTEIN (NLP) transcription factors, LjNLP4 and LjNLP1, play pivotal roles in the negative regulation of nodulation by controlling the expression of symbiotic genes in high nitrate conditions. Despite an improved understanding of the molecular basis for regulating nodulation, how nitrate plays a role in the signaling pathway to negatively regulate this process is largely unknown. Here, we show that nitrate transport via NITRATE TRANSPORTER 2.1 (LjNRT2.1) is a key step in the NLP signaling pathway to control nodulation. A mutation in the LjNRT2.1 gene attenuates the nitrate-induced control of nodulation. LjNLP1 is necessary and sufficient to induce LjNRT2.1 expression, thereby regulating nitrate uptake/transport. Our data suggest that LjNRT2.1-mediated nitrate uptake/transport is required for LjNLP4 nuclear localization and induction/repression of symbiotic genes. We further show that LjNIN, a positive regulator of nodulation, counteracts the LjNLP1-dependent induction of LjNRT2.1 expression, which is linked to a reduction in nitrate uptake. These findings suggest a plant strategy in which nitrogen acquisition switches from obtaining nitrogen from the soil to symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Misawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momoyo Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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38
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Roy Choudhury S, Pandey S. SymRK-dependent phosphorylation of Gα protein and its role in signaling during soybean (Glycine max) nodulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:277-291. [PMID: 35048428 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins, comprised of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, influence signaling in most eukaryotes. In metazoans, G proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated GDP to GTP exchange on Gα; however, the role(s) of GPCRs in regulating plant G-protein signaling remains equivocal. Mounting evidence suggests the involvement of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in regulating plant G-protein signaling, but their mechanistic details remain scarce. We have previously shown that during Glycine max (soybean) nodulation, the nod factor receptor 1 (NFR1) interacts with G-protein components and indirectly affects signaling. We explored the direct regulation of G-protein signaling by RLKs using protein-protein interactions, receptor-mediated in vitro phosphorylations and the effects of such phosphorylations on soybean nodule formation. Results presented in this study demonstrate a direct, phosphorylation-based regulation of Gα by symbiosis receptor kinase (SymRK). SymRKs interact with and phosphorylate Gα at multiple residues in vitro, including two in its active site, which abolishes GTP binding. Additionally, phospho-mimetic Gα fails to interact with Gβγ, potentially allowing for constitutive signaling by the freed Gβγ. These results uncover an unusual mechanism of G-protein cycle regulation in plants where the receptor-mediated phosphorylation of Gα not only affects its activity but also influences the availability of its signaling partners, thereby exerting a two-pronged check on signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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39
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Hayashi-Tsugane M, Kawaguchi M. Lotus japonicus HAR1 regulates root morphology locally and systemically under a moderate nitrate condition in the absence of rhizobia. PLANTA 2022; 255:95. [PMID: 35348891 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The local and long-distance signaling pathways mediated by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase HAR1 suppress root branching and promote primary root length in response to nitrate supply. The root morphology of higher plants changes plastically to effectively absorb nutrients and water from the soil. In particular, legumes develop root organ nodules, in which symbiotic rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen in nitrogen-poor environments. The number of nodules formed in roots is negatively regulated by a long-distance signaling pathway that travels through shoots called autoregulation of nodulation (AON). In the model plant Lotus japonicus, defects in AON genes, such as a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase HYPERNODULATION ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION 1 (HAR1), an orthologue of CLAVATA1, and the F-box protein TOO MUCH LOVE (TML), induce the formation of an excess number of nodules. The loss-of-function mutant of HAR1 exhibits a short and bushy root phenotype in the absence of rhizobia. We show that the har1 mutant exhibits high nitrate sensitivity during root development. The uninfected har1 mutant significantly increased lateral root number and reduced primary root length in the presence of 3 mM nitrate, compared with the wild-type and tml mutant. Grafting experiments indicated that local and long-distance signaling pathways via root- and shoot-acting HAR1 additively regulated root morphology under the moderate nitrate concentrations. These findings allow us to propose that HAR1-mediated signaling pathways control the root system architecture by suppressing lateral root branching and promoting primary root elongation in response to nitrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hayashi-Tsugane
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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40
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Pervent M, Lambert I, Tauzin M, Karouani A, Nigg M, Jardinaud MF, Severac D, Colella S, Martin-Magniette ML, Lepetit M. Systemic control of nodule formation by plant nitrogen demand requires autoregulation-dependent and independent mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7942-7956. [PMID: 34427647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In legumes interacting with rhizobia, the formation of symbiotic organs involved in the acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) is dependent on the plant nitrogen (N) demand. We used Medicago truncatula plants cultivated in split-root systems to discriminate between responses to local and systemic N signaling. We evidenced a strong control of nodule formation by systemic N signaling but obtained no clear evidence of a local control by mineral nitrogen. Systemic signaling of the plant N demand controls numerous transcripts involved in root transcriptome reprogramming associated with early rhizobia interaction and nodule formation. SUPER NUMERIC NODULES (SUNN) has an important role in this control, but we found that major systemic N signaling responses remained active in the sunn mutant. Genes involved in the activation of nitrogen fixation are regulated by systemic N signaling in the mutant, explaining why its hypernodulation phenotype is not associated with higher nitrogen fixation of the whole plant. We show that the control of transcriptome reprogramming of nodule formation by systemic N signaling requires other pathway(s) that parallel the SUNN/CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-LIKE PEPTIDES) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Pervent
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilana Lambert
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Tauzin
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alicia Karouani
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martha Nigg
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dany Severac
- MGX, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefano Colella
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lepetit
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditérranéennes INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Lebedeva M, Azarakhsh M, Sadikova D, Lutova L. At the Root of Nodule Organogenesis: Conserved Regulatory Pathways Recruited by Rhizobia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2654. [PMID: 34961125 PMCID: PMC8705049 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between legume plants and soil bacteria rhizobia results in the formation of new organs on the plant roots, symbiotic nodules, where rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen. Symbiotic nodules represent a perfect model to trace how the pre-existing regulatory pathways have been recruited and modified to control the development of evolutionary "new" organs. In particular, genes involved in the early stages of lateral root development have been co-opted to regulate nodule development. Other regulatory pathways, including the players of the KNOX-cytokinin module, the homologues of the miR172-AP2 module, and the players of the systemic response to nutrient availability, have also been recruited to a unique regulatory program effectively governing symbiotic nodule development. The role of the NIN transcription factor in the recruitment of such regulatory modules to nodulation is discussed in more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.S.); (L.L.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mahboobeh Azarakhsh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Kosar University of Bojnord, 9415615458 Bojnord, Iran;
| | - Darina Sadikova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.S.); (L.L.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb.7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.S.); (L.L.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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42
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Izadi-Darbandi A, Gresshoff PM. Role of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase 1 in nodule development of soybean. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 267:153543. [PMID: 34678642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) plays a central role in nodulation by inhibiting the formation of excess number of legume root nodules. In this study, the effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (GmHMGR1) gene expression on nodulation and the AON system in Glycine max (L.) Merr was investigated. Wild-type soybean (cultivar Bragg) and its near-isogenic supernodulating mutant (nitrate tolerant symbiotic) nts1007 were selected to identify the expression pattern of this gene in rootlets after inoculation by its microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium. For further analysis, the full length of GmHMGR1 and its promoter were cloned after amplification by inverse-PCR and BAC library screening. Also, we constructed an intron hairpin RNA interference (ihpRNAi) and a GmHMGR1 promoter: β-glucuronidase fusion constructs, consequently for suppression of GmHMGR1 and histochemical analysis in transgenic soybean hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599. The GmHMGR1 gene was functional during the early stages of nodulation with the AON system having a negative effect on GmHMGR1 expression and nodule formation in wild-type rootlets. GmHMGR1 was particularly expressed in the developing phloem within the root, nodules and nodule lenticels. Expression of GmHMGR1 in transgenic hairy roots was suppressed by RNAi silencing approximately 85% as compared to empty vector controls. This suggests that the GmHMGR1 gene has an important role in triggering nodule formation as its suppression caused a reduction of nodule formation in nts mutant lines with a deficient AON system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Izadi-Darbandi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Sciences, University of Tehran, College of Aburaihan, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Feng J, Lee T, Schiessl K, Oldroyd GED. Processing of NODULE INCEPTION controls the transition to nitrogen fixation in root nodules. Science 2021; 374:629-632. [PMID: 34709900 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Tak Lee
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.,Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Katharina Schiessl
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.,Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
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44
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Qiao Y, Miao S, Jin J, Mathesius U, Tang C. Differential responses of the sunn4 and rdn1-1 super-nodulation mutants of Medicago truncatula to elevated atmospheric CO2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:441-452. [PMID: 34297052 PMCID: PMC8414924 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nitrogen fixation in legumes requires tight control of carbon and nitrogen balance. Thus, legumes control nodule numbers via an autoregulation mechanism. 'Autoregulation of nodulation' mutants super-nodulate are thought to be carbon-limited due to the high carbon-sink strength of excessive nodules. This study aimed to examine the effect of increasing carbon supply on the performance of super-nodulation mutants. METHODS We compared the responses of Medicago truncatula super-nodulation mutants (sunn-4 and rdn1-1) and wild type to five CO2 levels (300-850 μmol mol-1). Nodule formation and nitrogen fixation were assessed in soil-grown plants at 18 and 42 d after sowing. KEY RESULTS Shoot and root biomass, nodule number and biomass, nitrogenase activity and fixed nitrogen per plant of all genotypes increased with increasing CO2 concentration and reached a maximum at 700 μmol mol-1. While the sunn-4 mutant showed strong growth retardation compared with wild-type plants, elevated CO2 increased shoot biomass and total nitrogen content of the rdn1-1 mutant up to 2-fold. This was accompanied by a 4-fold increase in nitrogen fixation capacity in the rdn1-1 mutant. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the super-nodulation phenotype per se did not limit growth. The additional nitrogen fixation capacity of the rdn1-1 mutant may enhance the benefit of elevated CO2 for plant growth and N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfa Qiao
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Shujie Miao
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
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Basile LA, Lepek VC. Legume-rhizobium dance: an agricultural tool that could be improved? Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1897-1917. [PMID: 34318611 PMCID: PMC8449669 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific interaction between rhizobia and legume roots leads to the development of a highly regulated process called nodulation, by which the atmospheric nitrogen is converted into an assimilable plant nutrient. This capacity is the basis for the use of bacterial inoculants for field crop cultivation. Legume plants have acquired tools that allow the entry of compatible bacteria. Likewise, plants can impose sanctions against the maintenance of nodules occupied by rhizobia with low nitrogen-fixing capacity. At the same time, bacteria must overcome different obstacles posed first by the environment and then by the legume. The present review describes the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the entire legume-rhizobium symbiotic process and the strategies and tools of bacteria for reaching the nitrogen-fixing state inside the nodule. Also, we revised different approaches to improve the nodulation process for a better crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Basile
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde”Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB‐UNSAM‐CONICET)Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, Gral. San Martín, Provincia de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresB1650HMPArgentina
| | - Viviana C. Lepek
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde”Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB‐UNSAM‐CONICET)Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, Gral. San Martín, Provincia de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresB1650HMPArgentina
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46
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Thilakarathna MS, Cope KR. Split-root assays for studying legume-rhizobia symbioses, rhizodeposition, and belowground nitrogen transfer in legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5285-5299. [PMID: 33954584 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Split-root assays have been used widely in studies focused on understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms in legume-rhizobia symbioses, root nitrogen rhizodeposition, and belowground nitrogen transfer, and the effects of different biotic/abiotic factors on this symbiotic interaction. This assay allows a plant to have a root system that is physically divided into two distinct sections that are both still attached to a common shoot. Thus, each root section can be treated separately to monitor local and systemic plant responses. Different techniques are used to establish split-root assemblies, including double-pot systems, divided growth pouches, elbow root assembly, twin-tube systems, a single pot or chamber with a partition in the center, and divided agar plates. This review is focused on discussing the various types of split-root assays currently used in legume-based studies, and their associated advantages and limitations. Furthermore, this review also focuses on how split-root assays have been used for studies on nitrogen rhizodeposition, belowground nitrogen transfer, systemic regulation of nodulation, and biotic and abiotic factors affecting legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda S Thilakarathna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin R Cope
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Gühl K, Holmer R, Xiao TT, Shen D, Wardhani TAK, Geurts R, van Zeijl A, Kohlen W. The Effect of Exogenous Nitrate on LCO Signalling, Cytokinin Accumulation, and Nodule Initiation in Medicago truncatula. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070988. [PMID: 34203444 PMCID: PMC8305252 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation by rhizobia is a highly energy-demanding process. Therefore, nodule initiation in legumes is tightly regulated. Environmental nitrate is a potent inhibitor of nodulation. However, the precise mechanism by which this agent (co)regulates the inhibition of nodulation is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that in Medicago truncatula the lipo-chitooligosaccharide-induced accumulation of cytokinins is reduced in response to the application of exogenous nitrate. Under permissive nitrate conditions, perception of rhizobia-secreted signalling molecules leads to an increase in the level of four cytokinins (i.e., iP, iPR, tZ, and tZR). However, under high-nitrate conditions, this increase in cytokinins is reduced. The ethylene-insensitive mutant Mtein2/sickle, as well as wild-type plants grown in the presence of the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor 2-aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), is resistant to the inhibition of nodulation by nitrate. This demonstrates that ethylene biosynthesis and perception are required to inhibit nodule organogenesis under high-nitrate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gühl
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
| | - Rens Holmer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Ting Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
| | - Defeng Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
| | - Titis A. K. Wardhani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
| | - René Geurts
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
| | - Arjan van Zeijl
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (K.G.); (R.H.); (T.T.X.); (D.S.); (T.A.K.W.); (R.G.); (A.v.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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48
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Luo Z, Lin JS, Zhu Y, Fu M, Li X, Xie F. NLP1 reciprocally regulates nitrate inhibition of nodulation through SUNN-CRA2 signaling in Medicago truncatula. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100183. [PMID: 34027396 PMCID: PMC8132174 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most legume plants can associate with diazotrophic soil bacteria called rhizobia, resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 fixation. Nodulation is an energy-consuming process, and nodule number is tightly regulated by independent systemic signaling pathways controlled by CLE/SUNN and CEP/CRA2. Moreover, nitrate inhibits legume nodulation via local and systemic regulatory pathways. In Medicago truncatula, NLP1 plays important roles in nitrate-induced inhibition of nodulation, but the relationship between systemic and local pathways in mediating nodulation inhibition by nitrate is poorly understood. In this study, we found that nitrate induces CLE35 expression in an NLP1-dependent manner and that NLP1 binds directly to the CLE35 promoter to activate its expression. Grafting experiments revealed that the systemic control of nodule number involves negative regulation by SUNN and positive regulation by CRA2 in the shoot, and that NLP1's control of the inhibition of rhizobial infection, nodule development, and nitrogenase activity in response to nitrate is determined by the root. Unexpectedly, grafting experiments showed that loss of CRA2 in the root increases nodule number at inhibitory nitrate levels, probably because of CEP1/2 upregulation in the cra2 mutants, suggesting that CRA2 exerts active negative feedback regulation in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-shun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhang M, Su H, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Shoot-derived miR2111 controls legume root and nodule development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1627-1641. [PMID: 33386621 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Legumes control their nodule numbers through the autoregulation of nodulation (AON). Rhizobia infection stimulates the production of root-derived CLE peptide hormones that are translocated to the shoot where they regulate a new signal. We used soybean to demonstrate that this shoot-derived signal is miR2111, which is transported via phloem to the root where it targets transcripts of Too Much Love (TML), a negative regulator of nodulation. Shoot perception of rhizobia-induced CLE peptides suppresses miR2111 expression, resulting in TML accumulation in roots and subsequent inhibition of nodule organogenesis. Feeding synthetic mature miR2111 via the petiole increased nodule numbers per plant. Likewise, elevating miR2111 availability by over-expression promoted nodulation, while target mimicry of TML induced the opposite effect on nodule development in wild-type plants and alleviated the supernodulating and stunted root growth phenotypes of AON-defective mutants. Additionally, in non-nodulating wild-type plants, ectopic expression of miR2111 significantly enhanced lateral root emergence with a decrease in lateral root length and average root diameter. In contrast, hairy roots constitutively expressing the target mimic construct exhibited reduced lateral root density. Overall, these findings demonstrate that miR2111 is both the critical shoot-to-root factor that positively regulates root nodule development and also acts to shape root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbai Zhang
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre, College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Costa SR, Ng JLP, Mathesius U. Interaction of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes in Legume Roots: From Molecular Regulation to Field Application. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:470-490. [PMID: 33471549 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0350-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form two types of root organs in response to signals from microbes, namely, nodules and root galls. In the field, these interactions occur concurrently and often interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions vary and can depend on natural variation in rhizobia and nematode populations in the soil as well as abiotic conditions. While rhizobia are symbionts that contribute fixed nitrogen to their hosts, parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause galls as feeding structures that consume plant resources without a contribution to the plant. Yet, the two interactions share similarities, including rhizosphere signaling, repression of host defense responses, activation of host cell division, and differentiation, nutrient exchange, and alteration of root architecture. Rhizobia activate changes in defense and development through Nod factor signaling, with additional functions of effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. RKN inject large numbers of protein effectors into plant cells that directly suppress immune signaling and manipulate developmental pathways. This review examines the molecular control of legume interactions with rhizobia and RKN to elucidate shared and distinct mechanisms of these root-microbe interactions. Many of the molecular pathways targeted by both organisms overlap, yet recent discoveries have singled out differences in the spatial control of expression of developmental regulators that may have enabled activation of cortical cell division during nodulation in legumes. The interaction of legumes with symbionts and parasites highlights the importance of a comprehensive view of root-microbe interactions for future crop management and breeding strategies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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