Optimization of the Preparation Conditions of Yerba Mate tea Beverage to Maximize Chlorogenic Acids Extraction

Alleviating effect of chlorogenic acid on oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide in bovine intestinal epithelial cells

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenol substance contained in many plants, which has good antioxidant activity. This experiment aimed to explore the protective effects of CGA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced inflammatory response, apoptosis, and antioxidant capacity of bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs-21) under oxidative stress and its mechanism. The results showed that compared with cells treated with H2O2 alone, CGA pretreatment could improve the viability of BIECs-21. Importantly, Chlorogenic acid pretreatment significantly reduced the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (P<0.05). In addition, CGA can also improve the intestinal barrier by increasing the abundance of tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin. Meanwhile, CGA can reduce the gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8), increase the expression of anti-inflammatory factor Interleukin-10 (IL-10), promote the expression of the nuclear factor-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, enhance cell antioxidant capacity, and inhibit Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) the activation of the signaling pathway reducing the inflammatory response, thereby alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress damage.

Therapeutic Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in Chemoresistance and Chemoprotection in Cancer Treatment

Chemotherapeutic drugs are indispensable in cancer treatment, but their effectiveness is often lessened because of non-selective toxicity to healthy tissues, which triggers inflammatory pathways that are harmful to vital organs. In addition, tumors' resistance to drugs causes failures in treatment. Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, CGA), found in plants and vegetables, is promising in anticancer mechanisms. In vitro and animal studies have indicated that CGA can overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics and alleviate chemotherapy-induced toxicity by scavenging free radicals effectively. This review is a summary of current information about CGA, including its natural sources, biosynthesis, metabolism, toxicology, role in combatting chemoresistance, and protective effects against chemotherapy-induced toxicity. It also emphasizes the potential of CGA as a pharmacological adjuvant in cancer treatment with drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, regorafenib, and radiotherapy. By analyzing more than 140 papers from PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder, we hope to find the therapeutic potential of CGA in improving cancer therapy.

Caffeoylquinic acid profiling: comparative analysis in yerba mate, Indian camphorweed, and stevia extracts with emphasis on the influence of brewing conditions and cold storage in yerba mate infusion

Herbal infusions exhibit diverse pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antineurodegenerative activities, which can be attributed to the high content of phenolic compounds (e.g., caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs)). In this study, we used ultraperformance liquid chromatography to determine the content of CQAs in the methanolic extracts of model herbs, namely, yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), and Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.). The results revealed that yerba mate had the highest total CQA content (108.05 ± 1.12 mg/g of dry weight). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of brewing conditions and storage at 4 °C under dark and light conditions on the antioxidant property and total phenolic and CQA contents of a yerba mate infusion. The analysis of the yerba mate infusions prepared with different steeping times, dried leaf weights, and water temperatures revealed that the amount of extracted CQAs was maximized (∼175 mg/150 mL) when 6 g of dried leaves were steeped in hot water for 10 min. A total of 10-day refrigerated storage resulted in no significant changes in the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and CQA contents of an infusion kept in a brown container (dark). However, the antioxidant properties and total phenolic and CQA contents were negatively affected when kept in a clear container, suggesting the detrimental effect of light exposure. Our study provides practical recommendations for improving the preparation and storage of herbal infusions, thus catering to the needs of consumers, food scientists, and commercial producers. Moreover, it is the first study of the influence of light exposure on the content of crucial quality attributes within plant-based beverages.

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Processing and Extraction: Retention of Bioactive Compounds

Ilex paraguariensis is a native tree from South America known for the presence of bioactive compounds, and its processed leaves are consumed as hot and cold infusions. After harvest (step 1), the leaves are subjected to flame blanching to inactive the enzymes (step 2), followed by drying and milling (step 3). The impacts of I. paraguariensis processing on leaf composition were investigated by extracting the major compounds (chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids (3-CQA, 4-CQA, 5-CQA, 3,4-DQA, 3,5-DQA and 4,5-DQA), p-coumaric acid, caffeine and rutin) using different ratios of ethanol and water as extraction solvent (EW 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 (w/w)). The solvent ratio of EW 50:50 was more effective in extracting the chlorogenic acids isomers, with retention of chlorogenic acids of 3463, 9485, and 9516 µg mL- 1 for steps 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Rutin and p-coumaric acid exhibited similar behavior with the increment of processing steps; however, p-coumaric acid was only detected in steps 2 and 3 for the solvent ratios EW 50:50 and 25:50. The caffeine extraction from I. paraguariensis varied from 936 to 1170 µg mL- 1 for all processing steps, with emphasis on its concentration extracted in step 1. The evolution of processing steps led to a higher retention of phenolic compounds from I. paraguariensis, which was not observed when using different solvent ratios, and the solvent ratio EW 50:50 was more effective for the extraction of chlorogenic acids. The successful extraction of chlorogenic acids from I. paraguariensis in this study proved to be a promising alternative for the use of yerba mate beyond the cuia cup.

Effect of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Function, and Immune Response of Broiler Breeders under Immune Stress and Stocking Density Stress

Simple Summary

Immune stress and high stocking density stress are two major concerns in poultry production, as they can greatly impair the productive and reproductive performance of chickens with serious economic consequences. Chlorogenic acid has been widely used as a feed additive in poultry production due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response in broiler breeders exposed to immune stress and high stocking density stress. Our study highlights that chlorogenic acid increased feed intake, downregulated serum corticosterone levels, and altered the immune and antioxidant functions of broiler breeders exposed to immune stress or high stocking density stress. Dietary inclusion of 1 g/kg chlorogenic acid could be used to increase feed intake of broiler breeders and alleviate the effects of immune stress and exposure to high stocking density in poultry.

Abstract

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler breeders exposed to immune stress or high stocking density stress. The test was divided into two stress models. For the immune stress test, 198 birds were distributed into three experimental treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were: (1) saline control (birds injected with saline and fed basal diet), (2) LPS group (birds injected with 0.5 mg LPS/kg body weight and fed basal diet), and (3) CGA + LPS group (birds injected with LPS and fed basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg CGA. LPS was intraperitoneally injected from day 14, and then daily for 10 days. For the high stocking density stress model, 174 birds were distributed into three experimental treatments with six replicates per treatment. The treatments were: (1) controls (birds fed basal diet and raised at a stocking density of 14 broilers per m²), (2) high-density group (birds fed with basal diet and raised at a stocking density of 22 broilers per m²), and (3) high density + CGA group (birds fed with 1 g/kg CGA and raised at a stocking density of 22 broilers per m²). Results showed that LPS injection and high stocking density significantly decreased the body weight and feed intake of broiler breeders, while CGA supplementation increased feed intake of broiler breeders under LPS injection and high stocking density stress. Moreover, LPS injection and high stocking density increased the concentration of corticosterone in serum, and CGA addition remarkably downregulated serum corticosterone levels. The GSH level decreased with LPS injection and CGA increased the GSH concentration in the intestines of immune-stressed broiler breeders. LPS injection promoted the production of circulating proinflammatory cytokines (serum IL-1β and TNF-α) by 72 h after LPS injection. Dietary supplementation with CGA prevented the increase in serum TNF-α caused by LPS. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of 1 g/kg CGA could increase the feed intake of broiler breeders and alleviate the effects of inflammatory mediator stress and exposure to high stocking density.

Yerba Mate-A Long but Current History

Bearing in mind the growing interest in Yerba Mate, a comprehensive study has been prepared containing the most important aspects and possibilities of its use. The introduction of the work contains the species characteristics of Yerba Mate, as well as information about the origin and places of cultivation. The next part focuses on the analysis of the composition, pointing to purine alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, and minerals as groups of active compounds responsible for the clinical activity of Yerba Mate. The review of the results of preclinical and clinical studies indicates activity in relation to the stimulating effect, reducing weight by stimulating lipolysis, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The information about the action of Yerba Mate is supplemented by the characteristics of its potential toxicity in terms of PAHs content (in particular benzo[α]pyrene) and preparation as a determinant of increased irritation. The current data on the effects of Yerba Mate and the wide safety margin of its use position this raw material as a valuable component of functional food. The growing frequency of consuming Yerba Mate, conditioned by the availability resulting from the globalization of the market and the information provided about it's the pro-health effects, will position Yerba Mate's popularity among wider population groups.

Evaluation of the efficacy of chlorogenic acid in reducing small intestine injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation in chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens type A

The goal of the study was testing the effects of chlorogenic acid (CA) supplementation on small intestine healthiness, growth performance, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and blood biochemical indices in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens after infection with Clostridium perfringens (CP) type A. In this study, 324 1-day-old male SPF chickens were randomly distributed into 6 groups: control group; CA group; CP infection group; CA + CP group; antibiotic group; antibiotic + CP group. All 1-day-old chickens were fed with CA or antibiotic in corresponding treatment group for 13 d. On the 14 d, the chickens in corresponding infection group were challenged with CP type A for 3 d. Samples in each group were collected when the chickens were 17 and 21 d old. This study proves for the first time that CA, a Chinese herbal medicine, can effectively improve growth performance, inhibit small intestine structural damage, improve antioxidant capacity, inhibit damage to ileal mucosal layer construction and tight junctions, inhibit inflammatory cytokines, and ameliorate blood biochemical indices. Therefore, this study provides data for CA being able to effectively alleviate small intestine damage caused by CP type A infection in chickens.

Correlation of polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of selected teas and tisanes from Brazilian market

Abstract In this work, it was evaluated the phenolic content, redox behavior and antioxidant capacity of several selected teas and tisanes from Brazilian market. The samples were classified as simple (single herb) or composed (blend of two or more herbs). In addition, complementary multivariate statistical approaches were used to identify the correlation and interdependence between the amount of major phytocomponents, such as phenols and flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity of the products. Results showed that the total polyphenol and total flavonoid concentrations are correlated to thermodynamic feasibility of reactive oxygen species reduction. The statistical modeling differentiated the results datasets in principal components, whose flavonoid content presented itself as the main parameter to segregate data between simple and composed products. On the other hand, the whole polyphenol content, in both teas and tisanes, was more relevant regarding their antioxidant capacity than the flavonoids content. Considering that the manufactures do not display the real amount of each herb in the labels of the composed products, it was not possible to confirm whether the blends of several species lead to a substantial enhancement on their antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the redox profile and overall polyphenol content suggest that the consumption of green and black teas as well as traditional yerba mate may be worthwhile in preventing ailments associated with oxidative stress in Brazilian population. Notwithstanding, further clinical studies are required to validate this hypothesis.

Spray-Dried Yerba Mate Extract Capsules: Clinical Evaluation and Antioxidant Potential in Healthy Individuals

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effects and antioxidant potential of spray-dried yerba mate extract (SDME) capsules in healthy individuals. Fourteen healthy volunteers consumed three capsules of SDME three times daily. Measurements were carried out at the baseline and after 7, 30, and 60 days of SDME capsules intake. Electrocardiogram, hematological, urinary, and biochemical parameters analyzed remained within the normal values during all the study. SDME capsules ingestion increased significantly serum antioxidant capacity (after 7 and 30 days) and reduced glutathione values (after 7 and 60 days), and the superoxide dismutase (after 7, 30, and 60 days), catalase (after 7 and 30 days), and paraoxonase-1 activities (after 7 days); and decreased lipid hydroperoxides (after 30 and 60 days) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels (after 7 and 30 days). No change was observed for glutathione peroxidase activity after SDME capsules intake. The present study showed that SDME capsules ingestion by healthy individuals did not promote clinical changes and promoted an increase of antioxidant biomarkers with a concomitant decrease of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in a short and prolonged manner.

Chemistry, pharmacology and new trends in traditional functional and medicinal beverages

Functional and medicinal beverages consumption plays an important role in human health, considering that metabolites, with a wide range of pharmacological effects, are inserted in the human diet. Nowadays, the most consumed beverages are obtained from Camellia sinensis leaves and coffee grain processing, and contain different classes of polyphenols and phenolic acids in their phytochemical composition. Besides C. sinensis and coffee, numerous plants have been receiving attention due to their phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects, such as yerba mate, hibiscus, chamomile, lemongrass, fennel and mentha. Furthermore, atomized or lyophilized medicinal plant extracts can be employed in many beverage formulations and the consumption of these products is an excellent delivery means for nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as: minerals, vitamins, terpenes, antioxidants, saponins, alkaloids and polysaccharides. Innovation in food processing in order to insert functional and medicinal beverages in the human diet poses a challenge for the coming years. The technological development of new processing forms and use of plants with bioactive metabolites could be an important tool in relation to this proposal. In this context, this review has aimed to summarize and analyze pharmacological, phytochemistry and technological aspects of species with classical ethnobotanical and traditional use.