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Zhang Z, Gong J, Wang B, Li X, Ding Y, Yang B, Zhu C, Liu M, Zhang W. Regrowth strategies of Leymus chinensis in response to different grazing intensities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02113. [PMID: 32112460 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In temperate grassland ecosystems, grazing can affect plant growth by foraging, trampling, and excretion. The ability of dominant plant species to regrow after grazing is critical, since it allows the regeneration of photosynthetic tissues to support growth. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effects of different grazing intensities (control, light, medium, and heavy) on the physiological and biochemical responses of Leymus chinensis and the carbon (C) sources utilized during regrowth. Light grazing promoted regrowth and photoassimilate storage of L. chinensis, by increasing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn ), photosynthetic quenching, light interception, sugar accumulation, sucrose synthase activities, and fructose supply from stems. At medium grazing intensity, L. chinensis had low Pn , light interception, and sugar accumulation, but higher expression of a sucrose transporter gene (LcSUT1) and water-use efficiency, which reflected a tendency to store C in belowground to promote survival. This strategy was associated with regulation by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonate, and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. However, L. chinensis tolerated heavy grazing by increased ABA and jasmonate-induced promotion of C assimilation and osmotic adjustment, combined with photoprotection against photo-oxidation, suggesting a strategy based on regrowth. In addition, stems were the main C source organs and energy supply rather than roots. Simultaneously, SA represented a weaker defense than ABA and jasmonate. Therefore, L. chinensis adopted different strategies for regrowth under different grazing intensities, and light grazing promoted regrowth the most. Our results demonstrate the regulation of C reserves utilization by phytohormones, and this regulation provides an explanation for recent results about grazing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jirui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Grassland Research Institute of Chinese Academic of Agricultural Science, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Dusza Y, Sanchez-Cañete EP, Galliard JFL, Ferrière R, Chollet S, Massol F, Hansart A, Juarez S, Dontsova K, Haren JV, Troch P, Pavao-Zuckerman MA, Hamerlynck E, Barron-Gafford GA. Biotic soil-plant interaction processes explain most of hysteric soil CO 2 efflux response to temperature in cross-factorial mesocosm experiment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:905. [PMID: 31969580 PMCID: PMC6976568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem carbon flux partitioning is strongly influenced by poorly constrained soil CO2 efflux (Fsoil). Simple model applications (Arrhenius and Q10) do not account for observed diel hysteresis between Fsoil and soil temperature. How this hysteresis emerges and how it will respond to variation in vegetation or soil moisture remains unknown. We used an ecosystem-level experimental system to independently control potential abiotic and biotic drivers of the Fsoil-T hysteresis. We hypothesized a principally biological cause for the hysteresis. Alternatively, Fsoil hysteresis is primarily driven by thermal convection through the soil profile. We conducted experiments under normal, fluctuating diurnal soil temperatures and under conditions where we held soil temperature near constant. We found (i) significant and nearly equal amplitudes of hysteresis regardless of soil temperature regime, and (ii) the amplitude of hysteresis was most closely tied to baseline rates of Fsoil, which were mostly driven by photosynthetic rates. Together, these findings suggest a more biologically-driven mechanism associated with photosynthate transport in yielding the observed patterns of soil CO2 efflux being out of sync with soil temperature. These findings should be considered on future partitioning models of ecosystem respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dusza
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 77140, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France.
| | | | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 77140, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Régis Ferrière
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ens (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
| | - Simon Chollet
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 77140, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France
| | - Florent Massol
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 77140, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France
| | - Amandine Hansart
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 77140, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France
| | - Sabrina Juarez
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, 77140, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France
| | - Katerina Dontsova
- Biosphere 2, Office of Research, Development, & Innovation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, Office of Research, Development, & Innovation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
| | - Peter Troch
- Biosphere 2, Office of Research, Development, & Innovation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
- Department of Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
| | - Mitchell A Pavao-Zuckerman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States
| | - Erik Hamerlynck
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR, 97720, United States
| | - Greg A Barron-Gafford
- Biosphere 2, Office of Research, Development, & Innovation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States
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Pérez-Bueno ML, Pineda M, Barón M. Phenotyping Plant Responses to Biotic Stress by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1135. [PMID: 31620158 PMCID: PMC6759674 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a pivotal process in plant physiology, and its regulation plays an important role in plant defense against biotic stress. Interactions with pathogens and pests often cause alterations in the metabolism of sugars and sink/source relationships. These changes can be part of the plant defense mechanisms to limit nutrient availability to the pathogens. In other cases, these alterations can be the result of pests manipulating the plant metabolism for their own benefit. The effects of biotic stress on plant physiology are typically heterogeneous, both spatially and temporarily. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging is a powerful tool to mine the activity of photosynthesis at cellular, leaf, and whole-plant scale, allowing the phenotyping of plants. This review will recapitulate the responses of the photosynthetic machinery to biotic stress factors, from pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) to pests (herbivory) analyzed by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging both at the lab and field scale. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence imagers and alternative techniques to indirectly evaluate photosynthetic traits used at field scale are also revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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Visakorpi K, Gripenberg S, Malhi Y, Bolas C, Oliveras I, Harris N, Rifai S, Riutta T. Small-scale indirect plant responses to insect herbivory could have major impacts on canopy photosynthesis and isoprene emission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:799-810. [PMID: 30047151 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores cause substantial changes in the leaves they attack, but their effects on the ecophysiology of neighbouring, nondamaged leaves have never been quantified in natural canopies. We studied how winter moth (Operophtera brumata), a common herbivore in temperate forests, affects the photosynthetic and isoprene emission rates of its host plant, the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Through a manipulative experiment, we measured leaves on shoots damaged by caterpillars or mechanically by cutting, or left completely intact. To quantify the effects at the canopy scale, we surveyed the extent and patterns of leaf area loss in the canopy. Herbivory reduced photosynthesis both in damaged leaves and in their intact neighbours. Isoprene emission rates significantly increased after mechanical leaf damage. When scaled up to canopy-level, herbivory reduced photosynthesis by 48 ± 10%. The indirect effects of herbivory on photosynthesis in undamaged leaves (40%) were much more important than the direct effects of leaf area loss (6%). If widespread across other plant-herbivore systems, these findings suggest that insect herbivory has major and previously underappreciated influences in modifying ecosystem carbon cycling, with potential effects on atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Visakorpi
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Sofia Gripenberg
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Conor Bolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Neil Harris
- Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sami Rifai
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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5
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Meza-Canales ID, Meldau S, Zavala JA, Baldwin IT. Herbivore perception decreases photosynthetic carbon assimilation and reduces stomatal conductance by engaging 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 and cytokinin perception. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1039-1056. [PMID: 27925291 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory-induced changes in photosynthesis have been documented in many plant species; however, the complexity of photosynthetic regulation and analysis has thwarted progress in understanding the mechanism involved, particularly those elicited by herbivore-specific elicitors. Here, we analysed the early photosynthetic gas exchange responses in Nicotiana attenuata plants after wounding and elicitation with Manduca sexta oral secretions and the pathways regulating these responses. Elicitation with M. sexta oral secretions rapidly decreased photosynthetic carbon assimilation (AC ) in treated and systemic (untreated, vascularly connected) leaves, which were associated with changes in stomatal conductance, rather than with changes in Rubisco activity and 1-5 ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate turnover. Phytohormone profiling and gas exchange analysis of oral secretion-elicited transgenic plants altered in phytohormone regulation, biosynthesis and perception, combined with micrografting techniques, revealed that the local photosynthetic responses were mediated by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, while the systemic responses involved interactions among jasmonates, cytokinins and abscisic acid signalling mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase 4. The analysis also revealed a role for cytokinins interacting with mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 in CO2 -mediated stomatal regulation. Hence, oral secretions, while eliciting jasmonic acid-mediated defence responses, also elicit 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid-mediated changes in stomatal conductance and AC , an observation illustrating the complexity and economy of the signalling that regulates defence and carbon assimilation pathways in response to herbivore attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Meza-Canales
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- KWS SAAT AG, Molecular Physiology, Einbeck, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica - INBA/CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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6
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Tseng YC, Chu SW. High spatio-temporal-resolution detection of chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics from a single chloroplast with confocal imaging fluorometer. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:43. [PMID: 28546824 PMCID: PMC5442853 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) is a key indicator to study plant physiology or photosynthesis efficiency. Conventionally, CF is characterized by fluorometers, which only allows ensemble measurement through wide-field detection. For imaging fluorometers, the typical spatial and temporal resolutions are on the order of millimeter and second, far from enough to study cellular/sub-cellular CF dynamics. In addition, due to the lack of optical sectioning capability, conventional imaging fluorometers cannot identify CF from a single cell or even a single chloroplast. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Here we demonstrated a fluorometer based on confocal imaging, that not only provides high contrast images, but also allows CF measurement with spatiotemporal resolution as high as micrometer and millisecond. CF transient (the Kautsky curve) from a single chloroplast is successfully obtained, with both the temporal dynamics and the intensity dependences corresponding well to the ensemble measurement from conventional studies. The significance of confocal imaging fluorometer is to identify the variation among individual chloroplasts, e.g. the temporal position of the P-S-M phases, and the half-life period of P-T decay in the Kautsky curve, that are not possible to analyze with wide-field techniques. A linear relationship is found between excitation intensity and the temporal positions of P-S-M peaks/valleys in the Kautsky curve. Based on the CF transients, the photosynthetic quantum efficiency is derived with spatial resolution down to a single chloroplast. In addition, an interesting 6-order increase in excitation intensity is found between wide-field and confocal fluorometers, whose pixel integration time and optical sectioning may account for this substantial difference. CONCLUSION Confocal imaging fluorometers provide micrometer and millisecond CF characterization, opening up unprecedented possibilities toward detailed spatiotemporal analysis of CF transients and its propagation dynamics, as well as photosynthesis efficiency analysis, on the scale of organelles, in a living plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Tseng
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da’an District, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da’an District, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No. 81, Changxing Street, Da’an District, Taipei, 10672 Taiwan
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7
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Dugé de Bernonville T, Carqueijeiro I, Lanoue A, Lafontaine F, Sánchez Bel P, Liesecke F, Musset K, Oudin A, Glévarec G, Pichon O, Besseau S, Clastre M, St-Pierre B, Flors V, Maury S, Huguet E, O'Connor SE, Courdavault V. Folivory elicits a strong defense reaction in Catharanthus roseus: metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct local and systemic responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40453. [PMID: 28094274 PMCID: PMC5240345 DOI: 10.1038/srep40453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy distinct secondary metabolisms to cope with environment pressure and to face bio-aggressors notably through the production of biologically active alkaloids. This metabolism-type is particularly elaborated in Catharanthus roseus that synthesizes more than a hundred different monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). While the characterization of their biosynthetic pathway now reaches completion, still little is known about the role of MIAs during biotic attacks. As a consequence, we developed a new plant/herbivore interaction system by challenging C. roseus leaves with Manduca sexta larvae. Transcriptomic and metabolic analyses demonstrated that C. roseus respond to folivory by both local and systemic processes relying on the activation of specific gene sets and biosynthesis of distinct MIAs following jasmonate production. While a huge local accumulation of strictosidine was monitored in attacked leaves that could repel caterpillars through its protein reticulation properties, newly developed leaves displayed an increased biosynthesis of the toxic strictosidine-derived MIAs, vindoline and catharanthine, produced by up-regulation of MIA biosynthetic genes. In this context, leaf consumption resulted in a rapid death of caterpillars that could be linked to the MIA dimerization observed in intestinal tracts. Furthermore, this study also highlights the overall transcriptomic control of the plant defense processes occurring during herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Florent Lafontaine
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Paloma Sánchez Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
| | - Franziska Liesecke
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
| | - Stéphane Maury
- Université d'Orléans, CoST, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), EA 1207, USC1328 INRA, Orléans, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- The John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
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Revilla TA, Encinas–Viso F. Dynamical transitions in a pollination-herbivory interaction: a conflict between mutualism and antagonism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117964. [PMID: 25700003 PMCID: PMC4336290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pollinator associations are often seen as purely mutualistic, while in reality they can be more complex. Indeed they may also display a diverse array of antagonistic interactions, such as competition and victim–exploiter interactions. In some cases mutualistic and antagonistic interactions are carried-out by the same species but at different life-stages. As a consequence, population structure affects the balance of inter-specific associations, a topic that is receiving increased attention. In this paper, we developed a model that captures the basic features of the interaction between a flowering plant and an insect with a larval stage that feeds on the plant’s vegetative tissues (e.g. leaves) and an adult pollinator stage. Our model is able to display a rich set of dynamics, the most remarkable of which involves victim–exploiter oscillations that allow plants to attain abundances above their carrying capacities and the periodic alternation between states dominated by mutualism or antagonism. Our study indicates that changes in the insect’s life cycle can modify the balance between mutualism and antagonism, causing important qualitative changes in the interaction dynamics. These changes in the life cycle could be caused by a variety of external drivers, such as temperature, plant nutrients, pesticides and changes in the diet of adult pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás A. Revilla
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique à Moulis, Moulis, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco Encinas–Viso
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ye ZP, Suggett DJ, Robakowski P, Kang HJ. A mechanistic model for the photosynthesis-light response based on the photosynthetic electron transport of photosystem II in C3 and C4 species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:110-120. [PMID: 23521402 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new mechanistic model of the photosynthesis-light response is developed based on photosynthetic electron transport via photosystem II (PSII) to specifically describe light-harvesting characteristics and associated biophysical parameters of photosynthetic pigment molecules. This model parameterizes 'core' characteristics not only of the light response but also of difficult to measure physical parameters of photosynthetic pigment molecules in plants. Application of the model to two C3 and two C4 species grown under the same conditions demonstrated that the model reproduced extremely well (r(2) > 0.992) the light response trends of both electron transport and CO2 uptake. In all cases, the effective absorption cross-section of photosynthetic pigment molecules decreased with increasing light intensity, demonstrating novel operation of a key mechanism for plants to avoid high light damage. In parameterizing these previously difficult to measure characteristics of light harvesting in higher plants, the model provides a new means to understand the mechanistic processes underpinning variability of CO2 uptake, for example, photosynthetic down-regulation or reversible photoinhibition induced by high light and photoprotection. However, an important next step is validating this parameterization, possibly through application to less structurally complex organisms such as single-celled algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Piao Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - David J Suggett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Piotr Robakowski
- Department of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71E St., 60-625, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hua-Jing Kang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Wenzhou Vocational & Technical College, Wenzhou, 325006, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Nabity PD, Zavala JA, DeLucia EH. Herbivore induction of jasmonic acid and chemical defences reduce photosynthesis in Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:685-94. [PMID: 23264519 PMCID: PMC3542056 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory initiates a shift in plant metabolism from growth to defence that may reduce fitness in the absence of further herbivory. However, the defence-induced changes in carbon assimilation that precede this reallocation in resources remain largely undetermined. This study characterized the response of photosynthesis to herbivore induction of jasmonic acid (JA)-related defences in Nicotiana attenuata to increase understanding of these mechanisms. It was hypothesized that JA-induced defences would immediately reduce the component processes of photosynthesis upon attack and was predicted that wild-type plants would suffer greater reductions in photosynthesis than plants lacking JA-induced defences. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and thermal spatial patterns were measured together with the production of defence-related metabolites after attack and through recovery. Herbivore damage immediately reduced electron transport and gas exchange in wild-type plants, and gas exchange remained suppressed for several days after attack. The sustained reductions in gas exchange occurred concurrently with increased defence metabolites in wild-type plants, whereas plants lacking JA-induced defences suffered minimal suppression in photosynthesis and no increase in defence metabolite production. This suppression in photosynthesis occurred only after sustained defence signalling and defence chemical mobilization, whereas a short bout of feeding damage only transiently altered components of photosynthesis. It was identified that lipoxygenase signalling interacted with photosynthetic electron transport and that the resulting JA-related metabolites reduced photosynthesis. These data represent a metabolic cost to mounting a chemical defence against herbivory and link defence-signalling networks to the differential effects of herbivory on photosynthesis in remaining leaf tissues in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Nabity
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jorge A. Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/INBA, Facultad de Agronomía, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evan H. DeLucia
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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