1
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Silva AM, Oliveira PJ. Evaluation of Respiration with a Clark-Type Electrode in Isolated Mitochondria, Intact and Permeabilized Cells, and Explants from Animal Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2878:1-34. [PMID: 39546254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4264-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Evaluation of mitochondrial function in aerobic cells is crucial for understanding the conditions that can potentially compromise their physiology. From the fields of Toxicology to Oncology, various approaches involving freshly isolated fractions of mitochondria, permeabilized cells, intact cells, or animal tissues have been employed to investigate metabolism through oxygen consumption.Several techniques are available for measuring oxygen consumption in liquids. These include polarography with oxygen electrodes, which can employ chemical, electrochemical, or optical detection methods, as well as the use of fluorescent or luminescent probes. In this chapter, we will review the concepts previously discussed in earlier editions, focusing on Clark-type electrodes for electrochemical detection. Additionally, we will explore other approaches that involve intact cells and tissue explants with minimal plasmatic membrane alterations. These techniques provide an integrated view of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Despite being a classical and cost-effective system, this elegant technique continues to amaze us with its versatility and generation of reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-UC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences/Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-UC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC-UC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology CIBB, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Shevela D, Schröder WP, Messinger J. Measurements of Oxygen Evolution in Photosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:133-148. [PMID: 38649570 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This chapter compares two different techniques for monitoring photosynthetic O2 production; the wide-spread Clark-type O2 electrode and the more sophisticated membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) technique. We describe how a simple membrane inlet for MIMS can be made out of a commercial Clark-type cell and outline the advantages and drawbacks of the two techniques to guide researchers in deciding which method to use. Protocols and examples are given for measuring O2 evolution rates and for determining the number of chlorophyll molecules per active photosystem II reaction center.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Braissant O, Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Waltimo T, Bonkat G. A Review of Methods to Determine Viability, Vitality, and Metabolic Rates in Microbiology. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:547458. [PMID: 33281753 PMCID: PMC7705206 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.547458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viability and metabolic assays are commonly used as proxies to assess the overall metabolism of microorganisms. The variety of these assays combined with little information provided by some assay kits or online protocols often leads to mistakes or poor interpretation of the results. In addition, the use of some of these assays is restricted to simple systems (mostly pure cultures), and care must be taken in their application to environmental samples. In this review, the necessary data are compiled to understand the reactions or measurements performed in many of the assays commonly used in various aspects of microbiology. Also, their relationships to each other, as metabolism links many of these assays, resulting in correlations between measured values and parameters, are discussed. Finally, the limitations of these assays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Tuomas Waltimo
- Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Peniche Silva CJ, Liebsch G, Meier RJ, Gutbrod MS, Balmayor ER, van Griensven M. A New Non-invasive Technique for Measuring 3D-Oxygen Gradients in Wells During Mammalian Cell Culture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:595. [PMID: 32626696 PMCID: PMC7313265 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension plays an important role in overall cell function and fate, regulating gene expression, and cell differentiation. Although there is extensive literature available that supports the previous statement, little information is to be found about accurate O2 measurements during culture. In fact, O2 concentration at the cell layer during culture is commonly assumed to be equal to that of the incubator atmosphere. This assumption does not consider oxygen diffusion properties, cell type, cell density, media composition, time in culture nor height of the cell culture medium column. In this study, we developed a non-invasive, optical sensor foil-based technique suitable for measuring the 3D oxygen gradient that is formed during cell culture as a result of normal cell respiration. For this propose, we created a 3D printed ramp to which surface an oxygen optode sensor foil was attached. The ramps were positioned inside the culture wells of 24 well plate prior cell seeding. This set up in conjunction with the VisiSens TD camera system allows to investigate the oxygen gradient formation during culture. Cultivation was performed with three different initial cell densities of the cell line A549 that were seeded on the plate containing the ramps with the oxygen sensors. The O2 gradient obtained after 96 h of culture showed significantly lower O2 concentrations closer to the bottom of the well in high cell density cultures compared to that of lower cell density cultures. Furthermore, it was very interesting to observe that even with low cell density culture, oxygen concentration near the cell layer was lower than that of the incubator atmosphere. The obtained oxygen gradient after 96 h was used to calculate the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the A549 cells, and the obtained value of ~100 fmol/h/cell matches the OCR value already reported in the literature for this cell line. Moreover, we found our set up to be unique in its ability to measure oxygen gradient formation in several wells of a cell culture plate simultaneously and in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Peniche Silva
- cBITE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth R. Balmayor
- IBE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- cBITE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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5
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Shevela D, Ananyev G, Vatland AK, Arnold J, Mamedov F, Eichacker LA, Dismukes GC, Messinger J. 'Birth defects' of photosystem II make it highly susceptible to photodamage during chloroplast biogenesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:165-180. [PMID: 30693529 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High solar flux is known to diminish photosynthetic growth rates, reducing biomass productivity and lowering disease tolerance. Photosystem II (PSII) of plants is susceptible to photodamage (also known as photoinactivation) in strong light, resulting in severe loss of water oxidation capacity and destruction of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). The repair of damaged PSIIs comes at a high energy cost and requires de novo biosynthesis of damaged PSII subunits, reassembly of the WOC inorganic cofactors and membrane remodeling. Employing membrane-inlet mass spectrometry and O2 -polarography under flashing light conditions, we demonstrate that newly synthesized PSII complexes are far more susceptible to photodamage than are mature PSII complexes. We examined these 'PSII birth defects' in barley seedlings and plastids (etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts) isolated at various times during de-etiolation as chloroplast development begins and matures in synchronization with thylakoid membrane biogenesis and grana membrane formation. We show that the degree of PSII photodamage decreases simultaneously with biogenesis of the PSII turnover efficiency measured by O2 -polarography, and with grana membrane stacking, as determined by electron microscopy. Our data from fluorescence, QB -inhibitor binding, and thermoluminescence studies indicate that the decline of the high-light susceptibility of PSII to photodamage is coincident with appearance of electron transfer capability QA - → QB during de-etiolation. This rate depends in turn on the downstream clearing of electrons upon buildup of the complete linear electron transfer chain and the formation of stacked grana membranes capable of longer-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ann K Vatland
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Janine Arnold
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Zhang Y, Ding L, Zhang W, Zhang XA, Lian Y, Wang XD. A background-subtraction strategy leads to ratiometric sensing of oxygen without recalibration. Analyst 2018; 143:5120-5126. [PMID: 30251998 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence-quenching based optical oxygen sensors have wide applications in many fields, which have already replaced almost 40% of the commercial market share dominated previously by the Clark oxygen electrode. The majority of optical oxygen sensors are based on lifetime measurement, which are precise, but are relatively expensive, and require high-speed electronics and detecting circuits. Alternatively, oxygen concentration can be measured via a luminescence intensity change, which is a referenced approach according to the Stern-Volmer equation. However, luminescence intensity based measurement tends to be highly influenced by background light. At a given sensor composition, different instrumentation setups, sensor surface roughnesses and thicknesses, and environmental light will result in significantly different calibration curves and sensitivities. This makes luminescence-intensity based optical sensors almost impossible to use practically, because each sensor needs to be recalibrated before use, and the calibration curve each time is quite different. We have solved this problem by introducing a new background-subtraction strategy. After background subtraction, oxygen sensors with different probe concentrations, instrumentation setups, surface roughnesses, supporting matrixes, and at different temperatures present identical calibration curves. This could greatly reduce the calibration task during practical use. Combined with the advantages of low price and a simple optical configuration, the new method will significantly promote wider applications of optical oxygen sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
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7
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Abstract
This chapter compares two different techniques for monitoring photosynthetic O2 production: the widespread Clark-type O2 electrode and the more sophisticated membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) technique. We describe how a simple membrane inlet for MIMS can be made out of a commercial Clark-type cell, and outline the advantages and drawbacks of the two techniques to guide researchers in deciding which method to use. Protocols and examples are given for measuring O2 evolution rates and for determining the number of chlorophyll molecules per active photosystem II reaction center.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Silva AM, Oliveira PJ. Evaluation of Respiration with Clark-Type Electrode in Isolated Mitochondria and Permeabilized Animal Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1782:7-29. [PMID: 29850992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7831-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In many studies, the evaluation of mitochondrial function is critical to understand how disease conditions or xenobiotics alter mitochondrial function. One of the classic end points that can be assessed is oxygen consumption, which can be performed under controlled yet artificial conditions. Oxygen is the terminal acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, namely, at an enzyme called cytochrome oxidase, which produces water in the process and pumps protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Several techniques are available to measure oxygen consumption, including polarography with oxygen electrodes or fluorescent/luminescent probes. The present chapter will deal with the determination of mitochondrial oxygen consumption by means of the Clark-type electrode, which has been widely used in the literature and still remains to be a reliable technique. We focus our technical description in the measurement of oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondrial fractions and by permeabilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Silva
- MitoXT-Mitochondrial Toxicology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- MitoXT-Mitochondrial Toxicology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal.
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9
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Shevela D, Arnold J, Reisinger V, Berends HM, Kmiec K, Koroidov S, Bue AK, Messinger J, Eichacker LA. Biogenesis of water splitting by photosystem II during de-etiolation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1524-1536. [PMID: 26836813 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Etioplasts lack thylakoid membranes and photosystem complexes. Light triggers differentiation of etioplasts into mature chloroplasts, and photosystem complexes assemble in parallel with thylakoid membrane development. Plastids isolated at various time points of de-etiolation are ideal to study the kinetic biogenesis of photosystem complexes during chloroplast development. Here, we investigated the chronology of photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis by monitoring assembly status of chlorophyll-binding protein complexes and development of water splitting via O2 production in plastids (etiochloroplasts) isolated during de-etiolation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Assembly of PSII monomers, dimers and complexes binding outer light-harvesting antenna [PSII-light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes] was identified after 1, 2 and 4 h of de-etiolation, respectively. Water splitting was detected in parallel with assembly of PSII monomers, and its development correlated with an increase of bound Mn in the samples. After 4 h of de-etiolation, etiochloroplasts revealed the same water-splitting efficiency as mature chloroplasts. We conclude that the capability of PSII to split water during de-etiolation precedes assembly of the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. Taken together, data show a rapid establishment of water-splitting activity during etioplast-to-chloroplast transition and emphasize that assembly of the functional water-splitting site of PSII is not the rate-limiting step in the formation of photoactive thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janine Arnold
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Veronika Reisinger
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hans-Martin Berends
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karol Kmiec
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ann Kristin Bue
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
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10
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Demuth C, Varonier J, Jossen V, Eibl R, Eibl D. Novel probes for pH and dissolved oxygen measurements in cultivations from millilitre to benchtop scale. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3853-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Rabovsky AB, Buettner GR, Fink B. In vivo imaging of free radicals produced by multivitamin-mineral supplements. BMC Nutr 2015; 1. [PMID: 26705481 PMCID: PMC4687973 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-015-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Redox active minerals in dietary supplements can catalyze unwanted
and potentially harmful oxidations. Methods To determine if this occurs in vivo we employed electron paramagnetic
(EPR) imaging. We used 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine
(CPH) as a reporter for one-electron oxidations, e.g. free
radical-mediated oxidations; the one-electron oxidation product of CPH,
3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (CP•), is
a nitroxide free radical that is relatively persistent in vivo and
detectable by EPR. As model systems, we used research formulations of
vitamin mineral supplements (RVM) that are typical of commercial
products. Results In in vitro experiments, upon suspension of RVM in aqueous solution,
we observed: (1) the uptake of oxygen in the solution, consistent with
oxidation of the components in the RVM; (2) the ascorbate free radical, a
real-time indicator of ongoing oxidations; and (3) when amino
acid/oligosaccharide (AAOS; glycinate or aspartate with non-digestible
oligofructose) served as the matrix in the RVM, the rate of oxidation was
significantly slowed. In a murine model, EPR imaging showed that the
ingestion of RVM along with CPH results in the one-electron oxidation of CPH
by RVM in the digestive system. The resulting CP•
distributes throughout the body. Inclusion of AAOS in the RVM formulation
diminished the oxidation of CPH to CP• in vivo. Conclusions These data demonstrate that typical formulations of
multivitamin/multimineral dietary supplements can initiate the oxidation of
bystander substances and that AAOS-complexes of essential redox active
metals, e.g. copper and iron, have reduced ability to
catalyze free radical formation and associated detrimental oxidations when a
part of a multivitamin/multimineral formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Rabovsky
- Research & Development, Melaleuca Inc, 4609 West 65th South, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bruno Fink
- Noxygen Science Transfer & Diagnostics GmbH, Elzach, Germany
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12
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Sarika C, Rekha K, Narasimha Murthy B. Immobilized laccase-based biosensor for the detection of disubstituted methyl and methoxy phenols – application of Box–Behnken design with response surface methodology for modeling and optimization of performance parameters. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1741-52. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1096793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Jackson SA, Eaton-Rye JJ. Characterization of a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 double mutant lacking the CyanoP and Ycf48 proteins of Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 124:217-29. [PMID: 25800516 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Homologs of the Photosystem II (PS II) subunit PsbP are found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In higher plants, PsbP is associated with mature PS II centers, but in cyanobacteria, the homologous CyanoP protein appears sub-stoichiometric to PS II. We have investigated the role of CyanoP by characterizing knockout mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Removal of CyanoP resulted in changes to phycobilisome coupling and energy transfer to PS II, but the function of PS II itself remained similar to wild type. We therefore investigated the hypothesis that CyanoP is involved in the biogenesis or repair of PS II by creating a double mutant lacking both CyanoP and the PS II assembly factor Ycf48. This strain exhibited an additive reduction in the amplitude of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence induction relative to either of the single mutants but displayed increased oxygen evolution, slight increases in PS II monomer and dimer levels, and a reduction in accumulation of an early PS II assembly complex containing CP47, compared to the ΔYcf48 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
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14
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Pham LV, Messinger J. Electrochemically produced hydrogen peroxide affects Joliot-type oxygen-evolution measurements of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1411-6. [PMID: 24486444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main technique employed to characterize the efficiency of water-splitting in photosynthetic preparations in terms of miss and double hit parameters and for the determination of Si (i=2,3,0) state lifetimes is the measurement of flash-induced oxygen oscillation pattern on bare platinum (Joliot-type) electrodes. We demonstrate here that this technique is not innocent. Polarization of the electrode against an Ag/AgCl electrode leads to a time-dependent formation of hydrogen peroxide by two-electron reduction of dissolved oxygen continuously supplied by the flow buffer. While the miss and double hit parameters are almost unaffected by H₂O₂, a time dependent reduction of S1 to S₋₁ occurs over a time period of 20 min. The S1 reduction can be largely prevented by adding catalase or by removing O₂ from the flow buffer with N₂. Importantly, we demonstrate that even at the shortest possible polarization times (40s in our set up) the S₂ and S₀ decays are significantly accelerated by the side reaction with H₂O₂. The removal of hydrogen peroxide leads to unperturbed S₂ state data that reveal three instead of the traditionally reported two phases of decay. In addition, even under the best conditions (catalase+N₂; 40s polarization) about 4% of S₋₁ state is observed in well dark-adapted samples, likely indicating limitations of the equal fit approach. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Vo Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Center (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Center (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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15
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Spallino L, Vaccaro L, Sciortino L, Agnello S, Buscarino G, Cannas M, Gelardi FM. Visible-ultraviolet vibronic emission of silica nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22028-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02995j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the study of the visible-ultraviolet emission properties and the structural features of silica nanoparticles prepared through a laboratory sol–gel technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Spallino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lavinia Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Università di Palermo
- I-90123 Palermo, Italy
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16
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Laisk A, Oja V, Eichelmann H, Dall'Osto L. Action spectra of photosystems II and I and quantum yield of photosynthesis in leaves in State 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:315-25. [PMID: 24333386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spectral global quantum yield (YII, electrons/photons absorbed) of photosystem II (PSII) was measured in sunflower leaves in State 1 using monochromatic light. The global quantum yield of PSI (YI) was measured using low-intensity monochromatic light flashes and the associated transmittance change at 810nm. The 810-nm signal change was calibrated based on the number of electrons generated by PSII during the flash (4·O2 evolution) which arrived at the PSI donor side after a delay of 2ms. The intrinsic quantum yield of PSI (yI, electrons per photon absorbed by PSI) was measured at 712nm, where photon absorption by PSII was small. The results were used to resolve the individual spectra of the excitation partitioning coefficients between PSI (aI) and PSII (aII) in leaves. For comparison, pigment-protein complexes for PSII and PSI were isolated, separated by sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and their optical density was measured. A good correlation was obtained for the spectral excitation partitioning coefficients measured by these different methods. The intrinsic yield of PSI was high (yI=0.88), but it absorbed only about 1/3 of quanta; consequently, about 2/3 of quanta were absorbed by PSII, but processed with the low intrinsic yield yII=0.63. In PSII, the quantum yield of charge separation was 0.89 as detected by variable fluorescence Fv/Fm, but 29% of separated charges recombined (Laisk A, Eichelmann H and Oja V, Photosynth. Res. 113, 145-155). At wavelengths less than 580nm about 30% of excitation is absorbed by pigments poorly connected to either photosystem, most likely carotenoids bound in pigment-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agu Laisk
- Tartu Ülikooli Molekulaar- ja Rakubioloogia Instituut, Riia tn. 23, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Vello Oja
- Tartu Ülikooli Molekulaar- ja Rakubioloogia Instituut, Riia tn. 23, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Hillar Eichelmann
- Tartu Ülikooli Molekulaar- ja Rakubioloogia Instituut, Riia tn. 23, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Università di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Strada Le Grazie, 15 37135 Verona, Italy
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Shevela D, Messinger J. Studying the oxidation of water to molecular oxygen in photosynthetic and artificial systems by time-resolved membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:473. [PMID: 24324477 PMCID: PMC3840314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring isotopic compositions of gaseous products (e.g., H2, O2, and CO2) by time-resolved isotope-ratio membrane-inlet mass spectrometry (TR-IR-MIMS) is widely used for kinetic and functional analyses in photosynthesis research. In particular, in combination with isotopic labeling, TR-MIMS became an essential and powerful research tool for the study of the mechanism of photosynthetic water-oxidation to molecular oxygen catalyzed by the water-oxidizing complex of photosystem II. Moreover, recently, the TR-MIMS and (18)O-labeling approach was successfully applied for testing newly developed catalysts for artificial water-splitting and provided important insight about the mechanism and pathways of O2 formation. In this mini-review we summarize these results and provide a brief introduction into key aspects of the TR-MIMS technique and its perspectives for future studies of the enigmatic water-splitting chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Centre, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
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18
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Shevela D, Nöring B, Koroidov S, Shutova T, Samuelsson G, Messinger J. Efficiency of photosynthetic water oxidation at ambient and depleted levels of inorganic carbon. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:401-12. [PMID: 23828399 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Over 40 years ago, Joliot et al. (Photochem Photobiol 10:309-329, 1969) designed and employed an elegant and highly sensitive electrochemical technique capable of measuring O2 evolved by photosystem II (PSII) in response to trains of single turn-over light flashes. The measurement and analysis of flash-induced oxygen evolution patterns (FIOPs) has since proven to be a powerful method for probing the turnover efficiency of PSII. Stemler et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71(12):4679-4683, 1974), in Govindjee's lab, were the first to study the effect of "bicarbonate" on FIOPs by adding the competitive inhibitor acetate. Here, we extend this earlier work by performing FIOPs experiments at various, strictly controlled inorganic carbon (Ci) levels without addition of any inhibitors. For this, we placed a Joliot-type bare platinum electrode inside a N2-filled glove-box (containing 10-20 ppm CO2) and reduced the Ci concentration simply by washing the samples in Ci-depleted media. FIOPs of spinach thylakoids were recorded either at 20-times reduced levels of Ci or at ambient Ci conditions (390 ppm CO2). Numerical analysis of the FIOPs within an extended Kok model reveals that under Ci-depleted conditions the miss probability is discernibly larger (by 2-3 %) than at ambient conditions, and that the addition of 5 mM HCO3 (-) to the Ci-depleted thylakoids largely restores the original miss parameter. Since a "mild" Ci-depletion procedure was employed, we discuss our data with respect to a possible function of free or weakly bound HCO3 (-) at the water-splitting side of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, University of Umeå, 90187, Umeå, Sweden,
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19
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Dupré-Crochet S, Erard M, Nüβe O. ROS production in phagocytes: why, when, and where? J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:657-70. [PMID: 23610146 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the phagocytosis field, ROS production by the phagocyte NOX has been associated with pathogen killing for the last 50 years. Since the discovery of nonphagocyte NOX, numerous other roles for ROS production have been identified. Oxidative stress and ROS-mediated signaling have received much attention in recent years. Much lower concentrations of ROS may be required for signaling compared with microbial killing. Based on the discoveries in nonphagocytic cells, it became logical to look for ROS functions distinct from pathogen killing, even in phagocytes. ROS are now linked to various forms of cell death, to chemotaxis, and to numerous modifications of cellular processes, including the NOX itself. ROS functions are clearly concentration-dependent over a wide range of concentrations. How much is required for which function? Which species are required for how much time? Is ROS signaling only a side effect of bactericidal ROS production? One major obstacle to answer these questions is the difficulty of reliable quantitative ROS detection. Signal transduction often takes place on a subcellular scale over periods of seconds or minutes, so the detection methods need to provide appropriate time and space resolution. We present examples of local ROS production, decreased degradation, signaling events, and potentially ROS-sensitive functions. We attempt to illustrate the current limitations for quantitative spatiotemporal ROS detection and point out directions for ongoing development. Probes for localized ROS detection and for combined detection of ROS, together with protein localization or other cellular parameters, are constantly improved.
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Shevela D, Messinger J. Probing the turnover efficiency of photosystem II membrane fragments with different electron acceptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1208-12. [PMID: 22503842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we employ isotope ratio membrane-inlet mass spectrometry to probe the turnover efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) membrane fragments isolated from spinach at flash frequencies between 1Hz and 50Hz in the presence of the commonly used exogenous electron acceptors potassium ferricyanide(III) (FeCy), 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone (DCBQ), and 2-phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PPBQ). The data obtained clearly indicate that among the tested acceptors PPBQ is the best at high flash frequencies. If present at high enough concentration, the PSII turnover efficiency is unaffected by flash frequency of up to 30Hz, and at 40Hz and 50Hz only a slight decrease by about 5-7% is observed. In contrast, drastic reductions of the O(2) yields by about 40% and 65% were found at 50Hz for DCBQ and FeCy, respectively. Comparison with literature data reveals that PPBQ accepts electrons from Q(A)(-) in PSII membrane fragments with similar efficiency as plastoquinone in intact cells. Our data also confirm that at high flashing rates O(2) evolution is limited by the reactions on the electron-acceptor side of PSII. The relevance of these data to the evolutionary development of the water-splitting complex in PSII and with regard to the potential of artificial water-splitting catalysts is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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21
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Silva AM, Oliveira PJ. Evaluation of respiration with clark type electrode in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized animal cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 810:7-24. [PMID: 22057558 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-382-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In many studies, the evaluation of mitochondrial function is critical to understand how disease conditions or xenobiotics alter mitochondrial function. One of the classic end-points that can be assessed is oxygen consumption, which can be performed under controlled, yet artificial conditions. Oxygen is the terminal acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, namely at an enzyme called cytochrome oxidase, which produces water in the process and pumps protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Several techniques are available to measure oxygen consumption, including polarography with oxygen electrodes or fluorescent/luminescent probes. The present chapter will deal with the determination of mitochondrial oxygen consumption by means of the Clark-type electrode, which has been widely used in the literature and that still remains to be the most reliable technique. We focus our technical description in the measurement of oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondrial fractions and by permeabilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Silva
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, R. Larga 6, Coimbra 3030, Portugal
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Oja V, Eichelmann H, Laisk A. Oxygen evolution from single- and multiple-turnover light pulses: temporal kinetics of electron transport through PSII in sunflower leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 110:99-109. [PMID: 22038184 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution per single-turnover flash (STF) or multiple-turnover pulse (MTP) was measured with a zirconium O(2) analyzer from sunflower leaves at 22 °C. STF were generated by Xe arc lamp, MTP by red LED light of up to 18000 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1). Ambient O(2) concentration was 10-30 ppm, STF and MTP were superimposed on far-red background light in order to oxidize plastoquinone (PQ) and randomize S-states. Electron (e(-)) flow was calculated as 4 times O(2) evolution. Q (A) → Q (B) electron transport was investigated firing double STF with a delay of 0 to 2 ms between the two. Total O(2) evolution per two flashes equaled to that from a single flash when the delay was zero and doubled when the delay exceeded 2 ms. This trend was fitted with two exponentials with time constants of 0.25 and 0.95 ms, equal amplitudes. Illumination with MTP of increasing length resulted in increasing O(2) evolution per pulse, which was differentiated with an aim to find the time course of O(2) evolution with sub-millisecond resolution. At the highest pulse intensity of 2.9 photons ms(-1) per PSII, 3 e(-) initially accumulated inside PSII and the catalytic rate of PQ reduction was determined from the throughput rate of the fourth and fifth e(-). A light response curve for the reduction of completely oxidized PQ was a rectangular hyperbola with the initial slope of 1.2 PSII quanta per e(-) and V (m) of 0.6 e(-) ms(-1) per PSII. When PQ was gradually reduced during longer MTP, V (m) decreased proportionally with the fraction of oxidized PQ. It is suggested that the linear kinetics with respect to PQ are apparent, caused by strong product inhibition due to about equal binding constants of PQ and PQH(2) to the Q (B) site. The strong product inhibition is an appropriate mechanism for down-regulation of PSII electron transport in accordance with rate of PQH(2) oxidation by cytochrome b(6)f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vello Oja
- Tartu Ülikooli Molekulaar-ja Rakubioloogia Instituut, Riia tn. 23, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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Abstract
The discovery of ammonia-oxidizing mesophilic and thermophilic Group I archaea changed the century-old paradigm that aerobic ammonia oxidation is solely mediated by two small clades of Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria. Group I archaea are extremely diverse and ubiquitous in marine and terrestrial environments, accounting for 20-30% of the microbial plankton in the global oceans. Recent studies indicated that many of these organisms carry putative ammonia monooxygenase genes and are more abundant than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in most natural environments suggesting a potentially significant role in the nitrogen cycle. The isolation of Nitrosopumilus maritimus strain SCM1 provided the first direct evidence that Group I archaea indeed gain energy from ammonia oxidation. To characterize the physiology of this archaeal nitrifier, we developed a respirometry setup particularly suited for activity measurements in dilute microbial cultures with extremely low oxygen uptake rates. Here, we describe the setup and review the kinetic experiments conducted with N. maritimus and other nitrifying microorganisms. These experiments demonstrated that N. maritimus is adapted to grow on ammonia concentrations found in oligotrophic open ocean environments, far below the survival threshold of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The described setup and experimental procedures should facilitate physiological studies on other nitrifying archaea and oligotrophic microorganisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willm Martens-Habbena
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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Nakamura K, Kanno T, Mokudai T, Iwasawa A, Niwano Y, Kohno M. A novel analytical method to evaluate directly catalase activity of microorganisms and mammalian cells by ESR oximetry. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1036-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.495750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Broser M, Gabdulkhakov A, Kern J, Guskov A, Müh F, Saenger W, Zouni A. Crystal structure of monomeric photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus elongatus at 3.6-a resolution. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26255-62. [PMID: 20558739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.127589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-embedded photosystem II core complex (PSIIcc) uses light energy to oxidize water in photosynthesis. Information about the spatial structure of PSIIcc obtained from x-ray crystallography was so far derived from homodimeric PSIIcc of thermophilic cyanobacteria. Here, we report the first crystallization and structural analysis of the monomeric form of PSIIcc with high oxygen evolution capacity, isolated from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. The crystals belong to the space group C222(1), contain one monomer per asymmetric unit, and diffract to a resolution of 3.6 A. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the PSIIcc-monomer crystals exhibit less anisotropy (dependence of resolution on crystal orientation) compared with crystals of dimeric PSIIcc, and the packing of the molecules within the unit cell is different. In the monomer, 19 protein subunits, 35 chlorophylls, two pheophytins, the non-heme iron, the primary plastoquinone Q(A), two heme groups, 11 beta-carotenes, 22 lipids, seven detergent molecules, and the Mn(4)Ca cluster of the water oxidizing complex could be assigned analogous to the dimer. Based on the new structural information, the roles of lipids and protein subunits in dimer formation of PSIIcc are discussed. Due to the lack of non-crystallographic symmetry and the orientation of the membrane normal of PSIIcc perpendicular ( approximately 87 degrees ) to the crystallographic b-axis, further information about the structure of the Mn(4)Ca cluster is expected to become available from orientation-dependent spectroscopy on this new crystal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Broser
- Institute of Chemistry, Max Volmer Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Strovas TJ, McQuaide SC, Anderson JB, Nandakumar V, Kalyuzhnaya MG, Burgess LW, Holl MR, Meldrum DR, Lidstrom ME. Direct measurement of oxygen consumption rates from attached and unattached cells in a reversibly sealed, diffusionally isolated sample chamber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:398-408. [PMID: 21546993 DOI: 10.4236/abb.2010.15053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen consumption is a fundamental component of metabolic networks, mitochondrial function, and global carbon cycling. To date there is no method available that allows for replicate measurements on attached and unattached biological samples without compensation for extraneous oxygen leaking into the system. Here we present the Respiratory Detection System, which is compatible with virtually any biological sample. The RDS can be used to measure oxygen uptake in microliter-scale volumes with a reversibly sealed sample chamber, which contains a porphyrin-based oxygen sensor. With the RDS, one can maintain a diffusional seal for up to three hours, allowing for the direct measurement of respiratory function of samples with fast or slow metabolic rates. The ability to easily measure oxygen uptake in small volumes with small populations or dilute samples has implications in cell biology, environmental biology, and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Strovas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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