1
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Du Y, Kobashigawa Y, Okazaki K, Ogawa M, Kawaguchi T, Sato T, Morioka H. Structure-based design, biophysical characterization, and biochemical application of the heterodimeric affinity purification tag based on the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase (SjGST) homodimer. J Biochem 2024:mvae028. [PMID: 38471515 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase (SjGST), so-called GST-tag, is one of the most widely used protein tags for the purification of recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography. Attachment of SjGST enables the purification of a protein of interest (POI) using commercially available glutathione-immobilizing resins. Here we produced an SjGST mutant pair that forms heterodimers by adjusting the salt bridge pairs in the homodimer interface of SjGST. A molecular dynamics study confirmed that the SjGST mutant pair did not disrupt the heterodimer formation. The modified SjGST protein pair coexpressed in E. coli was purified by glutathione-immobilized resin. The stability of the heterodimeric form of the SjGST mutant pair was further confirmed by size exclusion chromatography. Surface plasmon resonance measurements unveiled the selective formation of heterodimers within the pair, accompanied by a significant suppression of homodimerization. The heterodimeric SjGST exhibited enzymatic activity in assays employing a commercially available fluorescent substrate. By fusing one member of the heterodimeric SjGST pair with a fluorescent protein and the other with the POI, we were able to conveniently and sensitively detect protein-protein interactions using fluorescence spectroscopy in the pull-down assays. Thus, utilization of the heterodimeric SjGST would be a useful tag for protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kobashigawa
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kyo Okazaki
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ogawa
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morioka
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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2
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Singh AK, Sreelakshmi P, Pathak P, Kumar A, Singh H, Yadav JP, Verma A, Grishina M, Kumar P. Design, Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, ADME and Cytotoxicity Studies of 1,3,5-Triazine Containing Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Selective BRAF Monomeric, Homo and Heterodimeric Inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:CCHTS-EPUB-137440. [PMID: 38305404 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073273813231113071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND v-RAF murine sarcoma viral homolog B1 (BRAF) is one of the most frequently mutated kinases in human cancers. BRAF exhibits three classes of mutations: Class I monomeric mutants (BRAFV600), class II BRAF homodimer mutants (non-V600), and class III BRAF heterodimers (non-V600). METHOD In this manuscript, the protein-ligand interaction site of all three mutants: BRAF monomer, BRAF homodimer BRAF2:14-3-32, and BRAF heterodimer BRAF:14-3-32:MEK (Mitogen extracellular Kinase) has been discussed. FDA-approved drugs still have limitations against all three classes of mutants, especially against the second and third classes. Using the DesPot grid model, 1114 new compounds were designed. Using virtual screening, the three PDB Ids 4XV2 for monomers, 7MFF for homodimers, and 4MNE for heterodimers were used for 1114 newly designed compounds. RESULT Dabrafenib, encorafenib, sorafenib and vemurafenib were included as standard drugs. The top 10 hit molecules were identified for each protein. Additional binding studies were performed using molecular docking studies on the protein-ligand site of each PDB identifier. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxicity studies were also performed. CONCLUSION It was identified that top-hit molecules had better binding and interaction activity than standard in all three classes of mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - P Sreelakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, 454008, Russia
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Jagat Pal Yadav
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rama University, Kanpur, 209217, India
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007, India
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, 454008, Russia
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
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Wang G, Venegas FA, Rueda AM, Weerasinghe NW, Uggowitzer KA, Thibodeaux CJ, Moitessier N, Mittermaier AK. A naturally occurring G11S mutation in the 3C-like protease from the SARS-CoV-2 virus dramatically weakens the dimer interface. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4857. [PMID: 38058248 PMCID: PMC10731504 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The 3C-like protease (3CLpro ) is crucial to the replication of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, and is the target of several successful drugs including Paxlovid and Xocova. Nevertheless, the emergence of viral resistance underlines the need for alternative drug strategies. 3CLpro only functions as a homodimer, making the protein-protein interface an attractive drug target. Dimerization is partly mediated by a conserved glycine at position 11. However, some naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 sequences contain a serine at this position, potentially disrupting the dimer. We have used concentration-dependent activity assays and mass spectrometry to show that indeed the G11S mutation reduces the stability of the dimer by 600-fold. This helps to set a quantitative benchmark for the minimum potency required of any future protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting 3CLpro and raises interesting questions regarding how coronaviruses bearing such weakly dimerizing 3CLpro enzymes are capable of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Wang
- Department of ChemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | | | - Andres M. Rueda
- Department of ChemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Paris T, Kiss A, Signor L, Lutfalla G, Blaise M, Boeri Erba E, Chaloin L, Yatime L. The IbeA protein from adherent invasive Escherichia coli is a flavoprotein sharing structural homology with FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. FEBS J 2024; 291:177-203. [PMID: 37786987 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of brain endothelium protein A (IbeA) is a virulence factor specific to pathogenic Escherichia coli. Originally identified in the K1 strain causing neonatal meningitis, it was more recently found in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). In these bacteria, IbeA facilitates host cell invasion and intracellular survival, in particular, under harsh conditions like oxidative stress. Furthermore, IbeA from AIEC contributes to intramacrophage survival and replication, thus enhancing the inflammatory response within the intestine. Therefore, this factor is a promising drug target for anti-AIEC strategies in the context of Crohn's disease. Despite such an important role, the biological function of IbeA remains largely unknown. In particular, its exact nature and cellular localization, i.e., membrane-bound invasin versus cytosolic factor, are still of debate. Here, we developed an efficient protocol for recombinant expression of IbeA under native conditions and demonstrated that IbeA from AIEC is a soluble, homodimeric flavoprotein. Using mass spectrometry and tryptophan fluorescence measurements, we further showed that IbeA preferentially binds flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), with an affinity in the one-hundred nanomolar range and optimal binding under reducing conditions. 3D-modeling with AlphaFold revealed that IbeA shares strong structural homology with FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. Finally, we used ligand docking, mutational analyses, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the FAD binding pocket within IbeA and characterize possible conformational changes occurring upon ligand binding. Overall, we suggest that the role of IbeA in the survival of AIEC within host cells, notably macrophages, is linked to modulation of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Paris
- LPHI, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, France
| | - Agneta Kiss
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Luca Signor
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
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5
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Barakat S, Ezen E, Devecioğlu İ, Gezen M, Piepoli S, Erman B. Dimerization choice and alternative functions of ZBTB transcription factors. FEBS J 2024; 291:237-255. [PMID: 37450366 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc Finger DNA-binding domain-containing proteins are the most populous family among eukaryotic transcription factors. Among these, members of the BTB domain-containing ZBTB sub-family are mostly known for their transcriptional repressive functions. In this Viewpoint article, we explore molecular mechanisms that potentially diversify the function of ZBTB proteins based on their homo and heterodimerization, alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. We describe how the BTB domain is as much a scaffold for the assembly of co-repressors, as a domain that regulates protein stability. We highlight another mechanism that regulates ZBTB protein stability: phosphorylation in the zinc finger domain. We explore the non-transcriptional, structural roles of ZBTB proteins and highlight novel findings that describe the ability of ZBTB proteins to associate with poly adenosine ribose in the nucleus during the DNA damage response. Herein, we discuss the contribution of BTB domain scaffolds to the formation of transcriptional repressive complexes, to chromosome compartmentalization and their non-transcriptional, purely structural functions in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barakat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ege Ezen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İzem Devecioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Gezen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sofia Piepoli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Batu Erman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Wu Y, Shi J, He X, Lu J, Gao X, Zhu X, Chen X, Zhang M, Fang L, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Xiao G, Zhou P, Pan X. Protection of the receptor binding domain (RBD) dimer against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. J Virol 2023; 97:e0127923. [PMID: 37843372 PMCID: PMC10688353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01279-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants achieved immune escape and became less virulent and easily transmissible through rapid mutation in the spike protein, thus the efficacy of vaccines on the market or in development continues to be challenged. Updating the vaccine, exploring compromise vaccination strategies, and evaluating the efficacy of candidate vaccines for the emerging variants in a timely manner are important to combat complex and volatile SARS-CoV-2. This study reports that vaccines prepared from the dimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein, which can be quickly produced using a mature and stable process platform, had both good immunogenicity and protection in vivo and could completely protect rodents from lethal challenge by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including the emerging Omicron XBB.1.16, highlighting the value of dimeric recombinant vaccines in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinlan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xiaoyan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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7
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Györffy D, Závodszky P, Szilágyi A. A Kinetic Transition Network Model Reveals the Diversity of Protein Dimer Formation Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1708. [PMID: 38136580 PMCID: PMC10741920 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein homodimers have been classified as three-state or two-state dimers depending on whether a folded monomer forms before association, but the details of the folding-binding mechanisms are poorly understood. Kinetic transition networks of conformational states have provided insight into the folding mechanisms of monomeric proteins, but extending such a network to two protein chains is challenging as all the relative positions and orientations of the chains need to be included, greatly increasing the number of degrees of freedom. Here, we present a simplification of the problem by grouping all states of the two chains into two layers: a dissociated and an associated layer. We combined our two-layer approach with the Wako-Saito-Muñoz-Eaton method and used Transition Path Theory to investigate the dimer formation kinetics of eight homodimers. The analysis reveals a remarkable diversity of dimer formation mechanisms. Induced folding, conformational selection, and rigid docking are often simultaneously at work, and their contribution depends on the protein concentration. Pre-folded structural elements are always present at the moment of association, and asymmetric binding mechanisms are common. Our two-layer network approach can be combined with various methods that generate discrete states, yielding new insights into the kinetics and pathways of flexible binding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Györffy
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Závodszky
- Structural Biophysics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - András Szilágyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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8
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Gui W, Kodadek T. Facile Synthesis of Homodimeric Protein Ligands. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300392. [PMID: 37449865 PMCID: PMC10615197 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins exist as oligomers (homodimers, homotrimers, etc.). A proven strategy for the development of high affinity ligands for such targets is to link together two modest affinity ligands that allows the formation of a 2 : 2 (or higher-order) protein-ligand complex. We report here the discovery of a convenient, "click-like" reaction for the homodimerization of protein ligands that is efficient, operationally simple to carry out, and tolerant of many functional groups. This chemistry reduces the synthetic burden inherent in the creation of homodimeric ligands since only a single precursor is required. The utility of this strategy is demonstrated by the synthesis of homodimeric inhibitors, including PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Gui
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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9
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Liu L, Lin L, Shen C, Rondard P, Pin JP, Xu C, Liu J. Asymmetric activation of dimeric GABA B and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C79-C89. [PMID: 37184233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00150.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of membrane proteins and are important drug targets. GPCRs are allosteric machines that transduce an extracellular signal to the cell by activating heterotrimeric G proteins. Herein, we summarize the recent advancements in the molecular activation mechanism of the γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, the most important class C GPCRs that modulate synaptic transmission in the brain. Both are mandatory dimers, this quaternary structure being needed for their function The structures of these receptors in different conformations and in complexes with G proteins have revealed their asymmetric activation. This asymmetry is further highlighted by the recent discovery of mGlu heterodimers, where the eight mGlu subunits can form specific and functional heterodimers. Finally, the development of allosteric modulators has revealed new possibilities for regulating the function of these receptors by targeting the transmembrane dimer interface. This family of receptors never ceases to astonish and serve as models to better understand the diversity and asymmetric functioning of GPCRs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors form constitutive dimers, which are required for their function. They serve as models to better understand the diversity and activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The structures of these receptors in different conformations and in complexes with G proteins have revealed their asymmetric activation. This asymmetry is further highlighted by the recent discovery of specific and functional mGlu heterodimers. Allosteric modulators can be developed to target the transmembrane interface and modulate the asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cangsong Shen
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Blanchet X, Weber C, von Hundelshausen P. Chemokine Heteromers and Their Impact on Cellular Function-A Conceptual Framework. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10925. [PMID: 37446102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractant cytokines or chemokines are proteins involved in numerous biological activities. Their essential role consists of the formation of gradient and (immune) cell recruitment. Chemokine biology and its related signaling system is more complex than simple ligand-receptor interactions. Beside interactions with their cognate and/or atypical chemokine receptors, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chemokines form complexes with themselves as homo-oligomers, heteromers and also with other soluble effector proteins, including the atypical chemokine MIF, carbohydrate-binding proteins (galectins), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or with chemokine-binding proteins such as evasins. Likewise, nucleic acids have been described as binding targets for the tetrameric form of CXCL4. The dynamic balance between monomeric and dimeric structures, as well as interactions with GAGs, modulate the concentrations of free chemokines available along with the nature of the gradient. Dimerization of chemokines changes the canonical monomeric fold into two main dimeric structures, namely CC- and CXC-type dimers. Recent studies highlighted that chemokine dimer formation is a frequent event that could occur under pathophysiological conditions. The structural changes dictated by chemokine dimerization confer additional biological activities, e.g., biased signaling. The present review will provide a short overview of the known functionality of chemokines together with the consequences of the interactions engaged by the chemokines with other proteins. Finally, we will present potential therapeutic tools targeting the chemokine multimeric structures that could modulate their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Blanchet
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
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11
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Maggiolo AO, Mahajan S, Rees DC, Clemons WM. Intradimeric Walker A ATPases: Conserved Features of A Functionally Diverse Family. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167965. [PMID: 37330285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside-triphosphate hydrolases (NTPases) are a diverse, but essential group of enzymes found in all living organisms. NTPases that have a G-X-X-X-X-G-K-[S/T] consensus sequence (where X is any amino acid), known as the Walker A or P-loop motif, constitute a superfamily of P-loop NTPases. A subset of ATPases within this superfamily contains a modified Walker A motif, X-K-G-G-X-G-K-[S/T], wherein the first invariant lysine residue is essential to stimulate nucleotide hydrolysis. Although the proteins in this subset have vastly differing functions, ranging from electron transport during nitrogen fixation to targeting of integral membrane proteins to their correct membranes, they have evolved from a shared ancestor and have thus retained common structural features that affect their functions. These commonalities have only been disparately characterized in the context of their individual proteins systems, but have not been generally annotated as features that unite the members of this family. In this review, we report an analysis based on the sequences, structures, and functions of several members in this family that highlight their remarkable similarities. A principal feature of these proteins is their dependence on homodimerization. Since their functionalities are heavily influenced by changes that happen in conserved elements at the dimer interface, we refer to the members of this subclass as intradimeric Walker A ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiena O Maggiolo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Shivansh Mahajan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Douglas C Rees
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
| | - William M Clemons
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
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12
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Nadal M, Anton R, Dorca‐Arévalo J, Estébanez‐Perpiñá E, Tizzano EF, Fuentes‐Prior P. Structure and function analysis of Sam68 and hnRNP A1 synergy in the exclusion of exon 7 from SMN2 transcripts. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4553. [PMID: 36560896 PMCID: PMC10031812 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the absence of a functional copy of the Survival of Motor Neuron 1 gene (SMN1). The nearly identical paralog, SMN2, cannot compensate for the loss of SMN1 because exon 7 is aberrantly skipped from most SMN2 transcripts, a process mediated by synergistic activities of Src-associated during mitosis, 68 kDa (Sam68/KHDRBS1) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1. This results in the production of a truncated, nonfunctional protein that is rapidly degraded. Here, we present several crystal structures of Sam68 RNA-binding domain (RBD). Sam68-RBD forms stable symmetric homodimers by antiparallel association of helices α3 from two monomers. However, the details of domain organization and the dimerization interface differ significantly from previously characterized homologs. We demonstrate that Sam68 and hnRNP A1 can simultaneously bind proximal motifs within the central region of SMN2 (ex7). Furthermore, we show that the RNA-binding pockets of the two proteins are close to each other in their heterodimeric complex and identify contact residues using crosslinking-mass spectrometry. We present a model of the ternary Sam68·SMN2 (ex7)·hnRNP A1 complex that reconciles all available information on SMN1/2 splicing. Our findings have important implications for the etiology of SMA and open new avenues for the design of novel therapeutics to treat splicing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nadal
- Molecular Bases of DiseaseBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Rosa Anton
- Molecular Bases of DiseaseBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jonatan Dorca‐Arévalo
- Molecular Bases of DiseaseBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus of BellvitgeHospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eva Estébanez‐Perpiñá
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of BiologyInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Eduardo F. Tizzano
- Medicine Genetics GroupVall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Clinical and Molecular GeneticsHospital Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Pablo Fuentes‐Prior
- Molecular Bases of DiseaseBiomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain
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13
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Zhao J, Deng X, Qian J, Liu T, Ju M, Li J, Yang Q, Zhu X, Li W, Liu CJ, Jin Z, Zhang K. Arabidopsis ABCG14 forms a homodimeric transporter for multiple cytokinins and mediates long-distance transport of isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins. Plant Commun 2023; 4:100468. [PMID: 36307987 PMCID: PMC10030318 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs), primarily trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) types, play critical roles in plant growth, development, and various stress responses. Long-distance transport of tZ-type CKs meidated by Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G14 (AtABCG14) has been well studied; however, less is known about the biochemical properties of AtABCG14 and its transporter activity toward iP-type CKs. Here we reveal the biochemical properties of AtABCG14 and provide evidence that it is also required for long-distance transport of iP-type CKs. AtABCG14 formed homodimers in human (Homo sapiens) HEK293T, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Arabidopsis cells. Transporter activity assays of AtABCG14 in Arabidopsis, tobacco, and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed that AtABCG14 may directly transport multiple CKs, including iP- and tZ-type species. AtABCG14 expression was induced by iP in a tZ-type CK-deficient double mutant (cypDM) of CYP735A1 and CYP735A2. The atabcg14 cypDM triple mutant exhibited stronger CK-deficiency phenotypes than cypDM. Hormone profiling, reciprocal grafting, and 2H6-iP isotope tracer experiments showed that root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root long-distance transport of iP-type CKs were suppressed in atabcg14 cypDM and atabcg14. These results suggest that AtABCG14 participates in three steps of the circular long-distance transport of iP-type CKs: xylem loading in the root for shootward transport, phloem unloading in the shoot for shoot distribution, and phloem unloading in the root for root distribution. We found that AtABCG14 displays transporter activity toward multiple CK species and revealed its versatile roles in circular long-distance transport of iP-type CKs. These findings provide new insights into the transport mechanisms of CKs and other plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Jiayun Qian
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Min Ju
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhu
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China.
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Wang X, Xie H, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Xu C. Molecular basis for the recognition of CIZ1 by ERH. FEBS J 2023; 290:712-723. [PMID: 36047590 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of rudimentary homologue (ERH), a small protein conserved in eukaryotes, is involved in a wide spectrum of cellular events, including cell cycle progression, piRNA biogenesis, miRNA maturation and gene expression. Human ERH is recruited to replication foci by CDKN1A-interacting zinc finger protein 1 (CIZ1), and plays an important role in cell growth control. However, the molecular basis for CIZ1 recognition by ERH remains unknown. By using GST pull-down experiment, we found that a fragment within CIZ1, upstream of its first zinc finger, is sufficient for binding to ERH. We solved the structure of CIZ1-bound ERH, in which the ERH dimer binds to two CIZ1 fragments to form a 2 : 2 heterotetramer. CIZ1 forms intermolecular antiparallel β-strands with ERH, and its binding surface on ERH is distinct from those of other known ERH-binding ligands. The ERH-CIZ1 interface was further validated by mutagenesis and binding experiments. Our structural study complemented by biochemistry experiments not only provides insights into a previously unidentified ligand-binding mode for ERH but also sheds light on the understanding of evolutionarily conserved roles for ERH orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huabin Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiahai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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15
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Leng F, Zhang W, Ramirez RN, Leon J, Zhong Y, Hou L, Yuki K, van der Veeken J, Rudensky AY, Benoist C, Hur S. The transcription factor FoxP3 can fold into two dimerization states with divergent implications for regulatory T cell function and immune homeostasis. Immunity 2022; 55:1354-1369.e8. [PMID: 35926508 PMCID: PMC9907729 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FoxP3 is an essential transcription factor (TF) for immunologic homeostasis, but how it utilizes the common forkhead DNA-binding domain (DBD) to perform its unique function remains poorly understood. We here demonstrated that unlike other known forkhead TFs, FoxP3 formed a head-to-head dimer using a unique linker (Runx1-binding region [RBR]) preceding the forkhead domain. Head-to-head dimerization conferred distinct DNA-binding specificity and created a docking site for the cofactor Runx1. RBR was also important for proper folding of the forkhead domain, as truncation of RBR induced domain-swap dimerization of forkhead, which was previously considered the physiological form of FoxP3. Rather, swap-dimerization impaired FoxP3 function, as demonstrated with the disease-causing mutation R337Q, whereas a swap-suppressive mutation largely rescued R337Q-mediated functional impairment. Altogether, our findings suggest that FoxP3 can fold into two distinct dimerization states: head-to-head dimerization representing functional specialization of an ancient DBD and swap dimerization associated with impaired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Leng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ricardo N Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juliette Leon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Hicks DR, Kennedy MA, Thompson KA, DeWitt M, Coventry B, Kang A, Bera AK, Brunette TJ, Sankaran B, Stoddard B, Baker D. De novo design of protein homodimers containing tunable symmetric protein pockets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113400119. [PMID: 35862457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113400119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins capable of binding arbitrary small molecules could enable the generation of new biosensors or medicines. While considerable progress has been made in recent years to design proteins from scratch capable of binding asymmetric molecules, little work has been done to facilitate the binding of symmetric molecules. Here, we present a method for generating libraries of C2 symmetric proteins with diverse central cavities that could be functionalized in the future to bind a range of C2 symmetric small molecules for applications such as ligand controllable cell engineering. We show that 31% of our designed proteins fold to the desired quaternary state, when experimentally characterized, and are hyperstable. Function follows form in biology, and the binding of small molecules requires proteins with pockets that match the shape of the ligand. For design of binding to symmetric ligands, protein homo-oligomers with matching symmetry are advantageous as each protein subunit can make identical interactions with the ligand. Here, we describe a general approach to designing hyperstable C2 symmetric proteins with pockets of diverse size and shape. We first designed repeat proteins that sample a continuum of curvatures but have low helical rise, then docked these into C2 symmetric homodimers to generate an extensive range of C2 symmetric cavities. We used this approach to design thousands of C2 symmetric homodimers, and characterized 101 of them experimentally. Of these, the geometry of 31 were confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering and 2 were shown by crystallographic analyses to be in close agreement with the computational design models. These scaffolds provide a rich set of starting points for binding a wide range of C2 symmetric compounds.
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17
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Zhang Z, Huang B, Chen J, Jiao Y, Guo H, Liu S, Ramakrishnan M, Qi G. Genome-Wide Identification of JRL Genes in Moso Bamboo and Their Expression Profiles in Response to Multiple Hormones and Abiotic Stresses. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:809666. [PMID: 35095981 PMCID: PMC8795371 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) are a new subfamily of plant lectins that has recently been recognized and plays an important role in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress response. Although moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is an economically and industrially important bamboo worldwide, there has been no systematic identification of JRLs in this species. Here, we identified 25 JRL genes in moso bamboo, and these genes are unequally distributed among 10 genome scaffolds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the moso bamboo JRLs were clustered into four JRL subgroups: I, II, V, and VII. Numerous stress-responsive and hormone-regulated cis-elements were detected in the upstream promoter regions of the JRLs. Genome collinearity analyses showed that the JRL genes of moso bamboo are more closely related to those of Brachypodium distachyon than to those of Oryza sativa and Zea mays. Sixty-four percent of the PeJRL genes are present as segmental and tandem duplicates. qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that JRL genes in the same subgroup were significantly downregulated in response to salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments and significantly upregulated under low temperature, drought, and salt stress; they also exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that PeJRL04 and PeJRL13 were localized to the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Three dimensional structure prediction and yeast two-hybrid assays were used to verify that PeJRL13 exists as a self-interacting homodimer in vivo. These findings provide an important reference for understanding the functions of specific moso bamboo JRL genes and for the effective selection of stress-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoning Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Preuss JM, Burret U, Gröger M, Kress S, Scheuerle A, Möller P, Tuckermann JP, Wepler M, Vettorazzi S. Impaired Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling Aggravates Lung Injury after Hemorrhagic Shock. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010112. [PMID: 35011674 PMCID: PMC8750862 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that attenuated lung injury after hemorrhagic shock (HS) coincided with enhanced levels of the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) in lung tissue of swine. Here, we investigated the effects of impaired GR signaling on the lung during resuscitated HS using a dysfunctional GR mouse model (GRdim/dim). In a mouse intensive care unit, HS led to impaired lung mechanics and aggravated lung inflammation in GRdim/dim mice compared to wildtype mice (GR+/+). After HS, high levels of the pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic transcription factor STAT1/pSTAT1 were found in lung samples from GRdim/dim mice. Lungs of GRdim/dim mice revealed apoptosis, most likely as consequence of reduced expression of the lung-protective Angpt1 compared to GR+/+ after HS. RNA-sequencing revealed increased expression of pro-apoptotic and cytokine-signaling associated genes in lung tissue of GRdim/dim mice. Furthermore, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS were found in lungs of GRdim/dim mice. Our results indicate impaired repression of STAT1/pSTAT1 due to dysfunctional GR signaling in GRdim/dim mice, which leads to increased inflammation and apoptosis in the lungs. These data highlight the crucial role of functional GR signaling to attenuate HS-induced lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Preuss
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (J.M.P.); (U.B.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Ute Burret
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (J.M.P.); (U.B.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Michael Gröger
- Institute for Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.G.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Sandra Kress
- Institute for Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.G.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Angelika Scheuerle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Jan P. Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (J.M.P.); (U.B.); (J.P.T.)
| | - Martin Wepler
- Institute for Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.G.); (S.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (J.M.P.); (U.B.); (J.P.T.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Moon ES, Ballal S, Yadav MP, Bal C, Van Rymenant Y, Stephan S, Bracke A, Van der Veken P, De Meester I, Roesch F. Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) targeting homodimeric FAP inhibitor radiotheranostics: a step to improve tumor uptake and retention time. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 11:476-491. [PMID: 35003886 PMCID: PMC8727881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several radiopharmaceuticals targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) based on the highly potent FAP inhibitor UAMC1110 are currently under investigation. Pre-clinical as well as clinical research exhibited the potential of these imaging agents. However, the monomeric small molecules seemed to have a short retention time in the tumor in combination with fast renal clearance. Therefore, our strategy was to develop homodimeric systems having two FAP inhibitors to improve residence time and tumor accumulation. The homodimers with two squaramide coupled FAP inhibitor conjugates DOTA.(SA.FAPi)2 and DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 were synthesized and radiochemically evaluated with gallium-68. [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 was tested for its in vitro stability, lipophilicity and affinity properties. In addition, human PET/CT scans were performed for [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 with a head-to-head comparison with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi and [18F]FDG. Labeling with gallium-68 demonstrated high radiochemical yields. Inhibition measurements revealed excellent affinity and selectivity with low nanomolar IC50 values for FAP. In PET/CT human studies, significantly higher tumor uptake as well as longer tumor retention could be observed for [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 compared to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi. Therefore, the introduction of the dimer led to an advance in human PET imaging indicated by increased tumor accumulation and prolonged retention times in vivo and thus, the use of dimeric structures could be the next step towards prolonged uptake of FAP inhibitors resulting in radiotherapeutic analogs of FAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euy Sung Moon
- Department of Chemistry-TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjana Ballal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Madhav Prasad Yadav
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Bal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Yentl Van Rymenant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of AntwerpWilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Sarah Stephan
- Department of Chemistry-TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - An Bracke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of AntwerpWilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of AntwerpWilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of AntwerpWilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Frank Roesch
- Department of Chemistry-TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Nonaka Y, Ogawa T, Shoji H, Nishi N, Kamitori S, Nakamura T. Crystal structure and conformational stability of a galectin-1 tandem-repeat mutant with a short linker. Glycobiology 2021; 32:251-259. [PMID: 34735570 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of the domain architecture of galectins has been attempted to analyze their biological functions and to develop medical applications. Several types of galectin-1 repeat mutants were previously reported but, however, it was not clear whether the native structure of the wild type was retained. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of a galectin-1 tandem-repeat mutant with a short linker peptide, and compared the unfolding profiles of the wild type and mutant by chemical denaturation. The structure of the mutant was consistent with that of the dimer of the wild type, and both carbohydrate-binding sites were retained. The unfolding curve of the wild type with lactose suggested that the dimer dissociation and the tertiary structure unfolding was concomitant at micromolar protein concentrations. The midpoint denaturant concentration of the wild type was dependent on the protein concentration and lower than that of the mutant. Linking the two subunits significantly stabilized the tertiary structure. The mutant exhibited higher T-cell growth-inhibition activity and comparable hemagglutinating activity. Structural stabilization may prevent the oxidation of the internal cysteine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nonaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kamitori
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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21
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Gorka M, Baldansuren A, Malnati A, Gruszecki E, Golbeck JH, Lakshmi KV. Shedding Light on Primary Donors in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:735666. [PMID: 34659164 PMCID: PMC8517396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chl)s exist in a variety of flavors and are ubiquitous in both the energy and electron transfer processes of photosynthesis. The functions they perform often occur on the ultrafast (fs-ns) time scale and until recently, these have been difficult to measure in real time. Further, the complexity of the binding pockets and the resulting protein-matrix effects that alter the respective electronic properties have rendered theoretical modeling of these states difficult. Recent advances in experimental methodology, computational modeling, and emergence of new reaction center (RC) structures have renewed interest in these processes and allowed researchers to elucidate previously ambiguous functions of Chls and related pheophytins. This is complemented by a wealth of experimental data obtained from decades of prior research. Studying the electronic properties of Chl molecules has advanced our understanding of both the nature of the primary charge separation and subsequent electron transfer processes of RCs. In this review, we examine the structures of primary electron donors in Type I and Type II RCs in relation to the vast body of spectroscopic research that has been performed on them to date. Further, we present density functional theory calculations on each oxidized primary donor to study both their electronic properties and our ability to model experimental spectroscopic data. This allows us to directly compare the electronic properties of hetero- and homodimeric RCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gorka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Amgalanbaatar Baldansuren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Malnati
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Elijah Gruszecki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - John H. Golbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - K. V. Lakshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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22
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Chen XB, Zhu HY, Bao K, Jiang L, Zhu H, Ying MD, He QJ, Yang B, Sheng R, Cao J. Bis-isatin derivatives: design, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation as potent dimeric DJ-1 inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1160-1170. [PMID: 33495517 PMCID: PMC8209122 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The PARK7 gene (encode DJ-1 protein) was first discovered as an oncogene and later found to be a causative gene for autosomal recessive early onset Parkinson's disease. DJ-1 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic anticancer target due to its pivotal role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Based on the homodimer structure of DJ-1, a series of bis-isatin derivatives with different length linkers were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as dimeric inhibitors targeting DJ-1 homodimer. Among them, DM10 with alkylene chain of C10 displayed the most potent inhibitory activity against DJ-1 deglycase. We further demonstrated that DM10 bound covalently to the homodimer of DJ-1. In human cancer cell lines H1299, MDA-MB-231, BEL7402, and 786-O, DM10 (2.5-20 μM) inhibited the cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner showing better anticancer effects compared with the positive control drug STK793590. In nude mice bearing H1299 cell xenograft, intratumor injection of DM10 (15 mg/kg) produced significantly potent tumor growth inhibition when compared with that caused by STK793590 (30 mg/kg). Moreover, we found that DM10 could significantly enhance N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-based apoptosis and erastin-based ferroptosis in H1299 cells. In conclusion, DM10 is identified as a potent inhibitor targeting DJ-1 homodimer with the potential as sensitizing agent for other anticancer drugs, which might provide synergistical therapeutic option for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun Bao
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mei-Dan Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rong Sheng
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ji Cao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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23
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Kilu W, Merk D, Steinhilber D, Proschak E, Heering J. Heterodimer formation with retinoic acid receptor RXRα modulates coactivator recruitment by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARγ. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100814. [PMID: 34081964 PMCID: PMC8258697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) activate transcription of target genes in response to binding of ligands to their ligand-binding domains (LBDs). Typically, in vitro assays use either gene expression or the recruitment of coactivators to the isolated LBD of the NR of interest to measure NR activation. However, this approach ignores that NRs function as homo- as well as heterodimers and that the LBD harbors the main dimerization interface. Cofactor recruitment is thereby interconnected with oligomerization status as well as ligand occupation of the partnering LBD through allosteric cross talk. Here we present a modular set of homogeneous time-resolved FRET-based assays through which we investigated the activation of PPARγ in response to ligands and the formation of heterodimers with its obligatory partner RXRα. We introduced mutations into the RXRα LBD that prevent coactivator binding but do not interfere with LBD dimerization or ligand binding. This enabled us to specifically detect PPARγ coactivator recruitment to PPARγ:RXRα heterodimers. We found that the RXRα agonist SR11237 destabilized the RXRα homodimer but promoted formation of the PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer, while being inactive on PPARγ itself. Of interest, incorporation of PPARγ into the heterodimer resulted in a substantial gain in affinity for coactivator CBP-1, even in the absence of ligands. Consequently, SR11237 indirectly promoted coactivator binding to PPARγ by shifting the oligomerization preference of RXRα toward PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer formation. These results emphasize that investigation of ligand-dependent NR activation should take NR dimerization into account. We envision these assays as the necessary assay tool kit for investigating NRs that partner with RXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Kilu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Assay development and screening, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Assay development and screening, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Assay development and screening, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.
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24
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Orth B, Sander B, Möglich A, Diederichs K, Eilers M, Lorenz S. Identification of an atypical interaction site in the BTB domain of the MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1. Structure 2021; 29:1230-1240.e5. [PMID: 34186024 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The repurposing of structurally conserved protein domains in different functional contexts is thought to be a driving force in the evolution of complex protein interaction networks. The BTB/POZ domain is such a versatile binding module that occurs over 200 times in the human proteome with diverse protein-specific adaptations. In BTB-zinc-finger transcription factors, the BTB domain drives homo- and heterodimerization as well as interactions with non-BTB-domain-containing proteins. Which mechanisms encode specificity in these interactions at a structural level is incompletely understood. Here, we uncover an atypical peptide-binding site in the BTB domain of the MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 (MIZ1) that arises from local flexibility of the core BTB fold and may provide a target site for MIZ1-directed therapeutic approaches. Intriguingly, the identified binding mode requires the BTB domain to be in a homodimeric state, thus holding opportunities for functional discrimination between homo- and heterodimers of MIZ1 in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Orth
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bodo Sander
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Möglich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Lorenz
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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25
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Feuerstein TJ, Schlicker E. β 1-Blockers Enhance Inotropy of Endogenous Catecholamines in Chronic Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:639562. [PMID: 34179127 PMCID: PMC8220816 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.639562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although β1-blockers impressively reduce mortality in chronic heart failure (CHF), there are concerns about negative inotropic effects and worsening of hemodynamics in acute decompensated heart failure. May receptor theory dispel these concerns and confirm clinical practice to use β1-blockers? In CHF, concentrations of catecholamines at the β1-adrenoceptors usually exceed their dissociation constants (KDs). The homodimeric β1-adrenoceptors have a receptor reserve and display negative cooperativity. We considered the binomial distribution of occupied receptor dimers with respect to the interaction of an exogenous β1-blocker and elevated endogenous agonist concentrations > [KDs], corresponding to an elevated sympathetic tone. Modeling based on binomial distribution suggests that despite the presence of a low concentration of the antagonist, the activation of the dimer receptors is higher than that in its absence. Obviously, the antagonist improves the ratio of the dimer receptors with only single agonist activation compared with the dimer receptors with double activation. This leads to increased positive inotropic effects of endogenous catecholamines due to a β1-blocker. To understand the positive inotropic sequels of β1-blockers in CHF is clinically relevant. This article may help to eliminate the skepticism of clinicians about the use of β1-blockers because of their supposed negative inotropic effect, since, on the contrary, a positive inotropic effect can be expected for receptor-theoretical reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Feuerstein
- Sektion für Neuroelektronische Systeme, Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universität Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburgf and Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Bianchetti L, Sinar D, Depenveiller C, Dejaegere A. Insights into mineralocorticoid receptor homodimerization from a combined molecular modeling and bioinformatics study. Proteins 2021; 89:952-965. [PMID: 33713045 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a steroid-activated nuclear receptor (NR) that plays essential roles in water-electrolyte balance and blood pressure homeostasis. It belongs to the group of oxo-steroidian NRs, together with the glucocorticoid (GR), progesterone (PR), and androgen (AR) receptors. Classically, these oxo-steroidian NRs homodimerize and bind to specific genomic sequences to activate gene expression. NRs are multi-domain proteins, and dimerization is mediated by both the DNA (DBD) and ligand binding domains (LBDs), with the latter thought to provide the largest dimerization interface. However, at the structural level, the dimerization of oxo-steroidian receptors LBDs has remained largely a matter of debate and, despite their sequence homology, there is currently no consensus on a common homodimer assembly across the four receptors, that is, GR, PR, AR, and MR. Here, we examined all available MR LBD crystals using different computational methods (protein common interface database, proteins, interfaces, structures and assemblies, protein-protein interaction prediction by structural matching, and evolutionary protein-protein interface classifier, and the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method). A consensus is reached by all methods and singles out an interface mediated by helices H9, H10 and the C-terminal F domain as having characteristics of a biologically relevant assembly. Interestingly, a similar assembly was previously identified for GRα, MR closest homolog. Alternative architectures that were proposed for GRα were not observed for MR. These data call for further experimental investigations of oxo-steroid dimer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bianchetti
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Deniz Sinar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Depenveiller
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique de la Signalisation de la Transcription, Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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27
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Wang M, Zhai Y, Lu L, Zhang C, Li N, Xue S, Cheng D, Fu S, Liu Q, Zhang C. Elucidation of the dimeric interplay of dual MRAP2 proteins in the zebrafish. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6472-6480. [PMID: 33559170 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) plays an essential role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and deletion of which results in severe obesity syndrome in mice and human. Mammalian MRAP2 is recognized as an endogenous physiological mediator through the potentiation of the MC4R signaling in vivo. Two isoforms of MRAP2 are identified in zebrafish genome, zMRAP2a and zMRAP2b. However, the mechanism of assembling dual topology and the regulatory roles of each complex on the melanocortin cascades remains unclear. In this study, we showed the bidirectional homo- and hetero-dimeric topologies of two zebrafish MRAP2 isoforms on the plasma membrane. Orientation fixed chimeric proteins could affect the trafficking and pharmacological properties of zMC4R signaling. Reciprocal replacement of zMRAP2a and zMRAP2b proteins elucidated the major participation of the carboxyl terminal as the functional domain for modulating zMC4R signaling. Our findings revealed the complex and dynamic conformational regulation of dual zebrafish MRAP2 proteins in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liumei Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Yantai Derui Bio-Tech Co.,Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Song Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daofu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaliu Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Zhao J, Mohan N, Nussinov R, Ma B, Wu WJ. Trastuzumab Blocks the Receiver Function of HER2 Leading to the Population Shifts of HER2-Containing Homodimers and Heterodimers. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10010007. [PMID: 33557368 PMCID: PMC7931022 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2, a member of the Erythroblastosis Protein B/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (ErbB/HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in 20~30% of human breast cancers. Trastuzumab, a HER2-targeted therapeutic monoclonal antibody, was developed to interfere with the homodimerization of HER2 in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, which attenuates HER2-mediated signaling. Trastuzumab binds to the domain IV of the HER2 extracellular domain and does not directly block the dimerization interface of HER2-HER2 molecules. The three-dimensional structures of the tyrosine kinase domains of ErbB/HER family receptors show asymmetrical packing of the two monomers with distinct conformations. One monomer functions as an activator, whereas the other acts as a receiver. Once activated, the receiver monomer phosphorylates the activator or other proteins. Interestingly, in our previous work, we found that the binding of trastuzumab induced phosphorylation of HER2 with the phosphorylation pattern of HER2 that is different from that mediated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Binding of trastuzumab to HER2 promoted an allosteric effect of HER2, in both tyrosine kinase domain and ectodomain of HER2 although details of allosteric regulation were missing. In this study, we utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to model the allosteric consequences of trastuzumab binding to HER2 homodimers and heterodimers, along with the apo forms as controls. We focused on the conformational changes of HER2 in its monomeric and dimeric forms. The data indicated the apparent dual role of trastuzumab as an antagonist and an agonist. The molecular details of the simulation provide an atomic level description and molecular insight into the action of HER2-targeted antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Interagency Oncology Task Force (IOTF) Fellowship: Oncology Product Research/Review Fellow, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (W.J.W.); Tel.: +1-240-402-6715 (W.J.W.)
| | - Nishant Mohan
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.N.)
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.N.)
| | - Wen Jin Wu
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (W.J.W.); Tel.: +1-240-402-6715 (W.J.W.)
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29
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Otsuka FAM, Chagas RS, Almeida VM, Marana SR. Homodimerization of a glycoside hydrolase family GH1 β-glucosidase suggests distinct activity of enzyme different states. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1879-1889. [PMID: 32597558 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated how activity and oligomeric state are related in a purified GH1 β-glucosidase from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sfβgly). Gel filtration chromatography coupled to a multiple angle light scattering detector allowed separation of the homodimer and monomer states and determination of the dimer dissociation constant (KD ), which was in the micromolar range. Enzyme kinetic parameters showed that the dimer is on average 2.5-fold more active. Later, we evaluated the kinetics of homodimerization, scanning the changes in the Sfβgly intrinsic fluorescence over time when the dimer dissociates into the monomer after a large dilution. We described how the rate constant of monomerization (koff ) is affected by temperature, revealing the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the process. We also evaluated how the rate constant (kobs ) by which equilibrium is reached after dimer dilution behaves when varying the initial Sfβgly concentration. These data indicated that Sfβgly dimerizes through the conformational selection mechanism, in which the monomer undergoes a conformational exchange and then binds to a similar monomer, forming a more active homodimer. Finally, we noted that conformational selection reports and experiments usually rely on a ligand whose concentration is in excess, but for homodimerization, this approach does not hold. Hence, since our approach overcomes this limitation, this study not only is a new contribution to the comprehension of GH1 β-glucosidases, but it can also help to elucidate protein interaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A M Otsuka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Chagas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor M Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro R Marana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Goyal B, Goyal D. Targeting the Dimerization of the Main Protease of Coronaviruses: A Potential Broad-Spectrum Therapeutic Strategy. ACS Comb Sci 2020; 22:297-305. [PMID: 32402186 PMCID: PMC7252589 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus (CoV) caused a pandemic named COVID-19, which has become a global health care emergency in the present time. The virus is referred to as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) and has a genome similar (∼82%) to that of the previously known SARS-CoV (SARS coronavirus). An attractive therapeutic target for CoVs is the main protease (Mpro) or 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro), as this enzyme plays a key role in polyprotein processing and is active in a dimeric form. Further, Mpro is highly conserved among various CoVs, and a mutation in Mpro is often lethal to the virus. Thus, drugs targeting the Mpro enzyme significantly reduce the risk of mutation-mediated drug resistance and display broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The combinatorial design of peptide-based inhibitors targeting the dimerization of SARS-CoV Mpro represents a potential therapeutic strategy. In this regard, we have compiled the literature reports highlighting the effect of mutations and N-terminal deletion of residues of SARS-CoV Mpro on its dimerization and, thus, catalytic activity. We believe that the present review will stimulate research in this less explored yet quite significant area. The effect of the COVID-19 epidemic and the possibility of future CoV outbreaks strongly emphasize the urgent need for the design and development of potent antiviral agents against CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Goyal
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Patiala-147004, Punjab, India
| | - Deepti Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied
Sciences, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh
Sahib-140406, Punjab, India
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31
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Rocco DA, Paluzzi JPV. Expression Profiling, Downstream Signaling, and Inter-subunit Interactions of GPA2/GPB5 in the Adult Mosquito Aedes aegypti. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:158. [PMID: 32296389 PMCID: PMC7137729 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GPA2/GPB5 and its receptor constitute a glycoprotein hormone-signaling system native to the genomes of most vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Unlike the well-studied gonadotropins and thyrotropin, the exact function of GPA2/GPB5 remains elusive, and whether it elicits its functions as heterodimers, homodimers or as independent monomers remains unclear. Here, the glycoprotein hormone signaling system was investigated in adult mosquitoes, where GPA2 and GPB5 subunit expression was mapped and modes of its signaling were characterized. In adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, GPA2 and GPB5 transcripts co-localized to bilateral pairs of neuroendocrine cells, positioned within the first five abdominal ganglia of the central nervous system. Unlike GPA2/GPB5 homologs in human and fly, GPA2/GPB5 subunits in A. aegypti lacked evidence of heterodimerization. Rather, cross-linking analysis to determine subunit interactions revealed A. aegypti GPA2 and GPB5 subunits may form homodimers, although treatments with independent subunits did not demonstrate receptor activity. Since mosquito GPA2/GPB5 heterodimers were not evident by heterologous expression, a tethered fusion construct was generated for expression of the subunits as a single polypeptide chain to mimic heterodimer formation. Our findings revealed A. aegypti LGR1 elicited constitutive activity with elevated levels of cAMP. However, upon treatment with recombinant tethered GPA2/GPB5, an inhibitory G protein (Gi/o) signaling cascade is initiated and forskolin-induced cAMP production is inhibited. These results further support the notion that heterodimerization is a requirement for glycoprotein hormone receptor activation and provide novel insight to how signaling is achieved for GPA2/GPB5, an evolutionary ancient neurohormone.
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32
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Zhao Y, Lee CK, Lin CH, Gassen RB, Xu X, Huang Z, Xiao C, Bonorino C, Lu LF, Bui JD, Hui E. PD-L1:CD80 Cis-Heterodimer Triggers the Co-stimulatory Receptor CD28 While Repressing the Inhibitory PD-1 and CTLA-4 Pathways. Immunity 2019; 51:1059-1073.e9. [PMID: 31757674 PMCID: PMC6935268 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combined immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or CTLA-4 and the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) exhibits superior anti-tumor responses compared with single-agent therapy. Here, we examined the molecular basis for this synergy. Using reconstitution assays with fluorescence readouts, we found that PD-L1 and the CTLA-4 ligand CD80 heterodimerize in cis but not trans. Quantitative biochemistry and cell biology assays revealed that PD-L1:CD80 cis-heterodimerization inhibited both PD-L1:PD-1 and CD80:CTLA-4 interactions through distinct mechanisms but preserved the ability of CD80 to activate the T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) prevented CTLA-4-mediated trans-endocytosis of CD80. Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1), but not anti-PD-1, reduced cell surface expression of CD80 on APCs, and this effect was negated by co-blockade of CTLA-4 with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Thus, PD-L1 exerts an immunostimulatory effect by repressing the CTLA-4 axis; this has implications to the synergy of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calvin K Lee
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rodrigo B Gassen
- Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Xiaozheng Xu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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33
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Piotrowski Y, Berg K, Klebl DP, Leiros I, Larsen AN. Characterization of an intertidal zone metagenome oligoribonuclease and the role of the intermolecular disulfide bond for homodimer formation and nuclease activity. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1674-1688. [PMID: 31420950 PMCID: PMC6768110 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding MG Orn has been identified from a metagenomic library created from the intertidal zone in Svalbard and encodes a protein of 184 amino acid residues. The mg orn gene has been cloned, recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity. Biochemical characterization of the enzyme showed that it efficiently degrades short RNA oligonucleotide substrates of 2mer to 10mer of length and has an absolute requirement for divalent cations for optimal activity. The enzyme is more heat‐labile than its counterpart from E. coli and exists as a homodimer in solution. The crystal structure of the enzyme has been determined to a resolution of 3.15 Å, indicating an important role of a disulfide bridge for the homodimer formation and as such for the function of MG Orn. Substitution of the Cys110 residue with either Gly or Ala hampered the dimer formation and severely affected the enzyme's ability to act on RNA. A conserved loop containing His128‐Tyr129‐Arg130 in the neighboring monomer is probably involved in efficient binding and processing of longer RNA substrates than diribonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Piotrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, SIVA Innovation Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristel Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, SIVA Innovation Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David Paul Klebl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, SIVA Innovation Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingar Leiros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, SIVA Innovation Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Atle Noralf Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, SIVA Innovation Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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34
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Nabeta K, Watanabe S, Chibazakura T, Zendo T, Sonomoto K, Shimizu-Kadota M, Yoshikawa H. Constitutive expression of phosphoketolase, a key enzyme for metabolic shift from homo- to heterolactic fermentation in Enterococcus mundtii QU 25. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2019; 38:111-114. [PMID: 31384523 PMCID: PMC6663511 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.18-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoketolase (PK) is responsible for heterolactic fermentation; however, the PK gene of Enterococcus mundtii QU 25, xfpA, is transcribed constitutively, even under homolactic fermentation conditions. In order to deduce the regulatory mechanisms of PK activity in QU 25, XfpA levels in QU 25 cells under hetero- and homolactic fermentation conditions were tested using western blotting. The results showed that the XfpA protein expression was similar under both conditions and that the expression products formed complexes, most likely homodimers, indicating that the regulation of PK activity is downstream of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nabeta
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Taku Chibazakura
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimizu-Kadota
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Musashino University, 3-3-3 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8181, Japan.,Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.,NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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35
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Poonsiri T, Wright GSA, Solomon T, Antonyuk SV. Crystal Structure of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Capsid Protein. Viruses 2019; 11:E623. [PMID: 31284608 PMCID: PMC6669762 DOI: 10.3390/v11070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is inflammation and swelling of the brain caused by the JE virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne member of the Flavivirus family. There are around 68,000 JE cases worldwide each year, many of which result in permanent brain damage and death. There is no specific treatment for JE. Here we present the crystal structure of the JEV capsid protein, a potential drug target, at 1.98 Å, and compare it to other flavivirus capsid proteins. The JEV capsid has a helical secondary structure (α helixes 1-4) and a similar protein fold to the dengue virus (DENV), the West Nile virus (WNV), and the Zika virus (ZIKV) capsid proteins. It forms a homodimer by antiparallel pairing with another subunit (') through α-helix 1-1', 2-2', and 4-4' interactions. This dimeric form is believed to be the building block of the nucleocapsid. The flexibility of the N-terminal α helix-1 allows the formation of closed and open conformations with possible functional importance. The basic C-terminal pairing of α4-4' forms a coiled-coil-like structure, indicating possible nucleic acid binding functionality. However, a comparison with other nucleic acid interacting domains indicates that homodimerization would preclude binding. This is the first JEV capsid protein to be described and is an addition to the structural biology of the Flavivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanalai Poonsiri
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE Liverpool, UK
| | - Gareth S A Wright
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE Liverpool, UK
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, L9 7LJ Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana V Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, UK.
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36
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McCullock TW, Kammermeier PJ. Target validation: Weak selectivity of LY341495 for mGluR2 over mGluR4 makes glutamate a less selective agonist. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00471. [PMID: 31065376 PMCID: PMC6498410 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are class C G protein coupled receptors with widespread expression in the central nervous system. There are eight mGluRs in the mammalian genome. Research on mGluRs relies on the availability of selective compounds. While many selective allosteric compounds have been described, selectivity of orthosteric agonists and antagonists has been more difficult due to the similarity of the glutamate binding pocket across the mGluR family. LY341495 has been used for decades as a potent and selective group II mGluR antagonist. The selectivity of LY341495 was investigated here between mGluR2, a group II mGluR, and mGluR4, a group III receptor, heterologously expressed in adult rat sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), which provides a null-mGluR background upon which mGluRs were examined in isolation. The compound does in fact selectively inhibit mGluR2 over mGluR4, but in such a way that it makes signaling of the two receptors more difficult to distinguish. The glutamate potency of mGluR2 is about 10-fold higher than mGluR4. 50 nmol L-1 LY341495 did not alter mGluR4 signaling but shifted the mGluR2 glutamate dose-response about 10-fold, such that it overlapped more closely with that of mGluR4. Increasing the LY341494 dose to 500 nmol L-1 further shifted the glutamate dose-response of mGluR2 by another ~10-fold, but also shifted that of mGluR4 similarly. Thus, while glutamate is a moderately selective agonist of mGluR2 over mGluR4 when applied alone, in the presence of increasing concentrations of LY341495, this selectivity of glutamate is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. McCullock
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew York
| | - Paul J. Kammermeier
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew York
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37
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Hou B, Zhu X, Kang Y, Wang R, Wu H, Ye J, Zhang H. LmbU, a Cluster-Situated Regulator for Lincomycin, Consists of a DNA-Binding Domain, an Auto-Inhibitory Domain, and Forms Homodimer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:989. [PMID: 31130942 PMCID: PMC6510168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies were reported about the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis since it was found in 1962. Although we have proved that a cluster-situated regulator (CSR) LmbU (GenBank Accession No. ABX00623.1) positively modulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936, the molecular mechanism of LmbU regulation is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that LmbU binds to the target lmbAp by a central DNA-binding domain (DBD), which interacts with the binding sites through the helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif. N-terminal of LmbU includes an auto-inhibitory domain (AID), inhibiting the DNA-binding activity of LmbU. Without the AID, LmbU variant can bind to its own promoter. Interestingly, compared to other LmbU homologs, the homologs within the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of known antibiotics generally contain N-terminal AIDs, which offer them the abilities to play complex regulatory functions. In addition, cysteine 12 (C12) has been proved to be mainly responsible for LmbU homodimer formation in vitro. In conclusion, LmbU homologs naturally exist in hundreds of actinomycetes, and belong to a new regulatory family, LmbU family. The present study reveals the DBD, AID and dimerization of LmbU, and sheds new light on the regulatory mechanism of LmbU and its homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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38
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Garton M, MacKinnon SS, Malevanets A, Wodak SJ. Interplay of self-association and conformational flexibility in regulating protein function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0190. [PMID: 29735742 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many functional roles have been attributed to homodimers, the most common mode of protein self-association, notably in the regulation of enzymes, ion channels, transporters and transcription factors. Here we review findings that offer new insights into the different roles conformational flexibility plays in regulating homodimer function. Intertwined homodimers of two-domain proteins and their related family members display significant conformational flexibility, which translates into concerted motion between structural domains. This flexibility enables the corresponding proteins to regulate function across family members by modulating the spatial positions of key recognition surfaces of individual domains, to either maintain subunit interfaces, alter them or break them altogether, leading to a variety of functional consequences. Many proteins may exist as monomers but carry out their biological function as homodimers or higher-order oligomers. We present early evidence that in such systems homodimer formation primes the protein for its functional role. It does so by inducing elevated mobility in protein regions corresponding to the binding epitopes of functionally important ligands. In some systems this process acts as an allosteric response elicited by the self-association reaction itself. Our analysis furthermore suggests that the induced extra mobility likely facilitates ligand binding through the mechanism of conformational selection.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Allostery and molecular machines'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, The Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Stephen S MacKinnon
- Cyclica Inc., 18 King Street East, Suite 810, Toronto, Ontario M5C 1C4, Canada
| | - Anatoly Malevanets
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Shoshana J Wodak
- VIB Structural Biology research Centre, VUB, Building E Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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39
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Nami B, Maadi H, Wang Z. The Effects of Pertuzumab and Its Combination with Trastuzumab on HER2 Homodimerization and Phosphorylation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030375. [PMID: 30884851 PMCID: PMC6468664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertuzumab (Perjeta) is an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody that is used for treatment of HER2-positive breast cancers in combination with trastuzumab (Herceptin) and docetaxel and showed promising clinical outcomes. Pertuzumab is suggested to block heterodimerization of HER2 with EGFR and HER3 that abolishes canonical function of HER2. However, evidence on the exact mode of action of pertuzumab in homodimerization of HER2 are limited. In this study, we investigated the effect of pertuzumab and its combination with trastuzumab on HER2 homodimerization, phosphorylation and whole gene expression profile in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably overexpressing human HER2 (CHO-K6). CHO-K6 cells were treated with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and their combination, and then HER2 homodimerization and phosphorylation at seven pY sites were investigated. The effects of the monoclonal antibodies on whole gene expression and the expression of cell cycle stages, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis were studied by cDNA microarray. Results showed that pertuzumab had no significant effect on HER2 homodimerization, however, trastuzumab increased HER2 homodimerization. Interestingly, pertuzumab increased HER2 phosphorylation at Y1127, Y1139, and Y1196 residues, while trastuzumab increased HER2 phosphorylation at Y1196. More surprisingly, combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab blocked the phosphorylation of Y1005 and Y1127 of HER2. Our results also showed that pertuzumab, but not trastuzumab, abrogated the effect of HER2 overexpression on cell cycle in particular G1/S transition, G2/M transition, and M phase, whereas trastuzumab abolished the inhibitory effect of HER2 on apoptosis. Our findings confirm that pertuzumab is unable to inhibit HER2 homodimerization but induces HER2 phosphorylation at some pY sites that abolishes HER2 effects on cell cycle progress. These data suggest that the clinical effects of pertuzumab may mostly through the inhibition of HER2 heterodimers, rather than HER2 homodimers and that pertuzumab binding to HER2 may inhibit non-canonical HER2 activation and function in non-HER-mediated and dimerization-independent pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Nami
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Hamid Maadi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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40
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Abstract
Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that regulate numerous adhesive interactions during embryonic development and adult life. Consistent with these functions, when their expression goes astray cells lose their normal adhesive properties resulting in defective morphogenesis, disease, and even metastatic cancer. In general, classical cadherins exert their effect by homophilic interactions via their five characteristic extracellular (EC) repeats. The EC1 repeat provides the mechanism for cadherins to dimerize with each other whereas the EC2 repeat may facilitate dimerization. Less is known about the other EC repeats. Here, we show that a zebrafish missense mutation in the EC5 repeat of N-cadherin is a dominant gain-of-function mutation and demonstrate that this mutation alters cell adhesion almost to the same degree as a zebrafish missense mutation in the EC1 repeat of N-cadherin. We also show that zebrafish E- and N-cadherin dominant gain-of-function missense mutations genetically interact. Perturbation of cell adhesion in embryos that are heterozygous mutant at both loci is similar to that observed in single homozygous mutants. Introducing an E-cadherin EC5 missense allele into the homozygous N-cadherin EC1 missense mutant more radically affects morphogenesis, causing synergistic phenotypes consistent with interdependent functions being disrupted. Our studies indicate that a functional EC5 repeat is critical for cadherin-mediated cell affinity, suggesting that its role may be more important than previously thought. These results also suggest the possibility that E- and N-cadherin have heterophilic interactions during early morphogenesis of the embryo; interactions that might help balance the variety of cell affinities needed during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Warga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008
| | - Donald A Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008
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41
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Magyar C, Mentes A, Fichó E, Cserző M, Simon I. Physical Background of the Disordered Nature of "Mutual Synergetic Folding" Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113340. [PMID: 30373142 PMCID: PMC6274838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack a well-defined 3D structure. Their disordered nature enables them to interact with several other proteins and to fulfil their vital biological roles, in most cases after coupled folding and binding. In this paper, we analyze IDPs involved in a new mechanism, mutual synergistic folding (MSF). These proteins define a new subset of IDPs. Recently we collected information on these complexes and created the Mutual Folding Induced by Binding (MFIB) database. These protein complexes exhibit considerable structural variation, and almost half of them are homodimers, but there is a significant amount of heterodimers and various kinds of oligomers. In order to understand the basic background of the disordered character of the monomers found in MSF complexes, the simplest part of the MFIB database, the homodimers are analyzed here. We conclude that MFIB homodimeric proteins have a larger solvent-accessible main-chain surface area on the contact surface of the subunits, when compared to globular homodimeric proteins. The main driving force of the dimerization is the mutual shielding of the water-accessible backbones and the formation of extra intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Magyar
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Mentes
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Fichó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Cserző
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Simon
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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42
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Zhang J, Ma F, Zhang X, Geng A. Directed Evolution of a Homodimeric Laccase from Cerrena unicolor BBP6 by Random Mutagenesis and In Vivo Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2989. [PMID: 30274366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases have great potential for industrial applications due to their green catalytic properties and broad substrate specificities, and various studies have attempted to improve the catalytic performance of these enzymes. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we firstly report the directed evolution of a homodimeric laccase from Cerrena unicolor BBP6 fused with α-factor prepro-leader that was engineered through random mutagenesis followed by in vivo assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three evolved fusion variants selected from ~3500 clones presented 31- to 37-fold increases in total laccase activity, with better thermostability and broader pH profiles. The evolved α-factor prepro-leader enhanced laccase expression levels by up to 2.4-fold. Protein model analysis of these variants reveals that the beneficial mutations have influences on protein pKa shift, subunit interaction, substrate entrance, and C-terminal function.
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43
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Marcianò G, Da Vela S, Tria G, Svergun DI, Byron O, Huang DT. Structure-specific recognition protein-1 (SSRP1) is an elongated homodimer that binds histones. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10071-10083. [PMID: 29764934 PMCID: PMC6028955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone chaperone complex facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) plays important roles in DNA repair, replication, and transcription. In the formation of this complex, structure-specific recognition protein-1 (SSRP1) heterodimerizes with suppressor of Ty 16 (SPT16). SSRP1 also has SPT16-independent functions, but how SSRP1 functions alone remains elusive. Here, using analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques, we characterized human SSRP1 and that from the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and show that both orthologs form an elongated homodimer in solution. We found that substitutions in the SSRP1 pleckstrin homology domain known to bind SPT16 also disrupt SSRP1 homodimerization. Moreover, AUC and SAXS analyses revealed that SSRP1 homodimerization and heterodimerization with SPT16 (resulting in FACT) involve the same SSRP1 surface, namely the PH2 region, and that the FACT complex contains only one molecule of SSRP1. These observations suggest that SSRP1 homo- and heterodimerization might be mutually exclusive. Moreover, isothermal titration calorimetry analyses disclosed that SSRP1 binds both histones H2A-H2B and H3-H4 and that disruption of SSRP1 homodimerization decreases its histone-binding affinity. Together, our results provide evidence for regulation of SSRP1 by homodimerization and suggest a potential role for homodimerization in facilitating SPT16-independent functions of SSRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Marcianò
- From the Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, and the Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, United Kingdom,
| | - Stefano Da Vela
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, EMBL ℅ DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Giancarlo Tria
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, EMBL ℅ DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, EMBL ℅ DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Olwyn Byron
- the School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Danny T Huang
- From the Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, and the Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, United Kingdom,
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44
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Alvarez CE, Trajtenberg F, Larrieux N, Saigo M, Golic A, Andreo CS, Hogenhout SA, Mussi MA, Drincovich MF, Buschiazzo A. The crystal structure of the malic enzyme from Candidatus Phytoplasma reveals the minimal structural determinants for a malic enzyme. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018; 74:332-340. [PMID: 29652260 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318002759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are wall-less phytopathogenic bacteria that produce devastating effects in a wide variety of plants. Reductive evolution has shaped their genome, with the loss of many genes, limiting their metabolic capacities. Owing to the high concentration of C4 compounds in plants, and the presence of malic enzyme (ME) in all phytoplasma genomes so far sequenced, the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate might represent an adaptation to generate energy. Aster yellows witches'-broom (Candidatus Phytoplasma) ME (AYWB-ME) is one of the smallest of all characterized MEs, yet retains full enzymatic activity. Here, the crystal structure of AYWB-ME is reported, revealing a unique fold that differs from those of `canonical' MEs. AYWB-ME is organized as a dimeric species formed by intertwining of the N-terminal domains of the protomers. As a consequence of such structural differences, key catalytic residues such as Tyr36 are positioned in the active site of each protomer but are provided by the other protomer of the dimer. A Tyr36Ala mutation abolishes the catalytic activity, indicating the key importance of this residue in the catalytic process but not in the dimeric assembly. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that larger MEs (large-subunit or chimeric MEs) might have evolved from this type of smaller scaffold by gaining small sequence cassettes or an entire functional domain. The Candidatus Phytoplasma AYWB-ME structure showcases a novel minimal structure design comprising a fully functional active site, making this enzyme an attractive starting point for rational genetic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Alvarez
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Trajtenberg
- Institute Pasteur, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - N Larrieux
- Institute Pasteur, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Saigo
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Golic
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C S Andreo
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S A Hogenhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, England
| | - M A Mussi
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M F Drincovich
- CEFOBI, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2000LRJ Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Buschiazzo
- Institute Pasteur, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
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45
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Chen J, Nagle AM, Wang YF, Boone DN, Lee AV. Controlled dimerization of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin receptors reveals shared and distinct activities of holo and hybrid receptors. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3700-3709. [PMID: 29330302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.789503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer development and progression are influenced by insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (InsR) signaling, which drive cancer phenotypes such as cell growth, proliferation, and migration. IGF1R and InsR form IGF1R/InsR hybrid receptors (HybRs) consisting of one molecule of IGF1R and one molecule of InsR. The specific signaling and functions of HybR are largely unknown, as HybR is activated by both IGF1 and insulin, and no cellular system expresses HybR in the absence of holo-IGF1R or holo-InsR. Here we studied the role of HybR by constructing inducible chimeric receptors and compared HybR signaling with that of holo-IGF1R and holo-InsR. We cloned chemically inducible chimeric IGF1R and InsR constructs consisting of the extracellular domains of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor fused to the intracellular β subunit of IGF1R or InsR and a dimerization domain. Dimerization with the drugs AP20187 or AP21967 allowed specific and independent activation of holo-IGF1R, holo-InsR, or HybR, resulting in activation of the PI3K pathway. Holo-IGF1R and HybR both promoted cell proliferation and glucose uptake, whereas holo-InsR only promoted glucose uptake, and only holo-IGF1R showed anti-apoptotic effects. We also found that the three receptors differentially regulated gene expression: holo-IGF1R and HybR up-regulated EGR3; holo-InsR specifically down-regulated JUN and BCL2L1; holo-InsR down-regulated but HybR up-regulated HK2; and HybR specifically up-regulated FHL2, ITGA6, and PCK2. Our findings suggest that, when expressed and activated in mammary epithelial cells, HybR acts in a manner similar to IGF1R and support further investigation of the role of HybR in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingci Chen
- From the School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and
| | - Alison M Nagle
- the Women's Cancer Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center and.,Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Yu-Fen Wang
- the Women's Cancer Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center and
| | - David N Boone
- the Women's Cancer Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center and.,Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Adrian V Lee
- the Women's Cancer Research Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center and .,Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Human Genetics, and
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46
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Shizu R, Min J, Sobhany M, Pedersen LC, Mutoh S, Negishi M. Interaction of the phosphorylated DNA-binding domain in nuclear receptor CAR with its ligand-binding domain regulates CAR activation. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:333-344. [PMID: 29133527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear protein constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR or NR1I3) regulates several liver functions such as drug and energy metabolism and cell growth or death, which are often involved in the development of diseases such as diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. CAR undergoes a conversion from inactive homodimers to active heterodimers with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), and phosphorylation of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) at Thr-38 in CAR regulates this conversion. Here, we uncovered the molecular mechanism by which this phosphorylation regulates the intramolecular interaction between CAR's DBD and ligand-binding domain (LBD), enabling the homodimer-heterodimer conversion. Phosphomimetic substitution of Thr-38 with Asp increased co-immunoprecipitation of the CAR DBD with CAR LBD in Huh-7 cells. Isothermal titration calorimetry assays also revealed that recombinant CAR DBD-T38D, but not nonphosphorylated CAR DBD, bound the CAR LBD peptide. This DBD-LBD interaction masked CAR's dimer interface, preventing CAR homodimer formation. Of note, EGF signaling weakened the interaction of CAR DBD T38D with CAR LBD, converting CAR to the homodimer form. The DBD-T38D-LBD interaction also prevented CAR from forming a heterodimer with RXRα. However, this interaction opened up a CAR surface, allowing interaction with protein phosphatase 2A. Thr-38 dephosphorylation then dissociated the DBD-LBD interaction, allowing CAR heterodimer formation with RXRα. We conclude that the intramolecular interaction of phosphorylated DBD with the LBD enables CAR to adapt a transient monomer configuration that can be converted to either the inactive homodimer or the active heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory
| | - Jungki Min
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Mack Sobhany
- Nuclear Integrity, Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Shingo Mutoh
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory.
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47
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Hagemann A, Müller G, Manthey I, Bachmann HS. Exploring the putative self-binding property of the human farnesyltransferase alpha-subunit. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3637-3648. [PMID: 28948621 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Farnesylation is an important post-translational protein modification in eukaryotes. Farnesylation is performed by protein farnesyltransferase, a heterodimer composed of an α- (FTα) and a β-subunit. Recently, homodimerization of truncated rat and yeast FTα has been detected, suggesting a new role for FTα homodimers in signal transduction. We investigated the putative dimerization behaviour of human and rat FTα. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches revealed no self-dimerization and a presumably artificial formation of homotrimers and higher homo-oligomers in vitro. Our study contributes to the clarification of the physiological features of FTase in different species and may be important for the ongoing development of FTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hagemann
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Grit Müller
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Iris Manthey
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
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48
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Lampe JN. Advances in the Understanding of Protein-Protein Interactions in Drug Metabolizing Enzymes through the Use of Biophysical Techniques. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:521. [PMID: 28848438 PMCID: PMC5550701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a growing appreciation has developed for the importance of protein-protein interactions to modulate the function of drug metabolizing enzymes. Accompanied with this appreciation, new methods and technologies have been designed for analyzing protein-protein interactions both in vitro and in vivo. These technologies have been applied to several classes of drug metabolizing enzymes, including: cytochrome P450's (CYPs), monoamine oxidases (MAOs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and sulfotransferases (SULTs). In this review, we offer a brief description and assessment of the impact of many of these technologies to the study of protein-protein interactions in drug disposition. The still expanding list of these techniques and assays has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of how these enzymes carry out their important functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed N Lampe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, MO, United States
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49
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Elnatan D, Betegon M, Liu Y, Ramelot T, Kennedy MA, Agard DA. Symmetry broken and rebroken during the ATP hydrolysis cycle of the mitochondrial Hsp90 TRAP1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28742020 PMCID: PMC5550277 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a homodimeric ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that remodels its substrate ‘client’ proteins, facilitating their folding and activating them for biological function. Despite decades of research, the mechanism connecting ATP hydrolysis and chaperone function remains elusive. Particularly puzzling has been the apparent lack of cooperativity in hydrolysis of the ATP in each protomer. A crystal structure of the mitochondrial Hsp90, TRAP1, revealed that the catalytically active state is closed in a highly strained asymmetric conformation. This asymmetry, unobserved in other Hsp90 homologs, is due to buckling of one of the protomers and is most pronounced at the broadly conserved client-binding region. Here, we show that rather than being cooperative or independent, ATP hydrolysis on the two protomers is sequential and deterministic. Moreover, dimer asymmetry sets up differential hydrolysis rates for each protomer, such that the buckled conformation favors ATP hydrolysis. Remarkably, after the first hydrolysis, the dimer undergoes a flip in the asymmetry while remaining in a closed state for the second hydrolysis. From these results, we propose a model where direct coupling of ATP hydrolysis and conformational flipping rearranges client-binding sites, providing a paradigm of how energy from ATP hydrolysis can be used for client remodeling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25235.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Tetrad Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Miguel Betegon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Biophysics Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yanxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Theresa Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, United States
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, United States
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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50
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Shizu R, Osabe M, Perera L, Moore R, Sueyoshi T, Negishi M. Phosphorylated Nuclear Receptor CAR Forms a Homodimer To Repress Its Constitutive Activity for Ligand Activation. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00649-16. [PMID: 28265001 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00649-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor CAR (NR1I3) regulates hepatic drug and energy metabolism as well as cell fate. Its activation can be a critical factor in drug-induced toxicity and the development of diseases, including diabetes and tumors. CAR inactivates its constitutive activity by phosphorylation at threonine 38. Utilizing receptor for protein kinase 1 (RACK1) as the regulatory subunit, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) dephosphorylates threonine 38 to activate CAR. Here we demonstrate that CAR undergoes homodimer-monomer conversion to regulate this dephosphorylation. By coexpression of two differently tagged CAR proteins in Huh-7 cells, mouse primary hepatocytes, and mouse livers, coimmunoprecipitation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that CAR can form a homodimer in a configuration in which the PP2A/RACK1 binding site is buried within its dimer interface. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was found to stimulate CAR homodimerization, thus constraining CAR in its inactive form. The agonistic ligand CITCO binds directly to the CAR homodimer and dissociates phosphorylated CAR into its monomers, exposing the PP2A/RACK1 binding site for dephosphorylation. Phenobarbital, which is not a CAR ligand, binds the EGF receptor, reversing the EGF signal to monomerize CAR for its indirect activation. Thus, the homodimer-monomer conversion is the underlying molecular mechanism that regulates CAR activation, by placing phosphorylated threonine 38 as the common target for both direct and indirect activation of CAR.
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