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Kandoi D, Tripathy BC. Overexpression of chloroplastic Zea mays NADP-malic enzyme (ZmNADP-ME) confers tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 158:57-76. [PMID: 37561272 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The C4 plants photosynthesize better than C3 plants especially in arid environment. As an attempt to genetically convert C3 plant to C4, the cDNA of decarboxylating C4 type NADP-malic enzyme from Zea mays (ZmNADP-ME) that has lower Km for malate and NADP than its C3 isoforms, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana under the control of 35S promoter. Due to increased activity of NADP-ME in the transgenics the malate decarboxylation increased that resulted in loss of carbon skeletons needed for amino acid and protein synthesis. Consequently, amino acid and protein content of the transgenics declined. Therefore, the Chl content, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR), the quantum yield of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, rosette diameter, and biomass were lower in the transgenics. However, in salt stress (150 mM NaCl), the overexpressers had higher Chl, protein content, Fv/Fm, ETR, and biomass than the vector control. NADPH generated in the transgenics due to increased malate decarboxylation, contributed to augmented synthesis of proline, the osmoprotectant required to alleviate the reactive oxygen species-mediated membrane damage and oxidative stress. Consequently, the glutathione peroxidase activity increased and H2O2 content decreased in the salt-stressed transgenics. The reduced membrane lipid peroxidation and lower malondialdehyde production resulted in better preservation, of thylakoid integrity and membrane architecture in the transgenics under saline environment. Our results clearly demonstrate that overexpression of C4 chloroplastic ZmNADP-ME in the C3 Arabidopsis thaliana, although decrease their photosynthetic efficiency, protects the transgenics from salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kandoi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
| | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India.
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Gao Y, He X, Lv H, Liu H, Li Y, Hu Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zhang J. Epi-Brassinolide Regulates ZmC4 NADP-ME Expression through the Transcription Factors ZmbHLH157 and ZmNF-YC2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054614. [PMID: 36902048 PMCID: PMC10002761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is a main food and feed crop with great production potential and high economic benefits. Improving its photosynthesis efficiency is crucial for increasing yield. Maize photosynthesis occurs mainly through the C4 pathway, and NADP-ME (NADP-malic enzyme) is a key enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway of C4 plants. ZmC4-NADP-ME catalyzes the release of CO2 from oxaloacetate into the Calvin cycle in the maize bundle sheath. Brassinosteroid (BL) can improve photosynthesis; however, its molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of maize seedlings treated with epi-brassinolide (EBL) showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in photosynthetic antenna proteins, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways. The DEGs of C4-NADP-ME and pyruvate phosphate dikinase in the C4 pathway were significantly enriched in EBL treatment. Co-expression analysis showed that the transcription level of ZmNF-YC2 and ZmbHLH157 transcription factors was increased under EBL treatment and moderately positively correlated with ZmC4-NADP-ME. Transient overexpression of protoplasts revealed that ZmNF-YC2 and ZmbHLH157 activate C4-NADP-ME promoters. Further experiments showed ZmNF-YC2 and ZmbHLH157 transcription factor binding sites on the -1616 bp and -1118 bp ZmC4 NADP-ME promoter. ZmNF-YC2 and ZmbHLH157 were screened as candidate transcription factors mediating brassinosteroid hormone regulation of the ZmC4 NADP-ME gene. The results provide a theoretical basis for improving maize yield using BR hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfen Gao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625000, China
| | - Xuewu He
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625000, China
| | - Huayang Lv
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625000, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625000, China
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (J.Z.)
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Singh J, Garai S, Das S, Thakur JK, Tripathy BC. Role of C4 photosynthetic enzyme isoforms in C3 plants and their potential applications in improving agronomic traits in crops. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:233-258. [PMID: 36309625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As compared to C3, C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates and better tolerance to high temperature and drought. These traits are highly beneficial in the current scenario of global warming. Interestingly, all the genes of the C4 photosynthetic pathway are present in C3 plants, although they are involved in diverse non-photosynthetic functions. Non-photosynthetic isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), the decarboxylating enzymes NAD/NADP-malic enzyme (NAD/NADP-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and finally pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze reactions that are essential for major plant metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintenance of cellular pH, uptake of nutrients and their assimilation. Consistent with this view differential expression pattern of these non-photosynthetic C3 isoforms has been observed in different tissues across the plant developmental stages, such as germination, grain filling, and leaf senescence. Also abundance of these C3 isoforms is increased considerably in response to environmental fluctuations particularly during abiotic stress. Here we review the vital roles played by C3 isoforms of C4 enzymes and the probable mechanisms by which they help plants in acclimation to adverse growth conditions. Further, their potential applications to increase the agronomic trait value of C3 crops is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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4
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Girón-Calva PS, Pérez-Fons L, Sandmann G, Fraser PD, Christou P. Nitrogen inputs influence vegetative metabolism in maize engineered with a seed-specific carotenoid pathway. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:899-911. [PMID: 33787959 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling of a maize line engineered with an endosperm-specific carotenogenic pathway revealed unexpected metabolic readjustments of primary metabolism in leaves and roots. High-carotenoid (HC) maize was engineered to accumulate high levels of carotenoids in the endosperm. The metabolic interventions influenced the flux through non-target pathways in tissues that were not affected by the targeted intervention. HC maize at the vegetative stage also showed a reduced susceptibility to insect feeding. It is unknown, however, whether the metabolic history of the embryo has any impact on the metabolite composition in vegetative tissues. We, therefore, compared HC maize and its isogenic counterpart (M37W) to test the hypothesis that boosting the carotenoid content in the endosperm triggers compensatory effects in core metabolism in vegetative tissues. Specifically, we investigated whether the metabolite composition of leaves and roots at the V6 stage differs between HC and M37W, and whether N inputs further alter the core metabolism of HC compared to M37W. We found an increase in the abundance of organic acids from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in HC even under restricted N conditions. In contrast, low levels of carotenoids and chlorophyll were measured regardless of N levels. Sugars were also significantly depleted in HC under low N. We propose a model explaining the observed genotype-dependent and input-dependent effects, in which organic acids derived from the TCA cycle accumulate during vegetative growth and contribute to the increased demand for pyruvate and/or acetyl-CoA in the endosperm and embryo. This response may in part reflect the transgenerational priming of vegetative tissues in the embryo induced by the increased demand for metabolic precursors during seed development in the previous generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Girón-Calva
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Fons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain.
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tronconi MA, Hüdig M, Schranz ME, Maurino VG. Independent Recruitment of Duplicated β-Subunit-Coding NAD-ME Genes Aided the Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis in Cleomaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572080. [PMID: 33123181 PMCID: PMC7573226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In different lineages of C4 plants, the release of CO2 by decarboxylation of a C4 acid near rubisco is catalyzed by NADP-malic enzyme (ME) or NAD-ME, and the facultative use of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The co-option of gene lineages during the evolution of C4-NADP-ME has been thoroughly investigated, whereas that of C4-NAD-ME has received less attention. In this work, we aimed at elucidating the mechanism of recruitment of NAD-ME for its function in the C4 pathway by focusing on the eudicot family Cleomaceae. We identified a duplication of NAD-ME in vascular plants that generated the two paralogs lineages: α- and β-NAD-ME. Both gene lineages were retained across seed plants, and their fixation was likely driven by a degenerative process of sub-functionalization, which resulted in a NAD-ME operating primarily as a heteromer of α- and β-subunits. We found most angiosperm genomes maintain a 1:1 β-NAD-ME/α-NAD-ME (β/α) relative gene dosage, but with some notable exceptions mainly due to additional duplications of β-NAD-ME subunits. For example, a significantly high proportion of species with C4-NAD-ME-type photosynthesis have a non-1:1 ratio of β/α. In the Brassicales, we found C4 species with a 2:1 ratio due to a β-NAD-ME duplication (β1 and β2); this was also observed in the C3 Tarenaya hassleriana and Brassica crops. In the independently evolved C4 species, Gynandropsis gynandra and Cleome angustifolia, all three genes were affected by C4 evolution with α- and β1-NAD-ME driven by adaptive selection. In particular, the β1-NAD-MEs possess many differentially substituted amino acids compared with other species and the β2-NAD-MEs of the same species. Five of these amino acids are identically substituted in β1-NAD-ME of G. gynandra and C. angustifolia, two of them were identified as positively selected. Using synteny analysis, we established that β-NAD-ME duplications were derived from ancient polyploidy events and that α-NAD-ME is in a unique syntenic context in both Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. We discuss our hypotheses for the evolution of NAD-ME and its recruitment for C4 photosynthesis. We propose that gene duplications provided the basis for the recruitment of NAD-ME in C4 Cleomaceae and that all members of the NAD-ME gene family have been adapted to fit the C4-biochemistry. Also, one of the β-NAD-ME gene copies was independently co-opted for its function in the C4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. Tronconi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Meike Hüdig
- Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Veronica G. Maurino
- Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Badia MB, Maurino VG, Pavlovic T, Arias CL, Pagani MA, Andreo CS, Saigo M, Drincovich MF, Gerrard Wheeler MC. Loss of function of Arabidopsis NADP-malic enzyme 1 results in enhanced tolerance to aluminum stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:653-665. [PMID: 31626366 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In acidic soils, aluminum (Al) toxicity is a significant limitation to crop production worldwide. Given its Al-binding capacity, malate allows internal as well as external detoxification strategies to cope with Al stress, but little is known about the metabolic processes involved in this response. Here, we analyzed the relevance of NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME), which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate, in Al tolerance. Plants lacking NADP-ME1 (nadp-me1) display reduced inhibition of root elongation along Al treatment compared with the wild type (wt). Moreover, wt roots exposed to Al show a drastic decrease in NADP-ME1 transcript levels. Although malate levels in seedlings and root exudates are similar in nadp-me1 and wt, a significant increase in intracellular malate is observed in roots of nadp-me1 after long exposure to Al. The nadp-me1 plants also show a lower H2 O2 content in root apices treated with Al and no inhibition of root elongation when exposed to glutamate, an amino acid implicated in Al signaling. Proteomic studies showed several differentially expressed proteins involved in signal transduction, primary metabolism and protection against biotic and other abiotic stimuli and redox processes in nadp-me1, which may participate directly or indirectly in Al tolerance. The results indicate that NADP-ME1 is involved in adjusting the malate levels in the root apex, and its loss results in an increased content of this organic acid. Furthermore, the results suggest that NADP-ME1 affects signaling processes, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species and those that involve glutamate, which could lead to inhibition of root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Beatriz Badia
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Verónica Graciela Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatiana Pavlovic
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cintia Lucía Arias
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Ayelén Pagani
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos Santiago Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariel Claudia Gerrard Wheeler
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
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Arias CL, Pavlovic T, Torcolese G, Badia MB, Gismondi M, Maurino VG, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF, Gerrard Wheeler MC, Saigo M. NADP-Dependent Malic Enzyme 1 Participates in the Abscisic Acid Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1637. [PMID: 30459802 PMCID: PMC6232891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana possesses three cytosolic (NADP-ME1-3) and one plastidic (NADP-ME4) NADP-dependent malic enzymes. NADP-ME2 and -ME4 show constitutive expression, in contrast to NADP-ME1 and -ME3, which are restricted to particular tissues. Here, we show that NADP-ME1 transcript and protein were almost undetectable during normal vegetative growth, but gradually increased and reached levels higher than those of the other isoforms in the latest stages of seed development. Accordingly, in knockout nadp-me1 mature seeds the total NADP-ME activity was significantly lower than in wild type mature seeds. The phenotypic analysis of nadp-me1 plants indicated alterations of seed viability and germination. Besides, the treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), NaCl and mannitol specifically induced the accumulation of NADP-ME1 in seedlings. In line with this, nadp-me1 plants show a weaker response of primary and lateral root length and stomatal opening to the presence of ABA. The results suggest that NADP-ME1 plays a specialized role, linked to ABA signaling during the seed development as well as in the response to water deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia L. Arias
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Tatiana Pavlovic
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Torcolese
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana B. Badia
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mauro Gismondi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Verónica G. Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carlos S. Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María F. Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariel C. Gerrard Wheeler
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Ewe D, Tachibana M, Kikutani S, Gruber A, Río Bártulos C, Konert G, Kaplan A, Matsuda Y, Kroth PG. The intracellular distribution of inorganic carbon fixing enzymes does not support the presence of a C4 pathway in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:263-280. [PMID: 29572588 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are unicellular algae and important primary producers. The process of carbon fixation in diatoms is very efficient even though the availability of dissolved CO2 in sea water is very low. The operation of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) also makes the more abundant bicarbonate accessible for photosynthetic carbon fixation. Diatoms possess carbonic anhydrases as well as metabolic enzymes potentially involved in C4 pathways; however, the question as to whether a C4 pathway plays a general role in diatoms is not yet solved. While genome analyses indicate that the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum possesses all the enzymes required to operate a C4 pathway, silencing of the pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) in a genetically transformed cell line does not lead to reduced photosynthetic carbon fixation. In this study, we have determined the intracellular location of all enzymes potentially involved in C4-like carbon fixing pathways in P. tricornutum by expression of the respective proteins fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), followed by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we compared the results to known pathways and locations of enzymes in higher plants performing C3 or C4 photosynthesis. This approach revealed that the intracellular distribution of the investigated enzymes is quite different from the one observed in higher plants. In particular, the apparent lack of a plastidic decarboxylase in P. tricornutum indicates that this diatom does not perform a C4-like CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ewe
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Masaaki Tachibana
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
- Lion Corporation Pharmaceutical Laboratories No.1, Odawara, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - Sae Kikutani
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
- Tech Manage Corp., Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Ansgar Gruber
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Grzegorz Konert
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Peter G Kroth
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Wozny D, Kramer K, Finkemeier I, Acosta IF, Koornneef M. Genes for seed longevity in barley identified by genomic analysis on near isogenic lines. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1895-1911. [PMID: 29744896 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Genes controlling differences in seed longevity between 2 barley (Hordeum vulgare) accessions were identified by combining quantitative genetics "omics" technologies in near isogenic lines (NILs). The NILs were derived from crosses between the spring barley landraces L94 from Ethiopia and Cebada Capa from Argentina. A combined transcriptome and proteome analysis on mature, nonaged seeds of the 2 parental lines and the L94 NILs by RNA-sequencing and total seed proteomic profiling identified the UDP-glycosyltransferase MLOC_11661.1 as candidate gene for the quantitative trait loci on 2H, and the NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME) MLOC_35785.1 as possible downstream target gene. To validate these candidates, they were expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of constitutive promoters to attempt complementing the T-DNA knockout line nadp-me1. Both the NADP-ME MLOC_35785.1 and the UDP-glycosyltransferase MLOC_11661.1 were able to rescue the nadp-me1 seed longevity phenotype. In the case of the UDP-glycosyltransferase, with high accumulation in NILs, only the coding sequence of Cebada Capa had a rescue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wozny
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr 10, Versailles Cedex, 78026, France
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von-Linné-Weg 10, Köln, 50829, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von-Linné-Weg 10, Köln, 50829, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von-Linné-Weg 10, Köln, 50829, Germany
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von-Linné-Weg 10, Köln, 50829, Germany
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von-Linné-Weg 10, Köln, 50829, Germany
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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10
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Alvarez CE, Trajtenberg F, Larrieux N, Saigo M, Golic A, Andreo CS, Hogenhout SA, Mussi MA, Drincovich MF, Buschiazzo A. The crystal structure of the malic enzyme from Candidatus Phytoplasma reveals the minimal structural determinants for a malic enzyme. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:332-340. [PMID: 29652260 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318002759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are wall-less phytopathogenic bacteria that produce devastating effects in a wide variety of plants. Reductive evolution has shaped their genome, with the loss of many genes, limiting their metabolic capacities. Owing to the high concentration of C4 compounds in plants, and the presence of malic enzyme (ME) in all phytoplasma genomes so far sequenced, the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate might represent an adaptation to generate energy. Aster yellows witches'-broom (Candidatus Phytoplasma) ME (AYWB-ME) is one of the smallest of all characterized MEs, yet retains full enzymatic activity. Here, the crystal structure of AYWB-ME is reported, revealing a unique fold that differs from those of `canonical' MEs. AYWB-ME is organized as a dimeric species formed by intertwining of the N-terminal domains of the protomers. As a consequence of such structural differences, key catalytic residues such as Tyr36 are positioned in the active site of each protomer but are provided by the other protomer of the dimer. A Tyr36Ala mutation abolishes the catalytic activity, indicating the key importance of this residue in the catalytic process but not in the dimeric assembly. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that larger MEs (large-subunit or chimeric MEs) might have evolved from this type of smaller scaffold by gaining small sequence cassettes or an entire functional domain. The Candidatus Phytoplasma AYWB-ME structure showcases a novel minimal structure design comprising a fully functional active site, making this enzyme an attractive starting point for rational genetic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Alvarez
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Trajtenberg
- Institute Pasteur, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - N Larrieux
- Institute Pasteur, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Saigo
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Golic
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C S Andreo
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S A Hogenhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, England
| | - M A Mussi
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M F Drincovich
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Buschiazzo
- Institute Pasteur, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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Genome-wide identification, classification, and analysis of NADP-ME family members from 12 crucifer species. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1167-80. [PMID: 26839002 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NADP-dependent malic enzymes (NADP-MEs) play essential roles in both normal development and stress responses in plants. Here, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify 65 putative NADP-ME genes from 12 crucifer species. These NADP-ME genes were grouped into five categories of syntenic orthologous genes and were divided into three clades of a phylogenic tree. Promoter motif analysis showed that NADP-ME1 genes in Group IV were more conserved with each other than the other NADP-ME genes in Groups I and II. A nucleotide motif involved in ABA responses, desiccation and seed development was found in the promoters of most NADP-ME1 genes. Generally, the NADP-ME genes of Brassica rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus had less introns than their corresponding Arabidopsis orthologs. In these three Brassica species, the NADP-ME genes derived from the least fractionated subgenome have lost less introns than those from the medium fractionated and most fractionated subgenomes. BrNADP-ME1 showed the highest expression in petals and mature embryos. Two paralogous NADP-ME2 genes (BrNADP-ME2a and BrNADP-ME2b) shared similar expression profiles and differential expression levels. BrNADP-ME3 showed down-regulation during embryogenesis and reached its lowest expression in early cotyledonary embryos. BrNADP-ME4 was expressed widely in multiple organs and showed high expression during the whole embryogenesis process. Different NADP-ME genes of B. rapa showed differential gene expression profiles in young leaves after ABA treatment or cold stress. Our genome-wide identification and characterization of NADP-ME genes extend our understanding of the evolution or function of this family in Brassicaceae.
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12
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Maurino VG, Engqvist MKM. 2-Hydroxy Acids in Plant Metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0182. [PMID: 26380567 PMCID: PMC4568905 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycolate, malate, lactate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate are important 2-hydroxy acids (2HA) in plant metabolism. Most of them can be found as D- and L-stereoisomers. These 2HA play an integral role in plant primary metabolism, where they are involved in fundamental pathways such as photorespiration, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate cycle, methylglyoxal pathway, and lysine catabolism. Recent molecular studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have helped elucidate the participation of these 2HA in in plant metabolism and physiology. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the metabolic pathways and cellular processes in which they are involved, focusing on the proteins that participate in their metabolism and cellular/intracellular transport in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica G. Maurino
- institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin K. M. Engqvist
- institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Decourcelle M, Perez-Fons L, Baulande S, Steiger S, Couvelard L, Hem S, Zhu C, Capell T, Christou P, Fraser P, Sandmann G. Combined transcript, proteome, and metabolite analysis of transgenic maize seeds engineered for enhanced carotenoid synthesis reveals pleotropic effects in core metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3141-50. [PMID: 25796085 PMCID: PMC4449536 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether endosperm-specific carotenoid biosynthesis influenced core metabolic processes in maize embryo and endosperm and how global seed metabolism adapted to this expanded biosynthetic capacity. Although enhancement of carotenoid biosynthesis was targeted to the endosperm of maize kernels, a concurrent up-regulation of sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in the embryo was measured. Targeted terpenoid analysis, and non-targeted metabolomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic profiling revealed changes especially in carbohydrate metabolism in the transgenic line. In-depth analysis of the data, including changes of metabolite pools and increased enzyme and transcript concentrations, gave a first insight into the metabolic variation precipitated by the higher up-stream metabolite demand by the extended biosynthesis capacities for terpenoids and fatty acids. An integrative model is put forward to explain the metabolic regulation for the increased provision of terpenoid and fatty acid precursors, particularly glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate or acetyl-CoA from imported fructose and glucose. The model was supported by higher activities of fructokinase, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase indicating a higher flux through the glycolytic pathway. Although pyruvate and acetyl-CoA utilization was higher in the engineered line, pyruvate kinase activity was lower. A sufficient provision of both metabolites may be supported by a by-pass in a reaction sequence involving phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Decourcelle
- Unité de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, INRA, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
| | | | - Sabine Steiger
- Biosynthesis Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max von Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Sonia Hem
- Unité de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, INRA, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max von Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Jakubowska D, Janicka-Russak M, Kabała K, Migocka M, Reda M. Modification of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase activity in cucumber seedling roots in response to cadmium stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:50-9. [PMID: 25804809 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cadmium on plasma membrane (PM) NADPH oxidase activity in cucumber roots. Plants were treated with cadmium for 1, 3 or 6 days. Some of the plants after 3-day exposure to cadmium were transferred to a medium without the heavy metal for the next 3 days. Treatment of plants with cadmium for 6 days stimulated the activity of NADPH oxidase. The highest stimulation of O2(•-) production by NADPH oxidase was observed in post-stressed plants, which was correlated with the stimulation of activity of PM H(+)-ATPase in the same conditions. In order to examine the effects of cadmium stresses on the expression level of genes encoding NADPH oxidase, putative cucumber homologs encoding RBOH proteins were selected and a real-time PCR assay was performed. NADPH is a substrate for oxidase; thus alterations in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme under cadmium stress were studied. The activity of NADPH dehydrogenases was increased under cadmium stress. The results indicate that PM NADPH oxidase could be involved in plants' response to cadmium stress by affecting the activity of PM H(+)-ATPase, and NADPH-generating enzymes could play important roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Jakubowska
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Janicka-Russak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kabała
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Migocka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland.
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15
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Saigo M, Tronconi MA, Gerrard Wheeler MC, Alvarez CE, Drincovich MF, Andreo CS. Biochemical approaches to C4 photosynthesis evolution studies: the case of malic enzymes decarboxylases. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:177-187. [PMID: 23832612 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis enables the capture of atmospheric CO2 and its concentration at the site of RuBisCO, thus counteracting the negative effects of low atmospheric levels of CO2 and high atmospheric levels of O2 (21 %) on photosynthesis. The evolution of this complex syndrome was a multistep process. It did not occur by simply recruiting pre-exiting components of the pathway from C3 ancestors which were already optimized for C4 function. Rather it involved modifications in the kinetics and regulatory properties of pre-existing isoforms of non-photosynthetic enzymes in C3 plants. Thus, biochemical studies aimed at elucidating the functional adaptations of these enzymes are central to the development of an integrative view of the C4 mechanism. In the present review, the most important biochemical approaches that we currently use to understand the evolution of the C4 isoforms of malic enzyme are summarized. It is expected that this information will help in the rational design of the best decarboxylation processes to provide CO2 for RuBisCO in engineering C3 species to perform C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha, 531, Rosario, Argentina
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16
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Alvarez CE, Saigo M, Margarit E, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF. Kinetics and functional diversity among the five members of the NADP-malic enzyme family from Zea mays, a C4 species. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 115:65-80. [PMID: 23649167 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) is involved in different metabolic pathways in several organisms due to the relevant physiological functions of the substrates and products of its reaction. In plants, it is one of the most important proteins that were recruited to fulfil key roles in C4 photosynthesis. Recent advances in genomics allowed the characterization of the complete set of NADP-ME genes from some C3 species, as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa; however, the characterization of the complete NADP-ME family from a C4 species has not been performed yet. In this study, while taking advantage of the complete Zea mays genome sequence recently released, the characterization of the whole NADP-ME family is presented. The maize NADP-ME family is composed of five genes, two encoding plastidic NADP-MEs (ZmC4- and ZmnonC4-NADP-ME), and three cytosolic enzymes (Zmcyt1-, Zmcyt2-, and Zmcyt3-NADP-ME). The results presented clearly show that each maize NADP-ME displays particular organ distribution, response to stress stimuli, and differential biochemical properties. Phylogenetic footprinting studies performed with the NADP-MEs from several grasses, indicate that four members of the maize NADP-ME family share conserved transcription factor binding motifs with their orthologs, indicating conserved physiological functions for these genes in monocots. Based on the results obtained in this study, and considering the biochemical plasticity shown by the NADP-ME, it is discussed the relevance of the presence of a multigene family, in which each member encodes an isoform with particular biochemical properties, in the evolution of the C4 NADP-ME, improved to fulfil the requirements for an efficient C4 mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa E Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos CEFOBI, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
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17
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Saigo M, Alvarez CE, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF. Plastidial NADP-malic enzymes from grasses: unraveling the way to the C4 specific isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 63:39-48. [PMID: 23228551 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Malic enzyme is present in many plant cell compartments such as plastids, cytosol and mitochondria. Particularly relevant is the plastidial isoform that participates in the C(4) cycle providing CO(2) to RuBisCO in C(4) species. This type of photosynthesis is more frequent among grasses where anatomical preconditioning would have facilitated the evolution of the C(4) syndrome. In maize (C(4) grass), the photosynthetic NADP dependent Malic enzyme (ZmC(4)-NADP-ME, l-malate:NADP oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.40) and the closest related non-photosynthetic isoform (ZmnonC(4)-NADP-ME, l-malate:NADP oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.40) are both plastidial but differ in expression pattern, kinetics and structure. Features like high catalytic efficiency, inhibition by high malate concentration at pH 7.0, redox modulation and tetramerization are characteristic of the photosynthetic NADP-ME. In this work, the proteins encoded by sorghum (C(4) grass) and rice (C(3) grass) NADP-ME genes, orthologues of the plastidial NADP-MEs from maize, were recombinantly expressed, purified and characterized. In a global comparison, we could identify a small group of residues which may explain the special features of C(4) enzymes. Overall, the present work presents biochemical and molecular data that helps to elucidate the changes that took place in the evolution of C(4) NADP-ME in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
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18
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Identification of genes differentially expressed in the roots of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) in response to phosphorus deficiency. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1397-405. [PMID: 23076531 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. P deficiency could affect rubber tree productivity seriously, and understanding the mechanism responses of the rubber tree under the P deficiency will be helpful to improving rubber tree productivity. The molecular mechanism by which the rubber trees respond to a P-deficiency is a complex network involving many processes. To identify the genes differentially expressed in that response, we constructed subtractive suppression hybridization libraries for roots of plants growing under deficient or sufficient conditions. We identified 94 up-regulated genes from the forward library and 45 down-regulated from the reverse library. These differentially expressed genes were categorized into eight groups representing functions in metabolism, transcription, signal transduction, protein synthesis, transport, stress responses, photosynthesis, and development. We also performed quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the expression profiles of eight randomly selected clones. Our results provide useful information for further study of the molecular mechanism for adaptations to a P-deficiency in this species. Further characterization and functional analysis of these differentially expressed genes will help us improve its phosphorus utilization and overall productivity.
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Yu Q, Liu J, Wang Z, Nai J, Lü M, Zhou X, Cheng Y. Characterization of the NADP-malic enzymes in the woody plant Populus trichocarpa. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1385-96. [PMID: 23096088 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40) participates in a large number of metabolic pathways, but little is known about the NADP-ME family in woody plants or trees. Here, we characterized the tree Populus trichocarpa NADP-ME (PtNADP-ME) family and the properties of the family members. Five NADP-ME genes (PtNADP-ME1-PtNADP-ME5) were found in the genome of Populus. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis show that the transcription levels of PtNADP-ME1 in lignified stems and roots are clearly higher than in other tissues, and PtNADP-ME2, PtNADP-ME3, PtNADP-ME4 and PtNADP-ME5 are broadly expressed in various tissues. PtNADP-ME gene expression was found to respond to salt and osmotic stresses, and NaCl salts upregulated the transcripts of putative plastidic ones (PtNADP-ME4 and PtNADP-ME5) significantly. Further, the NADP-ME activities of Populus seedlings increased at least two-fold under NaCl, mannitol and PEG treatments. Also, the expression of PtNADP-ME2 and PtNADP-ME3 increased during the course of leaf wounding. Each recombinant PtNADP-ME proteins were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli, respectively. Coomassie brilliant blue and NADP-ME activity staining on native polyacrylamide gels showed different oligomeric states of the recombinant PtNADP-MEs in vitro. Noticeably, the cytosolic PtNADP-ME2 aggregates as octamers and hexadecamers while the plastidic PtNADP-ME4 resembles hexamers and octamers. The four PtNADP-ME proteins except for PtNADP-ME1 have high activities on native polyacrylamide gels including different forms for PtNADP-ME2 (octamers and hexadecamers) or for PtNADP-ME4 (hexamers and octamers). High concentrations of NADP substrate decreased the activities of all PtNADP-MEs slightly, while the malate had no effect on them. The kinetic parameters (V (max), K (m), K (cat), and K (cat)/K (m)) of each isoforms were summarized. Our data show the different effects of metabolites (influx into tricarboxylic acid cycle or Calvin cycle) on the activity of the individual PtNADP-ME in vitro. According to phylogenetic analysis, five PtNADP-MEs are clustered into cytosolic dicot, plastidic dicot, and monocot and dicot cytosolic groups in a phylogenetic tree. These results suggest that woody Populus NADP-ME family have diverse properties, and possible roles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
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20
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Alvarez CE, Detarsio E, Moreno S, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF. Functional characterization of residues involved in redox modulation of maize photosynthetic NADP-malic enzyme activity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1144-53. [PMID: 22514092 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two highly similar plastidic NADP-malic enzymes (NADP-MEs) are found in the C(4) species maize (Zea mays); one exclusively expressed in the bundle sheath cells (BSCs) and involved in C(4) photosynthesis (ZmC(4)-NADP-ME); and the other (ZmnonC(4)-NADP-ME) with housekeeping roles. In the present work, these two NADP-MEs were analyzed regarding their redox-dependent activity modulation. The results clearly show that ZmC(4)-NADP-ME is the only one modulated by redox status, and that its oxidation produces a conformational change limiting the catalytic process, although inducing higher affinity binding of the substrates. The reversal of ZmC(4)-NADP-ME oxidation by chemical reductants suggests the presence of thiol groups able to form disulfide bonds. In order to identify the cysteine residues involved in the activity modulation, site-directed mutagenesis and MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) analysis of ZmC(4)-NADP-ME were performed. The results obtained allowed the identification of Cys192, Cys246 (not conserved in ZmnonC(4)-NADP-ME), Cys270 and Cys410 as directly or indirectly implicated in ZmC(4)-NADP-ME redox modulation. These residues may be involved in forming disulfide bridge(s) or in the modulation of the oxidation of critical residues. Overall, the results indicate that, besides having acquired a high level of expression and localization in BSCs, ZmC(4)-NADP-ME displays a particular redox modulation, which may be required to accomplish the C(4) photosynthetic metabolism. Therefore, the present work could provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms potentially involved in the recruitment of genes for the C(4) pathway during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa E Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
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21
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Maier A, Zell MB, Maurino VG. Malate decarboxylases: evolution and roles of NAD(P)-ME isoforms in species performing C(4) and C(3) photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3061-9. [PMID: 21459769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the C(4) pathway of photosynthesis two types of malate decarboxylases release CO(2) in bundle sheath cells, NADP- and NAD-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME and NAD-ME), located in the chloroplasts and the mitochondria of these cells, respectively. The C(4) decarboxylases involved in C(4) photosynthesis did not evolve de novo; they were recruited from existing housekeeping isoforms. NADP-ME housekeeping isoforms would function in the control of malate levels during hypoxia, pathogen defence responses, and microspore separation, while NAD-ME participates in the respiration of malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Recently, the existence of three enzymatic NAD-ME entities in Arabidopsis, occurring by alternative association of two subunits, was described as a novel mechanism to regulate NAD-ME activity under changing metabolic environments. The C(4) NADP-ME is thought to have evolved from a C(3) chloroplastic ancestor, which in turn would have evolved from an ancient cytosolic enzyme. In this way, the C(4) NADP-ME would have emerged through gene duplication, acquisition of a new promoter, and neo-functionalization. In contrast, there would exist a unique NAD-ME in C(4) plants, which would have been adapted to perform a dual function through changes in the kinetic and regulatory properties of the C(3) ancestors. In addition to this, for the evolution of C(4) NAD-ME, insertion of promoters or enhancers into the single-copy genes of the C(3) ancestors would have changed the expression without gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maier
- Botanisches Institut, Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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22
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Lara MV, Budde CO, Porrini L, Borsani J, Murray R, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF. Peach (Prunus Persica) Fruit Response to Anoxia: Reversible Ripening Delay and Biochemical Changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 52:392-403. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Alonso AP, Dale VL, Shachar-Hill Y. Understanding fatty acid synthesis in developing maize embryos using metabolic flux analysis. Metab Eng 2010; 12:488-97. [PMID: 20406696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency with which developing maize embryos convert substrates into seed storage reserves was determined to be 57-71%, by incubating developing maize embryos with uniformly labeled 14C substrates and measuring their conversion to CO2 and biomass products. To map the pattern of metabolic fluxes underlying this efficiency, maize embryos were labeled to isotopic steady state using a combination of labeled 13C-substrates. Intermediary metabolic fluxes were estimated by computer-aided modeling of the central metabolic network using the labeling data collected by NMR and GC-MS and the biomass composition. The resultant flux map reveals that even though 36% of the entering carbon goes through the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, this does not fully meet the NADPH demands for fatty acid synthesis. Metabolic flux analysis and enzyme activities highlight the importance of plastidic NADP-dependent malic enzyme, which provides one-third of the carbon and NADPH required for fatty acid synthesis in developing maize embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Krill AM, Kirst M, Kochian LV, Buckler ES, Hoekenga OA. Association and linkage analysis of aluminum tolerance genes in maize. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9958. [PMID: 20376361 PMCID: PMC2848604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major worldwide constraint to crop productivity on acidic soils. Al becomes soluble at low pH, inhibiting root growth and severely reducing yields. Maize is an important staple food and commodity crop in acidic soil regions, especially in South America and Africa where these soils are very common. Al exclusion and intracellular tolerance have been suggested as two important mechanisms for Al tolerance in maize, but little is known about the underlying genetics. Methodology An association panel of 282 diverse maize inbred lines and three F2 linkage populations with approximately 200 individuals each were used to study genetic variation in this complex trait. Al tolerance was measured as net root growth in nutrient solution under Al stress, which exhibited a wide range of variation between lines. Comparative and physiological genomics-based approaches were used to select 21 candidate genes for evaluation by association analysis. Conclusions Six candidate genes had significant results from association analysis, but only four were confirmed by linkage analysis as putatively contributing to Al tolerance: Zea mays AltSB like (ZmASL), Zea mays aluminum-activated malate transporter2 (ALMT2), S-adenosyl-L-homocysteinase (SAHH), and Malic Enzyme (ME). These four candidate genes are high priority subjects for follow-up biochemical and physiological studies on the mechanisms of Al tolerance in maize. Immediately, elite haplotype-specific molecular markers can be developed for these four genes and used for efficient marker-assisted selection of superior alleles in Al tolerance maize breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Krill
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell University, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Matias Kirst
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell University, Department of Plant Biology, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward S. Buckler
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell University, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Owen A. Hoekenga
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell University, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chapter 14 C4 Decarboxylases: Different Solutions for the Same Biochemical Problem, the Provision of CO2 to Rubisco in the Bundle Sheath Cells. C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATED CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Christin PA, Samaritani E, Petitpierre B, Salamin N, Besnard G. Evolutionary insights on C4 photosynthetic subtypes in grasses from genomics and phylogenetics. Genome Biol Evol 2009; 1:221-30. [PMID: 20333192 PMCID: PMC2817415 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evp020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, an oligogene family encodes NADP-malic enzymes (NADP-me), which are responsible for various functions and exhibit different kinetics and expression patterns. In particular, a chloroplast isoform of NADP-me plays a key role in one of the three biochemical subtypes of C(4) photosynthesis, an adaptation to warm environments that evolved several times independently during angiosperm diversification. By combining genomic and phylogenetic approaches, this study aimed at identifying the molecular mechanisms linked to the recurrent evolutions of C(4)-specific NADP-me in grasses (Poaceae). Genes encoding NADP-me (nadpme) were retrieved from genomes of model grasses and isolated from a large sample of C(3) and C(4) grasses. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses showed that 1) the grass nadpme gene family is composed of four main lineages, one of which is expressed in plastids (nadpme-IV), 2) C(4)-specific NADP-me evolved at least five times independently from nadpme-IV, and 3) some codons driven by positive selection underwent parallel changes during the multiple C(4) origins. The C(4) NADP-me being expressed in chloroplasts probably constrained its recurrent evolutions from the only plastid nadpme lineage and this common starting point limited the number of evolutionary paths toward a C(4) optimized enzyme, resulting in genetic convergence. In light of the history of nadpme genes, an evolutionary scenario of the C(4) phenotype using NADP-me is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Fu ZY, Zhang ZB, Hu XJ, Shao HB, Ping X. Cloning, identification, expression analysis and phylogenetic relevance of two NADP-dependent malic enzyme genes from hexaploid wheat. C R Biol 2009; 332:591-602. [PMID: 19523599 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME; EC1.1.1.40) found in many metabolic pathways catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate, producing pyruvate, CO(2) and NADPH. The NADP-MEs have been well studied in C4 plants but not well in C3 plants. In this study, we identified the NADP-ME isoforms from hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Two different NADP-ME transcripts were first identified in this C3 plant. The first is named TaNADP-ME1 [NCBI: EU170134] and encodes a putative plastidic isoform, while the second is named TaNADP-ME2 [NCBI: EU082065] and encodes a cytosolic counterpart. Sequence alignment shows that the two NADP-ME isoforms share an identity of 73.26% in whole amino acids and 64.08% in nucleotide sequences. The phylogenetic analysis deciphers the two NADP-MEs as belonging to the monocots (Group II), which closely resemble OschlME6 and OscytME2, respectively. Tissue-specific analyses indicate that the two NADP-ME genes are both expressed in root, stem and leaf, and that TaNADP-ME1 is a leaf-abundant isoform. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis show that the two NADP-ME transcripts in wheat leaves respond differently to low temperature, salt, dark and drought stresses stimuli and to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA). Our results demonstrate that exogenous hormones (ABA and SA), as well as salt, low temperature, dark and drought stresses can regulate the expressions of TaNADP-ME1 and TaNADP-ME2 in wheat. This indicates that the two NADP-ME genes may play an important role in the response of wheat to ABA, SA, low temperature, salt, dark and drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yan Fu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
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