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Park J, Kil YS, Ryoo GH, Jin CH, Hong MJ, Kim JB, Jung CH, Nam JW, Han AR. Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of the hull of γ-irradiated wheat mutant lines ( Triticum aestivum L.). Front Nutr 2023; 10:1334344. [PMID: 38188878 PMCID: PMC10771830 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1334344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is the second most cultivated food crop among all global cereal crop production. The high carbohydrate content of its grains provides energy, multiple nutrients, and dietary fiber. After threshing, a substantial amount of wheat hull is produced, which serves as the non-food component of wheat. For the valorization of these by-products as a new resource from which functional components can be extracted, the hull from the seeds of cultivated wheat mutant lines bred after γ-irradiation were collected. Untargeted metabolite analysis of the hull of the original cultivar (a crossbreeding cultivar., Woori-mil × D-7) and its 983 mutant lines were conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique. A total of 55 molecules were tentatively identified, including 21 compounds found in the Triticum species for the first time and 13 compounds not previously described. Among them, seven flavonolignans with a diastereomeric structure, isolated as a single compound from the hull of T. aestivum in our previous study, were used as the standards in the metabolite analysis. The differences in their collision cross-section values were shown to contribute to the clear distinction between tricine-lignan stereoisomers. To select functionally active agents with anti-inflammatory activity among the identified compounds, the wheat hull samples were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. As a result of multivariate analysis based on the results of chemical and biological profiles of the wheat hull samples, 10 metabolites were identified as key markers, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines. Considering that one of the four key markers attributed to anti-inflammatory activity has been identified to be a flavonolignan, the wheat hull could be a valuable source of diverse tricin-lignan type compounds and used as a natural health-promoting product in food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Seo Kil
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Ryoo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Jin
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Hong
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Baek Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Arafat MAM, Khalil MNA, Mohamed OG, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Tripathi A, Mahrous EA, Abd El-Kader EM, El-Hawary S. Vetiver aerial parts and roots ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis in complete Freund's adjuvant rat model, a phytochemical profiling and mechanistic study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116764. [PMID: 37315650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is indigenous to India where it is traditionally used to relief rheumatisms, lumbagos and sprains. Vetiver anti-inflammatory activity has not been previously investigated, and its specific interactions with body inflammation cascade remain largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work was performed to validate the ethnobotanical use of the plant and compare the anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extracts of the most traditionally used part (aerial part) to that of the root. Furthermore, we attempt to reveal the molecular mechanism of this anti-inflammatory activity in correlation to the chemical composition of C. zizanioides aerial (CA) and root parts (CR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS) was used for comprehensive analysis of both CA and CR. The anti-inflammatory effect of both extracts was evaluated in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA model in Wistar rats. RESULTS Phenolic metabolites were predominant in CA and 42 were identified for the first time, while only 13 were identified in CR. Meanwhile, triterpenes and sesquiterpenes were confined to the root extract. In CFA arthritis model, CA showed better anti-inflammatory activity than CR marked by an increase in serum level of IL-10 with simultaneous decrease in pro-inflammatory markers; IL-6, ACPA and TNF-α and was evident in histopathological examination. This anti-inflammatory effect was accompanied by down-regulation of JAK2/STAT3/SOCs3, ERK1/ERK2, TRAF6/c-FOS/NFATC1, TRAF6/NF-κB/NFATC1 and RANKL pathways which were all upregulated after CFA injection. These pathways were modulated to larger extent by CA, except for ERK1/ERK2 which was downregulated more effectively by CR. This differential effect between CA and CR can be explained by the variability in their phytoconstituents profile. CONCLUSION In agreement with the ethnobotanical preference, CA extract was more effective than CR extract in reducing the symptoms of RA probably due to its enrichment with flavonoids, lignans, and flavolignans. Both CA and CR reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines through modulating various biological signaling pathways. These findings support the traditional use of vetiver leaves as a remedy for RA and suggest that the use of the whole plant may offer advantage by synergistically affecting more inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A M Arafat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, 11361, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed N A Khalil
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Osama G Mohamed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-sueif, Egypt
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Engy A Mahrous
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam M Abd El-Kader
- Timber Tree Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Zhou H, Zhang J, Bai L, Liu J, Li H, Hua J, Luo S. Chemical Structure Diversity and Extensive Biological Functions of Specialized Metabolites in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17053. [PMID: 38069376 PMCID: PMC10707428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is thought to have been domesticated many times independently in China and India, and many modern cultivars are available. All rice tissues are rich in specialized metabolites (SPMs). To date, a total of 181 terpenoids, 199 phenolics, 41 alkaloids, and 26 other types of compounds have been detected in rice. Some volatile sesquiterpenoids released by rice are known to attract the natural enemies of rice herbivores, and play an indirect role in defense. Momilactone, phytocassane, and oryzalic acid are the most common diterpenoids found in rice, and are found at all growth stages. Indolamides, including serotonin, tryptamine, and N-benzoylserotonin, are the main rice alkaloids. The SPMs mainly exhibit defense functions with direct roles in resisting herbivory and pathogenic infections. In addition, phenolics are also important in indirect defense, and enhance wax deposition in leaves and promote the lignification of stems. Meanwhile, rice SPMs also have allelopathic effects and are crucial in the regulation of the relationships between different plants or between plants and microorganisms. In this study, we reviewed the various structures and functions of rice SPMs. This paper will provide useful information and methodological resources to inform the improvement of rice resistance and the promotion of the rice industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Hua
- Research Center of Protection and Utilization of Plant Resources, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China (J.L.)
| | - Shihong Luo
- Research Center of Protection and Utilization of Plant Resources, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China (J.L.)
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Identification and Isolation Techniques for Plant Growth Inhibitors in Rice. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth inhibitors (PGIs) in rice (Oryza sativa), or rice allelochemicals, are secondary metabolites that are either exudated by rice plants to cope with natural competitors or produced during the decomposition of rice by-products in the paddy fields. Of these, the major groups of rice PGIs include phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and fatty acids, which also exhibit potential medicinal and pharmaceutical properties. Recently, the exploitation of rice PGIs has attracted considerable attention from scientists worldwide. The biosynthesis, exudation, and release of PGIs are dependent on environmental conditions, relevant gene expression, and biodiversity among rice varieties. Along with the mechanism clarification, numerous analytical methods have been improved to effectively support the identification and isolation of rice PGIs during the last few decades. This paper provides an overview of rice PGIs and techniques used for determining and extracting those compounds from rice. In particular, the features, advantages, and limitations of conventional and upgraded extraction methods are comprehensively reported and discussed. The conventional extraction methods have been gradually replaced by advanced techniques consisting of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and solid-phase extraction (SPE). Meanwhile, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and X-ray crystallography are major tools for rice PGI identification and confirmation. With smart agriculture becoming more prevalent, the statistics of rice PGIs and extraction methods will help to provide useful datasets for building an autonomous model for safer weed control. Conceivably, the efficient exploitation of rice PGIs will not only help to increase the yield and economic value of rice but may also pave the way for research directions on the development of smart and sustainable rice farming methods.
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Lee JY, Park SH, Jhee KH, Yang SA. Zizania latifolia and Its Major Compound Tricin Regulate Immune Responses in OVA-Treated Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133978. [PMID: 35807220 PMCID: PMC9268014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricin, a flavone belonging to the Gramineae family, has been confirmed to be the primary compound in a Zizania latifolia extract (ZLE) that prevents allergies. Various allergic reactions occur because of the unbalanced differentiation of T help cells (Th) and the consequent overproduction of IgE. Therefore, the regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses by T helper cell differentiation is essential for suppressing allergic responses. This study confirmed the immunomodulatory effects of ZLE and the major compound tricin in an OVA-sensitized mouse model. The IgE and OVA-specific production of tricin and ZLE in plasma were investigated in OVA-sensitized mice. The effects of tricin and ZLE on the amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and transcription factors released in splenocytes were investigated in OVA-sensitized mice. The skin roughness and the number of mast cells were confirmed by staining the skin surface with H&E and toluidine blue. Tricin and ZLE reduced the plasma IgE and OVA-specific-IgE levels significantly compared to the OVA group. On the other hand, tricin and ZLE promoted the release of the Th1 cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ and inhibited the release of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, -10, -13, and -5) in OVA-sensitized mice. Tricin and ZLE induced T-bet and NFATc2 expression, and-down regulated GATA-3 levels. The skin roughness and the number of mast cells decreased in the OVA-immunized mice. Overall, the data indicate that tricin and ZLE may prevent allergy-related diseases through immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeul Lee
- Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea;
| | - Se-Ho Park
- Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea;
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jhee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea;
| | - Seun-Ah Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5117
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Song K, Li M, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhu Q, Liu J, Wang A. Natural flavonolignans as potential therapeutic agents against common diseases. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:337-350. [PMID: 34923582 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plant-derived flavonolignans had been demonstrated to have various biological functions. They are an important class of natural products combined by a flavonoid unit and a phenylpropanoid unit. KEY FINDINGS From the literature survey, 88 constituents from natural resources were identified. Different derivatives of flavonolignans were listed, fused phenylpropanoid unit with dioxane ring, or cyclic ether, or simple ether side chain, or lactone, and so on. Besides, the pharmacological effects of flavonolignans were summarized as well. It has a wide range of anti-tumour, antioxidant, anti-microorganic and anti-inflammatory effects. SUMMARY This review had provided a full-scale profile of flavonolignans on its plant sources, phytochemistry and pharmacology, and also proposed some issues and perspectives which may be of concern in the future. It was greatly anticipated that the commercialization of the flavonolignans would lead to uplift the financial abilities of communities attending the growing of the flavonolignans and the relevant and potential production becoming an international herbal and pharmaceutical commodity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Meichen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Andong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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Identification and quantification of tricin present in medicinal herbs, plant foods and by-products using UPLC-QTOF-MS. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Anti-Inflammatory Flavonolignans from Triticum aestivum Linn. Hull. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is a very common and important food grain and ranks second in total cereal crop production. A large amount of wheat hull is produced after threshing that, as the non-food part of wheat, is agro-waste, accounting for 15~20% of the wheat. This study aimed at biologically and phytochemically investigating wheat hull for its valorization as a by-product. In our ongoing search for natural product-derived anti-inflammatory agents, T. aestivum hull was evaluated for its nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells, and the phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction showing inhibitory effect led to the isolation of a flavone (1) and seven flavonolignans (2–8). Compounds 2–8 have not yet been isolated from Triticum species. All compounds were evaluated for their LPS-induced NO production inhibition, and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 exhibited inhibitory effects with IC50 values ranging from 24.14 to 58.95 μM. These results suggest the potential of using T. aestivum hull as a source for producing anti-inflammatory components, enhancing its valorization as a by-product.
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A flavonoid monomer tricin in Gramineous plants: Metabolism, bio/chemosynthesis, biological properties, and toxicology. Food Chem 2020; 320:126617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Antal DS, Ardelean F, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Danciu C, Soica C, Dehelean C. Flavonolignans: One Step Further in the Broad-Spectrum Approach of Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1817-1830. [PMID: 31976848 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200124112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small chemical class of flavonolignans encompasses unique hybrid molecules with versatile biological activities. Their anticancer effects have received considerable attention, and a large body of supporting evidence has accumulated. Moreover, their ability to interact with proteins involved in drug resistance, and to enhance the effects of conventional chemotherapeutics in decreasing cell viability make them influential partners in addressing cancer. OBJECTIVE The review provides an outline of the various ways in which flavonolignans advance the combat against cancer. While the main focus falls on flavonolignans from milk thistle, attention is drawn to the yet, underexplored potential of less known flavonolignan subgroups derived from isoflavonoids and aurones. METHODS Proceeding from the presentation of natural flavonolignan subtypes and their occurrence, the present work reviews these compounds with regard to their molecular targets in cancer, anti-angiogenetic effects, synergistic efficacy in conjunction with anticancer agents, reversal of drug resistance, and importance in overcoming the side effects of anticancer therapy. Recent advances in the endeavor to improve flavonolignan bioavailability in cancer are also presented. CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been achieved in detailing the molecular mechanisms of silybin and its congeners in experimental models of cancer. The availability of novel formulations with improved bioavailability, and data from phase I clinical trials in cancer patients provide an encouraging basis for more extensive trials aimed at evaluating the benefits of Silybum flavonolignans in cancer management. On the other hand, further research on the antitumor efficacy of iso-flavonolignans and other subtypes of flavonolignans should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florina Ardelean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Z Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Faustino MV, Faustino MAF, Silva H, Cunha Â, Silva AMS, Pinto DCGA. Puccinellia maritima, Spartina maritime, and Spartina patens Halophytic Grasses: Characterization of Polyphenolic and Chlorophyll Profiles and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:E3796. [PMID: 31652513 PMCID: PMC6832526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytic grasses have been recently targeted as possible sources of nutraceutical and medicinal compounds. Nonetheless, few studies have been conducted on the phytochemistry and biological activities of metabolites produced by these plants. Among these, Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald, Spartina patens (Aiton.) Muhl., and Puccinellia maritima (Hudson) Parl. are three halophytic grasses whose chemical composition and bioactivities are unknown. The present work broadens the knowledge on the polyphenolic and chlorophyll composition of these species identifying for the first time hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives, flavones, flavonols, lignans, as well as chlorophylls and xantophylls. The extracts were particularly rich in caffeic and ferulic acids as well as in trihydroxymethoxyflavone, apigenin and tricin derivatives. Interestingly, several of the identified compounds are relevant from a medicinal and nutraceutical point of view putting in evidence the potential of these species. Thus, the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of the polyphenolic extracts were assessed as well as the photophysical properties of the chlorophyll-rich extracts. The results, herein presented for the first time, reinforce the nutritional and the medicinal potential of these halophytic grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Helena Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Liu XX, Sun SW, Yuan WJ, Gao H, Si YY, Liu K, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang W. Isolation of Tricin as a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Sweet White Clover ( Melilotus albus) and Its Distribution in Selected Gramineae Species. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102719. [PMID: 30360380 PMCID: PMC6222886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase, an enzyme present in significant levels in the intestine and liver, metabolizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid in the purine catabolic pathway. An inhibitory compound acting against xanthine oxidase was isolated from sweet white clover (Melilotus albus) by bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography guided separation. It was identified as tricin by spectroscopic analysis. Tricin possessed a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 4.13 μM. Further inhibition kinetics data indicated it to be a mixed-type inhibitor and Ki and KI values were determined to be 0.47 μM and 4.41 μM. To find a rich source of tricin, the distribution of tricin in seven different tissues from four Gramineae species was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The highest amount (1925.05 mg/kg dry materials) was found in the straw of wheat, which is considered as a potentially valuable source of natural tricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Liu
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Yuan
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yue-Yue Si
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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Lee D, Imm JY. Antiobesity Effect of Tricin, a Methylated Cereal Flavone, in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9989-9994. [PMID: 30173509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The antiobesity potential of tricin, a methylated cereal flavonoid, was examined using a high-fat-diet-induced obese mice model. The body weight ( P < 0.01) and body fat mass ( P < 0.05) were significantly decreased in the high-dose tricin supplementation group (TH: 200 mg/kg diet) in comparison to the high fat diet control group (CON) after a 12-week feeding trial. The serum (60.9 ± 2.09 mg/dL) and hepatic triglyceride levels (45.3 ± 4.42 nmol/mg protein) in the TH group were significantly decreased in comparison to the CON group (78.3 ± 5.09 mg/dL, 76.3 ± 8.10 nmol/mg protein), respectively. This antiobesity effect was attributed to a decrease in the expression of lipogenic markers crucial for fat synthesis in the liver (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and diglyceride acyltransferase) and suppressed expression of transcription factors associated with adipocyte differentiation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α). These lipid-lowering effects are mediated by the activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabeen Lee
- Department of Foods and Nutrition , Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02-707 , Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition , Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02-707 , Korea
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Variation in levels of the flavone tricin in bran from rice genotypes varying in pericarp color. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Kim B, Woo S, Kim MJ, Kwon SW, Lee J, Sung SH, Koh HJ. Identification and quantification of flavonoids in yellow grain mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Food Chem 2017; 241:154-162. [PMID: 28958514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are naturally occurring phenolic compounds with potential health-promoting activities. Although anthocyanins and phenolic acids in coloured rice have been investigated, few studies have focused on flavonoids. Herein, we analysed flavonoids in a yellow grain rice mutant using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, and identified 19 flavonoids by comparing retention times and accurate mass measurements. Among them, six flavonoids, isoorientin, isoorientin 2″-O-glucoside, vitexin 2″-O-glucoside, isovitexin, isoscoparin 2″-O-glucoside and isoscoparin, were isolated and fully identified from the yellow grain rice mutant, and the levels were significantly higher than wild-type, with isoorientin particularly abundant in mutant embryo. Significant differences in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were observed in mutant rice by DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays. The results suggest that the representative six flavonoids may play an important role in colouration and antioxidant activity of embryo and endosperm tissue. The findings provide insight into flavonoid biosynthesis and the possibility of improving functionality in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Backki Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Woo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Wook Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Milyang 60463, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyun Lee
- Department of Crop Science, College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kim S, Go GW, Imm JY. Promotion of Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes by Cereal Flavone Tricin and Its Underlying Molecular Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3819-3826. [PMID: 28474889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of tricin, a methylated flavone widely distributed in cereals, on glucose uptake and the underlying molecular mechanism was investigated using C2C12 myotubes. Tricin significantly increased glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes, regardless of the absence (1.4-fold at 20 μM) or presence (1.6-fold at 20 μM) of insulin. The GLUT4 expression on the plasma membrane was increased 1.6-fold after tricin treatment (20 μM) in the absence of insulin. Tricin treatment significantly activated the insulin-dependent cell signaling pathway, including the activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). The oral administration of tricin (64 and 160 mg kg-1 of body weight day-1) also significantly lowered blood glucose levels in glucose-loaded C57BL/6 mice (p < 0.05). These results suggest that tricin has great potential to be used as a functional agent for glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Gwang-Woong Go
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
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17
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Yang Z, Nakabayashi R, Mori T, Takamatsu S, Kitanaka S, Saito K. Metabolome Analysis of Oryza sativa (Rice) Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Characterizing Organ Specificity of Flavonoids with Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:952-6. [PMID: 27373652 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oryza sativa L. (rice) is an important staple crop across the world. In the previous study, we identified 36 specialized (secondary) metabolites including 28 flavonoids. In the present study, a metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was conducted on the leaf, bran, and brown and polished rice grains to better understand the distribution of these metabolites. Principal component analysis using the metabolome data clearly characterized the accumulation patterns of the metabolites. Flavonoids, e.g., tricin, tricin 7-O-rutinoside, and tricin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, were mainly present in the leaf and bran but not in the polished grain. In addition, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the metabolites were assayed in vitro. Tricin 4'-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl)ether and isoscoparin 2″-O-(6‴-(E)-feruloyl)-glucopyranoside showed the strongest activity for inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging, respectively.
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Cabanting RMF, Perez LM. An ethnobotanical study of traditional rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) used for medical treatment in selected local communities of the Philippines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:767-773. [PMID: 27742407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rice (Oryza sativa L.) remains as one the most important staple food of the Philippines with an overabundance of varieties and gastronomic use. Despite this, no published comprehensive ethnobotanical information exists for the exclusive subject on Philippine traditional rice varieties and their ethnomedicinal value. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify and collect traditional rice landrace with ethnomedicinal application from local communities of the Philippines; and document the application, traditional preparation and administration of these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethnobotanical study was performed in nine areas distributed across four provinces: Palawan, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur and North Cotabato for a period of two years (2014-2015). A total of 39 key informants were identified and interviewed using semi-structured interviews and informal discussion. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze and organize the collected information from the surveys. RESULTS Nineteen (19) traditional rice were identified for the native treatment and control of 22 community health concerns. Predominant use of the plants collected were for the treatment of some types of nutritional disorders (18%), digestive system disorders (18%), ill-defined symptoms (13%); viral infections (13%); and several cultural diseases and disorders (11%). Grains were the most frequently used plant part and oral administration was the most preferred mode of treatment. CONCLUSION This study is the first to formally confirm that certain traditional rice have a role in the healthcare system of selected local communities in the Philippines. The novel findings open a paradigm for scientists towards therapeutic investigations and development of probable high value products from the highlighted landrace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Mia F Cabanting
- Genetic Resources Division, Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) Central Experiment Station, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
| | - Loida M Perez
- Genetic Resources Division, Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) Central Experiment Station, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
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Lan W, Rencoret J, Lu F, Karlen SD, Smith BG, Harris PJ, Del Río JC, Ralph J. Tricin-lignins: occurrence and quantitation of tricin in relation to phylogeny. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1046-1057. [PMID: 27553717 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tricin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one], a flavone, was recently established as an authentic monomer in grass lignification that likely functions as a nucleation site. It is linked onto lignin as an aryl alkyl ether by radical coupling with monolignols or their acylated analogs. However, the level of tricin that incorporates into lignin remains unclear. Herein, three lignin characterization methods: acidolysis; thioacidolysis; and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage; were applied to quantitatively assess the amount of lignin-integrated tricin. Their efficiencies at cleaving the tricin-(4'-O-β)-ether bonds and the degradation of tricin under the corresponding reaction conditions were evaluated. A hexadeuterated tricin analog was synthesized as an internal standard for accurate quantitation purposes. Thioacidolysis proved to be the most efficient method, liberating more than 91% of the tricin with little degradation. A survey of different seed-plant species for the occurrence and content of tricin showed that it is widely distributed in the lignin from species in the family Poaceae (order Poales). Tricin occurs at low levels in some commelinid monocotyledon families outside the Poaceae, such as the Arecaceae (the palms, order Arecales) and Bromeliaceae (Poales), and the non-commelinid monocotyledon family Orchidaceae (Orchidales). One eudicotyledon was found to have tricin (Medicago sativa, Fabaceae). The content of lignin-integrated tricin is much higher than the extractable tricin level in all cases. Lignins, including waste lignin streams from biomass processing, could therefore provide a large and alternative source of this valuable flavone, reducing the costs, and encouraging studies into its application beyond its current roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lan
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Fachuang Lu
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steven D Karlen
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bronwen G Smith
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Tricin, a methylated cereal flavone, suppresses fat accumulation by downregulating AKT and mTOR in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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21
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Kang BM, An BK, Jung WS, Jung HK, Cho JH, Cho HW, Jang SJ, Yun YB, Kuk YI. Anti-inflammatory effect of tricin isolated from Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. on the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1614-1620. [PMID: 28025993 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify major anti-inflammatory compounds in Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (A. aequalis). The ethanol extract and the hexane-, dichloromethane-, ethyl acetate- and n-butanol-soluble fractions derived from A. aequalis were evaluated in order to determine their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ethanol extract decreased NO production in a dose-dependent manner without any evidence of cytotoxicity at a concentration range of 0-200 µg/ml. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction was the most potent among the four soluble fractions. A compound was isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction and this was identified to be tricin. Tricin inhibited the LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner without any evidence of cytotoxity at a concentration range of 1-100 µg/ml. Tricin also inhibited the LPS-induced production of prostaglandin E2. Western blot analysis indicated that tricin decreased the LPS-induced increase in the protein levels of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase. In addition, tricin suppressed the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, as measured by flow cytometry. Taken together, our results clearly indicate that tricin is a major functional anti-inflammatory compound which can be isolated from A. aequalis extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Man Kang
- Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Resource, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan An
- Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Resource, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Jung
- Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Resource, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Jung
- Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Resource, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Cho
- Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Resource, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Division of Traditional Korean Medicine Resource, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Ji Jang
- Department of Development in Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Beom Yun
- Department of Development in Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In Kuk
- Department of Development in Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea
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Lee D, Imm JY. AMP Kinase Activation and Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Translocation Contribute to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Tricin. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dabeen Lee
- Department of Foods and Nutrition; Kookmin University; 861-1, Jeongnung-dong Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-702 Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition; Kookmin University; 861-1, Jeongnung-dong Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-702 Korea
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Armijos C, Ponce J, Ramírez J, Gozzini D, Finzi PV, Vidari G. An Unprecedented High Content of the Bioactive Flavone Tricin in Huperzia Medicinal Species Used by the Saraguro in Ecuador. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavone tricin (5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone) is considered to be a selective potent inhibitor of different cancer cell lines and a potential colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent. In this paper we describe a reliable UHPLC-UV-ESIMS method for the determination of tricin in Huperzia plants used in the traditional medicine of the Saraguro community living in Southern Ecuador. An unusually high amount of tricin was found in H. brevifolia and H. compacta, which exceeded the content of this flavone determined so far in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja – Ecuador
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CISTRE, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jorge Ponce
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CISTRE, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja – Ecuador
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CISTRE, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Gozzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CISTRE, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Vita Finzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CISTRE, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CISTRE, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Park CY, Kim S, Lee D, Park DJ, Imm JY. Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of tricin from rice hull and biological activities of rice hull extract. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:159-164. [PMID: 30263252 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in conjunction with high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) treatment to extract tricin from rice hull. Enzymatic hydrolysis performed with Celluclast (0.5%, w/w) prior to HPP (500 MPa) treatment yielded maximum tricin content (32.9 mg/kg rice hull). The tricin content obtained by conventional solvent extraction and HPP treatment alone were 14.7 and 19.7 mg/kg rice hull, respectively. The rice hull extract containing tricin displayed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiadipogenic activities. The efficacy of rice hull extract obtained by either HPP or combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and HPP treatments was significantly greater than that of extract prepared by traditional solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Young Park
- 1Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Korea
| | - Sohyun Kim
- 1Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Korea
| | - Dabeen Lee
- 1Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Korea
| | - Dong June Park
- 2Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- 1Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Korea
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Shalini V, Jayalekshmi A, Helen A. Mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of tricin, a flavonoid isolated from Njavara rice bran in LPS induced hPBMCs and carrageenan induced rats. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:229-39. [PMID: 25839778 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Njavara is an indigenous medicinal rice variety traditionally used in Ayurvedic system of medicine practiced in Kerala, India. Tricin is a bioflavonoid present in significantly higher levels in rice bran of Njavara. Present study attempted to identify the molecular target of tricin in TLR mediated signaling pathways by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) and carrageenan induced paw edema in rats as experimental models. Tricin acted upstream in the activation of inflammation cascade by interfering with TLR4 activation, preferably by blocking the LPS induced activation of TLR4, MYD88 and TRIF proteins in hPBMCs. Subsequently, tricin significantly blocked the activation of downstream kinases like p38MAPK, JNK1/2 and IRF3. Thus the inhibitory effect of tricin on NF-κB and IRF3 together confirms the specific inhibition of both MYD88 dependent and TRIF dependent pathways. Tricin treatment also inhibited the pro-inflammatory effect of LPS by blocking the TLR4 signaling mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which is confirmed by specific inhibition of COX-2. Results demonstrated that in addition to NF-κB, tricin can prevent the activation of STAT proteins by significantly inhibiting the activation of both STAT1 and STAT3 via the down regulation of upstream phosphorylating enzymes like JAK1 and JAK2. The protective anti-inflammatory effect of tricin was also confirmed by in vivo experiments. Thus, this study provides strong evidence that tricin exerts its anti-inflammatory effect via a mechanism involving the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shalini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Ananthasankaran Jayalekshmi
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Industrial Estate P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.
| | - A Helen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala 695581, India.
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Matsuda F, Nakabayashi R, Yang Z, Okazaki Y, Yonemaru JI, Ebana K, Yano M, Saito K. Metabolome-genome-wide association study dissects genetic architecture for generating natural variation in rice secondary metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:13-23. [PMID: 25267402 PMCID: PMC4309412 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce structurally diverse secondary (specialized) metabolites to increase their fitness for survival under adverse environments. Several bioactive compounds for new drugs have been identified through screening of plant extracts. In this study, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted to investigate the genetic architecture behind the natural variation of rice secondary metabolites. GWAS using the metabolome data of 175 rice accessions successfully identified 323 associations among 143 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 89 metabolites. The data analysis highlighted that levels of many metabolites are tightly associated with a small number of strong quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The tight association may be a mechanism generating strains with distinct metabolic composition through the crossing of two different strains. The results indicate that one plant species produces more diverse phytochemicals than previously expected, and plants still contain many useful compounds for human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsuda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Zhigang Yang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yonemaru
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaworu Ebana
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityInohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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Burlando B, Cornara L. Therapeutic properties of rice constituents and derivatives (Oryza sativa L.): A review update. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Parvathy R, Mohanlal S, Pushpan C, Helen A, Jayalekshmy A. Antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and bioactive constituents of the Indian medicinal rice Njavara yellow compared with staple varieties. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lam PY, Zhu FY, Chan WL, Liu H, Lo C. Cytochrome P450 93G1 Is a Flavone Synthase II That Channels Flavanones to the Biosynthesis of Tricin O-Linked Conjugates in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1315-1327. [PMID: 24843076 PMCID: PMC4081339 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Flavones are a major class of flavonoids with a wide range of physiological functions in plants. They are constitutively accumulated as C-glycosides and O-linked conjugates in vegetative tissues of grasses. It has long been presumed that the two structural modifications of flavones occur through independent metabolic routes. Previously, we reported that cytochrome P450 93G2 (CYP93G2) functions as a flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H) that provides 2-hydroxyflavanones for C-glycosylation in rice (Oryza sativa). Flavone C-glycosides are subsequently formed by dehydratase activity on 2-hydroxyflavanone C-glycosides. On the other hand, O-linked modifications were proposed to proceed after the flavone nucleus is generated. In this study, we demonstrate that CYP93G1, the closest homolog of CYP93G2 in rice, is a bona fide flavone synthase II (FNSII) that catalyzes the direct conversion of flavanones to flavones. In recombinant enzyme assays, CYP93G1 desaturated naringenin and eriodictyol to apigenin and luteolin, respectively. Consistently, transgenic expression of CYP93G1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in the accumulation of different flavone O-glycosides, which are not naturally present in cruciferous plants. Metabolite analysis of a rice CYP93G1 insertion mutant further demonstrated the preferential depletion of tricin O-linked flavanolignans and glycosides. By contrast, redirection of metabolic flow to the biosynthesis of flavone C-glycosides was observed. Our findings established that CYP93G1 is a key branch point enzyme channeling flavanones to the biosynthesis of tricin O-linked conjugates in rice. Functional diversification of F2H and FNSII in the cytochrome P450 CYP93G subfamily may represent a lineage-specific event leading to the prevalent cooccurrence of flavone C- and O-linked derivatives in grasses today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., F.-Y.Z., W.L.C., C.L.); and
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., F.-Y.Z., W.L.C., C.L.); and
| | - Wai Lung Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., F.-Y.Z., W.L.C., C.L.); and
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (H.L.)
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., F.-Y.Z., W.L.C., C.L.); and
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Goufo P, Ferreira LM, Trindade H, Rosa EA. Distribution of antioxidant compounds in the grain of the Mediterranean rice variety ‘Ariete’. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.923941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lignan and flavonoids from the stems of Zea mays and their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:178-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jung YS, Kim DH, Hwang JY, Yun NY, Lee YH, Han SB, Hwang BY, Lee MS, Jeong HS, Hong JT. Anti-inflammatory effect of tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether, a novel flavonolignan compound isolated from Njavara on in RAW264.7 cells and in ear mice edema. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:67-76. [PMID: 24631338 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although recent study has shown tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (TTGE), an isolated compound from Njavara rice, to have the most potent anti-inflammatory effects, the action mechanism has not been fully understood. Here, we examined the effect of TTGE on the inflammation and elucidated the potential mechanism. We demonstrated that TTGE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells, which was correlated with the down-regulating effect of TTGE on the iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-κB and STAT3. TPA-induced ear edema was also efficiently inhibited by the TTGE treatment. TTGE blocked the induction of iNOS and COX-2 through the regulation of NF-κB and STAT3, which could explain the reduced TPA-induced edema symptoms. Moreover, the introduction of ERK inhibitor abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of TTGE via the recovery of NF-κB and STAT3 signalings. Taken together, these results suggest that TTGE has anti-inflammatory properties through down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Soon Lee
- College of Agriculture, Life and Environments, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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Goufo P, Pereira J, Figueiredo N, Oliveira MP, Carranca C, Rosa EA, Trindade H. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on phenolic acids, flavonoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol and antioxidant capacities of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Moheb A, Grondin M, Ibrahim RK, Roy R, Sarhan F. Winter wheat hull (husk) is a valuable source for tricin, a potential selective cytotoxic agent. Food Chem 2013; 138:931-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Irakli MN, Samanidou VF, Biliaderis CG, Papadoyannis IN. Simultaneous determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in rice using solid-phase extraction and RP-HPLC with photodiode array detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1603-11. [PMID: 22761138 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on an optimized solid-phase extraction procedure and followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation with diode array detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, 4-hydroxy-benzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and cinnamic acids), flavanols (catechin and epicatechin), flavonols (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, hyperoside, and rutin), flavones (luteolin and apigenin) and flavanones (naringenin and hesperidin) in rice flour (Oryza sativa L.). Chromatographic separation was carried out on a PerfectSil Target ODS-3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) column at temperature 25°C using a mobile phase, consisting of 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid in water, methanol, and acetonitrile at a flow rate 1 mL min(-1) , under gradient elution conditions. Application of optimum extraction conditions, elaborated on both Lichrolut C(18) and Oasis HLB cartridges, have led to extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids from rice flour with mean recoveries 84.3-113.0%. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity. Repeatability (n = 5) and inter-day precision (n = 4) revealed relative standard deviation (RSD) <13%. The optimized method was successfully applied to the analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids in pigmented (red and black rice) and non-pigmented rice (brown rice) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Irakli
- Cereal Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mohanlal S, Maney SK, Santhoshkumar TR, Jayalekshmy A. Tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether isolated from Njavara (Oryza sativa L. var. Njavara), induce apoptosis in multiple tumor cells by mitochondrial pathway. J Nat Med 2012; 67:528-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Shalini V, Bhaskar S, Kumar KS, Mohanlal S, Jayalekshmy A, Helen A. Molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of the flavonoid, tricin from Njavara rice (Oryza sativa L.) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: possible role in the inflammatory signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:32-8. [PMID: 22705359 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of natural substances that are located in sources of vegetal origin and are able to regulate acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects corroborate with the preferential use of Njavara, a rice variety in indigenous medicine and the phytochemical investigations revealed the occurrence of a flavonoid, tricin at significantly higher levels compared to staple varieties. This study describes the new aspects of inflammatory suppression by the Njavara rice by evaluating the role of active constituent, tricin in the regulation of production of various pro-inflammatory markers by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Treatment with tricin resulted in significant down-regulation of LPS-elicited production of TNF-α, IL-6, PGE(2) and NO. Tricin was found to be a potential blocker of the expression of isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and matrix metalloproteinases. Modulation of the cascade of molecular events in lipopolysaccharide signaling also includes inhibition of transcription factor NF-κB evidenced by the detection of enhanced p65 subunit in the nuclear extracts on tricin supplementation. The present study summarizes the role of the flavonoid, tricin in the modulation of the expression of different inflammatory mediators and revealed that the inhibitory effects on cell signaling pathways are responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shalini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthpuram 695581, Kerala, India
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Ajitha MJ, Mohanlal S, Suresh CH, Jayalekshmy A. DPPH radical scavenging activity of tricin and its conjugates isolated from "Njavara" rice bran: a density functional theory study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3693-3699. [PMID: 22397636 DOI: 10.1021/jf204826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Structural, electronic, and energetic characteristics of tricin, tricin-4'-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl)ether (TEGE), and tricin-4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl)ether (TTGE), isolated from "Njavara" rice bran have been studied using DFT to explain their experimentally determined radical scavenging activity (EC(50) values) in comparison with known standards such as quercetin, myricetin, and catechin. Among the three mechanisms proposed for explaining the antioxidant activity, proton coupled-electron transfer (PC-ET), sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET), and electron transfer-proton transfer (ET-PT), our results support the second one. The O-H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) and the spin density on the oxygen with the radical character are excellent descriptors of radical scavenging activity. BDE (in kcal/mol) increased in the order myricetin (74.6) < quercetin (78.1) < catechin (78.3) < tricin (81.5) < TTGE (90.6) < TEGE (91.1), while the EC(50) increased exponentially with increase in BDE, 20.51, 42.98, 45.07, 90.39, 208.01, and 352.04 μg/mL for myricetin, quercetin, catechin, tricin, TTGE, and TEGE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly J Ajitha
- Computational Modeling and Simulation Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Trivandrum, India
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MOHANLAL SMITHA, PARVATHY RATHNAM, SHALINI VASANTHA, MOHANAN RATHEESH, HELEN ANTONY, JAYALEKSHMY ANANTHASANKARAN. CHEMICAL INDICES, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF THE MEDICINAL RICE “NJAVARA” AND STAPLE VARIETIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. J Food Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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