Affinity-Guided Isolation and Identification of Procyanidin B2 from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Rinds and its In Vitro LPS Binding and Neutralization Activities

Prooxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Garcinia xanthochymus fruit and its phytochemical characterisation by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

Pro-oxidants play a crucial role in cancer by causing oxidative stress that leads to apoptosis. The present study demonstrates the prooxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Garcinia xanthochymus fruit. Oxidation of Trolox and NADH activity indicated the pro-oxidant capacity of the extracts. Significant decrease in cell viability in B16F10 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines and significant increase in caspase 3 activity after treatment with extracts indicated pro-oxidant induced apoptosis. Pre-treatment with the extracts significantly inhibited ROS, reduced NO production, inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 and suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α expression. HRMS analysis showed the presence of compounds like biflavonoids, xanthones, phloroglucinols, benzophenones, etc. The fruit is rich in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and have DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant and metal chelating potential. This study report for the first time about the anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of G. xanthochymus whole fruit.

Hypoglycemic activity of Garcinia mangostana L. extracts on diabetes rodent models: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a significant global health issue, and alternative treatments from natural products like Garcinia mangostana L. [Clusiaceae] or GM are being explored for their potential benefits. This study focused on evaluating the hypoglycemic effects of GM on diabetic rodent models.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase for studies reporting blood glucose levels within 2 weeks as the primary outcome and changes in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as secondary outcomes. A network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to determine the pooled effectiveness of each intervention, estimating the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from both direct and indirect evidence. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SURCA) was used to rank the interventions.

Results

Ten articles were identified, with nine included for quantitative analysis. All GM extracts showed greater effectiveness than the control in decreasing blood glucose levels within 2 weeks. GM at 200 mg/kg (GM200) was the top-ranked extract for reducing glucose levels beyond 2 weeks and increasing HDL-C levels. The ethanol extract of GM at 200 mg/kg (GME200) was the most effective for blood glucose reduction within 2 weeks and for TC and TG reductions. The methanol extract of GM at 200 mg/kg (GMM200) was the top-ranked extract for LDL-C reductions.

Conclusion

GM and its extracts demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity and improvements in lipid profiles in diabetic rodent models, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Further research in human trials is warranted to confirm these findings and establish clinical applications.

Clinical trial registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023426254.

Procyanidin B2: A promising multi-functional food-derived pigment for human diseases

Natural edible pigments play a paramount part in the food industry. Procyanidin B2 (PB2), one of the most representative naturally occurring edible pigments, is usually isolated from the seeds, fruits, and leaves of lots of common plants, such as grapes, Hawthorn, black soybean, as well as blueberry, and functions as a food additive in daily life. Notably, PB2 has numerous bioactivities and possesses the potential to treat/prevent a wide range of human diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the underlying mechanisms were partially elucidated, including mediating signaling pathways like NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, apoptotic axis, and Nrf-2/HO-1. This paper presents a review of the natural sources, bioactivities, and the therapeutic/preventive potential of PB2 and the possible mechanisms, with the aim of promoting the development of PB2 as a functional food and providing references for its clinical application in the treatment of diseases.

Insights into the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp

The industrial processing of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) generates high amounts of waste, as ~60% of the fruit is formed by an inedible pericarp. However, its pericarp has been explored as a source of xanthones; nevertheless, studies addressing the recovery of other chemical compounds from such biomass are still scarce. Hence, this study intended to elucidate the chemical composition of the mangosteen pericarp, including fat-soluble (tocopherols and fatty acids) and water-soluble (organic acids and phenolic compound non-xanthones) compounds present in the following extracts: hydroethanolic (MT80), ethanolic (MTE), and aqueous (MTW). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antibacterial potentials of the extracts were assessed. The mangosteen pericarp showed a composition with seven organic acids, three tocopherol isomers, four fatty acids and fifteen phenolic compounds. Regarding the extraction of phenolics, the MT80 was the most efficient (54 mg/g extract), followed by MTE (19.79 mg/g extract) and MTW (4.011 mg/g extract). All extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial activities; however, MT80 and MTE extracts were more efficient than MTW. Only MTW did not show anti-inflammatory properties, whereas MTE and MT80 showed inhibitory activities towards tumor cell lines. Notwithstanding, MTE showed cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Our findings support the idea that the ripe mangosteen pericarp is a source of bioactive compounds, although their recovery is dependent on the extraction solvent.

Botanical characteristics, chemical components, biological activity, and potential applications of mangosteen

Garcinia mangostana L. (Mangosteen), a functional food, belongs to the Garcinaceae family and has various pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects. Mangosteen has abundant chemical constituents with powerful pharmacological effects. After searching scientific literature databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Research Gate, Web of Science, VIP, Wanfang, and CNKI, we summarized the traditional applications, botanical features, chemical composition, and pharmacological effects of mangosteen. Further, we revealed the mechanism by which it improves health and treats disease. These findings provide a theoretical basis for mangosteen's future clinical use and will aid doctors and researchers who investigate the biological activity and functions of food.