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Lin PY, Tseng P, Liang WM, Lin WY, Cheng YP, Kuo HW. The mediating effect of health behaviors on the association between job strain and mental health outcome: a national survey of police officers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10015. [PMID: 38693176 PMCID: PMC11063152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Police officers often face emotionally challenging interpersonal situations and numerous studies have demonstrated that policing is a stressful occupation. A study revealed a significant positive correlation between emotional demands among police officers and emotional dissonance, as well as burnout. Health-promoting behaviors can contribute to better overall health outcomes and reduce the risk of developing health problems, but there is limited research evaluating the association of job strain and health behaviors with mental health outcomes in police officers. The objective of this study was to assess the job strain associated with mental health mediated by health behaviors in Taiwanese police officers. This was a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in Oct 2016. A total of 41,871 police officers (response rate was 79.7%) participated questionnaire that consisted of demographic information, job characteristics, health behaviors, and mental component summary (MCS) scores of the Short-Form Health Survey. Independent t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) were conducted to assess the differences in mean MCS scores across various demographics, health behavior, and job characteristics. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between job strain and health behaviors with mental health outcomes. MCS scores were associated with job characteristics and health behaviors among police officers except for gender. After adjusting for covariates, multivariate analysis indicated that police officers with high job demands and high job strain index exhibited poor MCS scores. Job strain was significantly associated with MCS mediated by health behaviors (consumption of fruits and vegetables, and physical activity) in Taiwanese police officers. Since regular physical activity and increased vegetable and fruit consumption might alleviate the effects of job strain on mental health status, it is recommended that institutional policies be established to promote health-enhancing behaviors among police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yi Lin
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pochang Tseng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan (ROC)
- Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan (ROC)
- Resource Circulation Administration, Ministry of Environment, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Cheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Medical Foundation Yuanlin Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan (ROC).
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Hsieh YW, Huang CLC. Stress and depression among male police officers in Taiwan: Severity, determinants, and coping strategies. Work 2024:WOR230452. [PMID: 38701122 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police work, known for its high stress, exhibits elevated depression rates. OBJECTIVE This study explores stress and depression in male officers, examining personality traits, coping strategies, family, and social support. Aligned with the diathesis-stress hypothesis and job demands-resources model, it aims to illuminate these factors in policing. METHODS Two hundred and sixty-four male police officers from Yunlin, Taiwan were enrolled in this study. Structured measurements of stress level, depression symptoms, personality traits, family functioning, and social support were made. We used multiple regression analysis to assess predictors of stress level and depression and identified coping strategies used by the police officers. RESULTS Of the 264 male police officers, 36.4% had clinically significant depression. Occupational stress was mostly related to organizational factors. Multivariate regression analyses showed that age, personality traits, officer's rank, and period of education obtained could predict police officers' occupational stress. Personality traits, social support, occupational stress, and period of education obtained could predict depression. The most frequently used coping strategies were drinking and smoking. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study support the diathesis-stress hypothesis and the job demands-resources model. Enhancing male police officers' mental well-being requires addressing key factors like social support and occupational stress. Strategic measures, such as mental health education, destigmatization, counseling, and community-building, are vital. Policymakers should collaborate with mental health professionals for tailored interventions, fostering a healthier work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Charles Lung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Mehra R, Pulman A, Dogan H, Murphy J, Bitters F. A Tailored mHealth App for Improving Health and Well-Being Behavioral Transformation in UK Police Workers: Usability Testing via a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2023; 10:e42912. [PMID: 37540549 PMCID: PMC10439470 DOI: 10.2196/42912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When considering the policing environment of 2022, many roles previously in the domain of warranted officers (police officer) are now performed by nonwarranted police staff equivalents. These police staff roles have expanded rapidly into other areas such as investigations, custody, and contact management, which were traditionally seen as police officer functions and put staff under some of the same stresses as police officers. A UK police force requested help in investigating technologies that could be used to improve health and well-being for both officers and staff. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to create a health and well-being app for police officers and staff, which considered the unique requirements of the users throughout the designing, building, prototyping, and testing stages. METHODS This study involved quantitative approaches (demographic web-based survey questions and the System Usability Scale) and qualitative approaches (open web-based survey questions and semistructured interviews). Unsupervised usability testing of a prototype app was undertaken by members (N=48) of the commissioning client using their smartphones. After completing a preregistration application for screening purposes, participants downloaded a trial version of the app. Then, they completed a web-based questionnaire after testing the app for 10 days. A subsample of participants (9/48, 19%) was interviewed. Deductive thematic analysis was undertaken to identify key themes and subthemes. RESULTS Data collected during usability testing concerned the 6 domains of the app-food and diet, activity, fluid intake, sleep, good mental health, and financial well-being-and informed the creation of improved design during prototyping. Some usability and design issues and suggestions for improvements were also addressed and implemented-including shift management and catch-up cards-during this cycle of development. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of coparticipation with officers and staff across the entire development cycle, to coproduce a human-centered design methodology to enable the development of a considered and user-centered solution. It demonstrates the need for producing a multifunctional tool rather than focusing purely on an individual element for this user group. It also highlights how linking and being able to track optional, personalized elements of health data against one another, cross-referenced to individual shift patterns, might help to inform and provide users with a chance for reflection and therefore influence behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mehra
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Pulman
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Huseyin Dogan
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Murphy
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
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Cho CC. A Cross-Level Study of the Consequences of Work Stress in Police Officers: Using Transformational Leadership and Group Member Interactions as an Example. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1845-1860. [PMID: 37223307 PMCID: PMC10202197 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s413075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of work stress on job burnout and quality of life and the effect of moderating group factors (transformational leadership and group member interactions) on the relationship between work stress, job burnout, and quality of life. This study takes front-line border police as the research object, adopts a cross-level perspective, and takes work stress as a key factor affecting work efficiency and health indicators. Methods It collected data through questionnaires, with questionnaires for each research variable adapted from existing research scales, such as multifactor leadership questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio. A total of 361 questionnaires were filled out and collected in this study, including 315 male participants and 46 female participants. The average age of the participants was 39.52. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to test the hypotheses. Results First, it was found that work stress has a significant impact on job burnout and quality of life. Secondly, leadership style and group member interactions have a direct, cross-level effect on work stress. Third, it found that leadership style and group member interactions have an indirect, cross-level effect on the relationship between work stress and job burnout. However, these are not indicative of quality of life. The results of this study highlight the particular impact of the nature of police work on the quality of life, and further enhance the value of this study. Conclusion The two major contributions of this study are: 1) it shows the original characteristics of the organizational environment and the social context of Taiwan's border police and, 2) in terms of the research implication, it is necessary to re-examine the cross-level impact of group factors on individual work stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Cho
- Department of Ocean and Border Management, National Quemoy University, Kinmen, 892, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Jain V, Qureshi H. Modelling the factors affecting Quality of Life among Indian police officers: a novel ISM and DEMATEL approach. Saf Health Work 2022; 13:456-468. [PMID: 36579007 PMCID: PMC9772486 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines quality of life (QOL) of a sample of police officers in India. The concept of QOL includes well-being, social obligations, relationships of a person, and his association with environment. The study examines the factors on which QOL of police officers depend and their relationships with each other. The issues linked with QOL are important because they directly affect the individual's ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle and affect organizational performance in the long run. This study explores relevant factors that have an impact on the QOL of the employees of police department in India. Method In this paper, literatures review, ISM, MICMAC, and DEMATEL methodology have established eleven factors that impact the QOL of police officers in India. Mutual relations between factors have been established using the ISM approach to develop a model to represent these relationships. DEMATEL methodologies were used to analyze these factors. Results Results indicate that "fair compensation, work overload, workplace safety, and job stress" are the top-level factors that affect QOL of police officers. Conclusion The identification of factors and their mutual relationships that affect QOL are important for police officers and have to be dealt with according to their order of importance. The research model developed in this study shows how the factors of police officers' QOL are interrelated and presents the interrelationships among these factors. A comprehensive model depicting the relationships among these factors has been established, so that the QOL of police officers can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Jain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mewat Engineering College, Nuh, Haryana, India,Corresponding author. Mewat Engineering College, Nuh, Haryana, 122107, India.
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Hsu WT, Chang HY, Lin G, Lo HWA, Huang JJ, Liao CH, Wu PJ, Chou FHC. Quality of Life Among Geriatric Community Members Following the Kaohsiung Gas Explosion: A 5-Year Cross-Sectional Study. J Psychiatr Pract 2022; 28:362-372. [PMID: 36074105 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to conduct a follow-up study of the quality of life (QoL) and to measure lifestyle factors among the aging survivors of a petrochemical gas explosion in Taiwan 5 years after the event. METHODS A community-based survey with cross-sectional assessments was conducted with residents of a community who experienced a petrochemical gas explosion 5 years after the disaster. Short Form 12v2 (SF-12v2) was used to survey a representative sample of participants. RESULTS The risk factors for different QoL subscales were stressors and chronic physical illness, and the protective factors were higher income and better diet and exercise habits. The elderly participants had better diet and exercise habits than the younger participants in this survey. Aging had a negative impact on the physical QoL subscales [physical functioning (PF), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), Physical Component Summary (PCS)] but a positive impact on psychological QoL subscales [vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), emotional problems (RE), mental health (MH), Mental Health Component Summary (MCS)]. CONCLUSIONS While participants' psychiatric status had improved after 5 years, their QoL continued to be affected, especially in those with stress and physical illness. The elderly groups maintained a relatively acceptable QoL in terms of psychological aspects. Postdisaster treatment and follow-up should be addressed to a greater degree, especially in victims with mental illness or chronic illness and those with fewer socioeconomic resources.
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Michela A, van Peer JM, Brammer JC, Nies A, van Rooij MMJW, Oostenveld R, Dorrestijn W, Smit AS, Roelofs K, Klumpers F, Granic I. Deep-Breathing Biofeedback Trainability in a Virtual-Reality Action Game: A Single-Case Design Study With Police Trainers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:806163. [PMID: 35222194 PMCID: PMC8868154 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that police performance may be hindered by psychophysiological state changes during acute stress. To address the need for awareness and control of these physiological changes, police academies in many countries have implemented Heart-Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback training. Despite these trainings now being widely delivered in classroom setups, they typically lack the arousing action context needed for successful transfer to the operational field, where officers must apply learned skills, particularly when stress levels rise. The study presented here aimed to address this gap by training physiological control skills in an arousing decision-making context. We developed a Virtual-Reality (VR) breathing-based biofeedback training in which police officers perform deep and slow diaphragmatic breathing in an engaging game-like action context. This VR game consisted of a selective shoot/don’t shoot game designed to assess response inhibition, an impaired capacity in high arousal situations. Biofeedback was provided based on adherence to a slow breathing pace: the slower and deeper the breathing, the less constrained peripheral vision became, facilitating accurate responses to the in-game demands. A total of nine male police trainers completed 10 sessions over a 4-week period as part of a single-case experimental ABAB study-design (i.e., alternating sessions with and without biofeedback). Results showed that eight out of nine participants showed improved breathing control in action, with a positive effect on breathing-induced low frequency HRV, while also improving their in-game behavioral performance. Critically, the breathing-based skill learning transferred to subsequent sessions in which biofeedback was not presented. Importantly, all participants remained highly engaged throughout the training. Altogether, our study showed that our VR environment can be used to train breathing regulation in an arousing and active decision-making context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abele Michela
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan C Brammer
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anique Nies
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marieke M J W van Rooij
- Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Twente, Netherlands
| | - Robert Oostenveld
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Annika S Smit
- Police Academy of the Netherlands, Apeldoorn, Netherlands.,Humanism and Social Resilience, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Floris Klumpers
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Isabela Granic
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Faculty of Social Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Yen CC, Chan MH, Lin WC, Yeh SCJ. Protective Behaviors for COVID-19 Were Associated With Fewer Psychological Impacts on Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221096278. [PMID: 35532315 PMCID: PMC9092574 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221096278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased psychological distress among
common people and has caused health care providers, such as nurses, to
experience tremendous stress. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study
assessed the psychological impacts on nurses in a community hospital in Taiwan,
including major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress (PTS), and
pessimism. According to transactional theory, coping strategies and personal
factors have psychological impacts. We hypothesized that behavioral responses to
COVID-19 (problem-focused coping) are more effective in reducing psychological
impacts than emotional responses to COVID-19 (emotion-focused coping).
Independent variables were the use of behavioral and emotional coping strategies
for COVID-19 and 3 personal factors, namely sleep disturbance, physical
component summary (PCS-12), and mental component summary (MCS-12) of the 12-Item
Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) obtained from the Medical Outcomes Study.
Dependent variables comprised 3 psychological impacts, namely MDD, PTS, and
pessimism. Results: We determined that behavioral coping strategies had
significant negative effects on PTS and pessimism; however, emotional coping
strategies had significantly positive effects on PTS and pessimism. Sleep
disturbance was significantly associated with increased MDD and pessimism.
PCS-12 had a significant negative effect on PTS, whereas MCS-12 was not
significantly associated with any of the 3 psychological impacts. Conclusions:
Nurses who adopted protective behavior against COVID-19, such as washing hands,
wearing masks, avoiding touching eyes, and mouth, and avoiding personal contact,
were associated with less posttraumatic stress and pessimism. Healthcare
providers should consider strategies for improving preventive behaviors to help
ease their worries and fears concerning COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Yen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Superintendent’s Office, Kaohsiung Municipal Min-Sheng Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Ho Chan
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesia, Kaohsiung Municipal Min-Sheng Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Lin
- Department of Orthopedic, Kaohsiung Municipal Min-Sheng Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Guerrero-Barona E, Guerrero-Molina M, Chambel MJ, Moreno-Manso JM, Bueso-Izquierdo N, Barbosa-Torres C. Suicidal Ideation and Mental Health: The Moderating Effect of Coping Strategies in the Police Force. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158149. [PMID: 34360441 PMCID: PMC8345933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The suicide rate in the police force (Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad-FFCCSS) is estimated to be greater than that of the general population. The objectives of this paper are to detect mental health problems, in particular depression and anxiety, and to analyze the moderating effect of coping strategies on the relation between mental health and suicide ideation in police officers. The Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), the Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Brief Cope have all been used in the study. The sample consists of 98 Spanish police officers, of whom 91.8% were male. The results indicate that depression and anxiety can predict suicidal ideation. Nevertheless, it must be said that coping strategies do not have a moderating effect in the relation between mental health and suicidal ideation in this professional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Guerrero-Barona
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.G.-B.); (J.M.M.-M.); (N.B.-I.); (C.B.-T.)
| | - Mónica Guerrero-Molina
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.G.-B.); (J.M.M.-M.); (N.B.-I.); (C.B.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924289300
| | - Maria José Chambel
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.G.-B.); (J.M.M.-M.); (N.B.-I.); (C.B.-T.)
| | - Natalia Bueso-Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.G.-B.); (J.M.M.-M.); (N.B.-I.); (C.B.-T.)
| | - Carlos Barbosa-Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (E.G.-B.); (J.M.M.-M.); (N.B.-I.); (C.B.-T.)
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Galanis P, Fragkou D, Katsoulas TA. Risk factors for stress among police officers: A systematic literature review. Work 2021; 68:1255-1272. [PMID: 33867384 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is common among police personnel leading to several negative consequences. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic literature review to identify risk factors for stress among police officers. METHODS We searched PubMed and Scopus electronic databases through to July 2018 and we conducted this review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for studies quality assessment. RESULTS After selection, 29 cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria and included in the review. The average quality of studies was low since no study was rated as having low risk of bias, three studies (10.3%) as moderate risk and 26 studies (89.7%) were rated as having high risk of bias. Stress risk factors were summarized in the following categories: demographic characteristics; job characteristics; lifestyle factors; negative coping strategies and negative personality traits. CONCLUSIONS Identification of stress risk factors is the first step to create and adopt the appropriate interventions to decrease stress among police personnel. The early identification of police officers at higher risk and the appropriate screening for mental health disorders is crucial to prevent disease and promote quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Galanis
- Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Fragkou
- Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros A Katsoulas
- Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Barreto CR, Carvalho FM, Lins-Kusterer L. Factors associated with health-related quality of life of military policemen in Salvador, Brazil: cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2021; 19:21. [PMID: 33461572 PMCID: PMC7814581 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil is a violent society and police officers play a fundamental role in this scenario. Police work is a stressful occupation. Dealing with routine violence, police officers must have high standards of physical and mental health. Patrolling the streets involves several risks and stressful situations that may hamper military policemen's quality of life. The identification of factors associated with health-related quality of life may help in planning and providing adequate care to military policemen. This study aimed to identify factors associated with health-related quality of life of military policemen in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional design study investigated a random sample of 329 male military police officers, engaged in patrolling the streets of Salvador, Brazil. A structured questionnaire applied to the policemen collected information about age, education, marital status, income, house ownership, car ownership, police rank, working day, alcohol consumption, smoking, frequency of vigorous physical activity, obesity (body mass index ≥ 30.0), and work ability. Health-related quality of life was evaluated through the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36). Work ability was assessed through the Work Ability Index questionnaire. Poor work ability was defined by a 7-27 points score. Multiple linear regression models were used to measure the impact of police officers characteristics on the variation in the Physical Component and Mental Component Summary scores. RESULTS Normalised scores were below 50.0% for seven out of the eight SF-36 domains and for the two component summaries. The SF-36 Physical Component Summary was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with poor work ability, while the Mental Component Summary was associated with poor work ability, excessive alcohol consumption, and younger age (24-34 years). Multivariate analysis estimated that the Physical Component Summary was 7.386 units (%) lower among policemen with poor work ability compared to those with moderate/good/excellent work ability. The Mental Component Summary was 12.755 units lower among those with poor work ability, 5.354 units lower among those with excessive alcohol consumption, and 5.532 units higher among those with younger age. CONCLUSIONS The military police officers investigated presented low health-related quality of life, associated with younger age, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor work ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Requião Barreto
- Postgraduate Program in Health, Environment, and Work, Federal University of Bahia, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, S/N Centro Histórico, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40026-010, Brazil
| | - Fernando Martins Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Health, Environment, and Work, Federal University of Bahia, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, S/N Centro Histórico, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40026-010, Brazil
| | - Liliane Lins-Kusterer
- Postgraduate Program in Health, Environment, and Work, Federal University of Bahia, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, S/N Centro Histórico, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 40026-010, Brazil.
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Syed S, Ashwick R, Schlosser M, Jones R, Rowe S, Billings J. Global prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in police personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2020; 77:737-747. [PMID: 32439827 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Police face an increased risk of developing mental health problems, yet reliable estimates of their psychological difficulties remain unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimate the pooled prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems among police personnel worldwide. Three independent reviewers searched 16 databases and screened 11 506 articles published between January 1980 and October 2019. Eligible studies involved at least 100 active police professionals and used validated instruments to ascertain specific mental health problems. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. In total, 60 cross-sectional and seven longitudinal studies, involving 272 463 police personnel from 24 countries met criteria for inclusion. The overall pooled point prevalence was 14.6% for depression (95% CI 10.9% to 18.6%), 14.2% for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 95% CI 10.3% to 18.7%), 9.6% for a generalised anxiety disorder (95% CI 6.7% to 12.9%), 8.5% for suicidal ideation (95% CI 6.1% to 11.2%), 5.0% for alcohol dependence (95% CI 3.5% to 6.7%) and 25.7% for hazardous drinking (95% CI 19.6% to 32.4%). The strongest risk factor for depression and suicidal ideation was higher occupational stress, and the strongest risk factors for PTSD were higher occupational stress and avoidant coping strategies. Higher levels of peer-support were associated with significantly lower PTSD symptoms. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of mental health problems among police exceeds twice that previously reported in mixed samples of first responders, and is associated with poor social support, occupational stress and maladaptive coping strategies. Without effective intervention, psychological difficulties will remain a substantial health concern among police.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeer Syed
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford & Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK .,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Ashwick
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford & Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Schlosser
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rowe
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Billings
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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Salivary cortisol concentrations in police officers - a cross-sectional study in Beijing, China. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:222472. [PMID: 32215652 PMCID: PMC7146033 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We investigated the relationship between salivary cortisol level and the prevalence of depression 585 police officers working at the Police Departments of Beijing. Method: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 585 Chinese police officers recruited from Beijing, China. Salivary cortisol was assayed using the chemiluminescence immunoassay. A multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders was used to assess independent associations between salivary cortisol level and depression. Results: The median age of the included was 38 years (IQR, 29–45), 20.9% were female (n = 122). Finally, 15.6% (91/585; 95% CI: 12.6–18.5%) were considered to have depression. The median salivary cortisol level was significantly higher in police with depression than those police without depression [14.5(IQR, 11.9–15.9) nmol/l vs. 11.8(IQR, 9.4–14.2) nmol/l; P < 0.001]. The depression distribution across the salivary cortisol quartiles ranged between 5.4% (first quartile) and 26.9% (fourth quartile), P for trend <0.001. In multivariate models comparing the second (Q2), third and fourth quartiles against the first quartile of the salivary cortisol, cortisol in Q3 and Q4 were associated with depression, and increased prevalence of depression by 148% (OR: 2.48; 95% CI: 1.55–3.86) and 277% (3.77; 2.12–5.36). Based on ROC curves, the optimal cutoff value of salivary cortisol level to diagnose the depression was 13.8 nmol/l, which yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity [63.8% and 71.7%, respectively; area under the curve (AUC) = 0.695, 95% CI: 0.639–0.751; P < 0.0001]. Conclusions: The data showed that elevated levels of salivary cortisol were associated with increased prevalence of depression.
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Allison P, Mnatsakanova A, McCanlies E, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, Andrew ME, Violanti JM. Police stress and depressive symptoms: role of coping and hardiness. POLICING (BRADFORD, ENGLAND) 2019; 43:247-261. [PMID: 32714068 PMCID: PMC7380884 DOI: 10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE – Chronic exposure to occupational stress may lead to depressive symptoms in police officers. The association between police stress and depressive symptoms and the potential influences of coping and hardiness were evaluated. The paper aims to discuss this issue. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH – Stress level was assessed in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study (2004-2009) with the Spielberger Police Stress Survey. The frequency and severity of events at work were used to calculate stress indices for the past year. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms during the past week. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the stress indices and depressive symptom scores. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status and alcohol intake, and stratified by median values for coping (passive, active and support seeking) and hardiness (control, commitment and challenge) to assess effect modification. FINDINGS – Among the 388 officers (73.2 percent men), a significant positive association was observed between total stress and the CES-D score (β = 1.98 (SE = 0.36); p < 0.001). Lower CES-D scores were observed for officers who reported lower passive coping (β = 0.94 (SE = 0.45); p = 0.038) and higher active coping (β = 1.41 (SE = 0.44); p = 0.002), compared with their counterparts. Officers higher in hardiness had lower CES-D scores, particularly for commitment (β = 0.86 (SE = 0.35); p = 0.016) and control (β = 1.58 (SE = 0.34); p < 0.001). ORIGINALITY/VALUE – Results indicate that high active coping and hardiness modify the effect of work stress in law enforcement, acting to reduce depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Allison
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Erin McCanlies
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tara A Hartley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of NY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Purba A, Demou E. The relationship between organisational stressors and mental wellbeing within police officers: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1286. [PMID: 31615479 PMCID: PMC6792329 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational stressors in police work increase the risk for officer mental health morbidities. Officers' poor mental wellbeing is harmful to the individual, can affect professionalism, organisational effectiveness, and public safety. While the impact of operational stressors on officers' mental wellbeing is well documented, no review has systematically investigated organisational stressor impacts. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the relationship between organisational stressors and police officer mental wellbeing. METHODS Systematic review conducted following PRISMA and Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Literature search was undertaken from 1990 to May 2017 on four databases (EBSCOHOST Medline/SocINDEX/PsycINFO/OVID Embase) and grey literature. Included articles were critically appraised and assessed for risk of bias. Narrative and evidence syntheses were performed by specific mental health outcomes. RESULTS In total, 3571 results were returned, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies were published in English between 1995 and 2016, had cross-sectional study designs, spanned across four continents and covered 15,150 officers. Strong evidence of significant associations was identified for organisational stressors and the outcomes of: occupational stress, psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress, emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. The organisational stressors most often demonstrating consistently significant associations with mental health outcomes included lack of support, demand, job pressure, administrative/organisational pressure and long working-hours. CONCLUSIONS This review is the first to systematically examine organisational stressors and mental health in police officers. Organisational stressors that can be targeted by interventions and policy changes to secure officer wellbeing, a healthy work environment, and benefits to the organisation and the public are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Purba
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ UK
| | - Evangelia Demou
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G2 3AX UK
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Wu X, Liu Q, Li Q, Tian Z, Tan H. Health-Related Quality of Life and Its Determinants among Criminal Police Officers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081398. [PMID: 31003430 PMCID: PMC6518095 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Criminal police officers are viewed as having a very tiring and stressful job, one that is closely correlated with work disability and other factors that might impair quality of life. Few studies have addressed the issue of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in this population. Thus, this study aimed to assess the HRQoL of criminal police officers compared with the general adult population and identify determinants associated with HRQoL. Based on a cross-sectional study of 281 criminal police officers in China, we used the EuroQol five-dimension three-level (EQ-5D-3L) scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) to collect data. Tobit regression models and logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with HRQoL. The average EQ-5D-3L index score and EQ-5D visual analogue set (EQ-5D VAS) score were 0.919 and 77.22, respectively (total comparable population 0.958 and 80.12, respectively). Anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort were the most frequently-reported problems. Lower HRQoL was associated with age, drinking alcohol, physical activity, injury on duty, and symptoms of anxiety or depression. These findings indicated that criminal police officers have poorer quality of life than the general adult population and that risk-oriented interventions should be implemented to improve the HRQoL of criminal police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Zhengwen Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hongzhuan Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Shieh V, Huang JJ, Wu TEG, Chiu JY, Chen YC, Lin G, Su CY, Chou FHC. Rate of psychiatric disorders and associations with quality of life among community members following the Kaohsiung gas explosion: an 18-month cross-sectional follow-up study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17:7. [PMID: 30635003 PMCID: PMC6330396 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-018-1076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a follow-up on the rate and related risk factors of probable disaster-related psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorder (major depressive episode, MDE), stress disorders, post-traumatic (posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD), and the quality of life of the survivors of a fossil gas explosion in Taiwan 18 months after the event. METHODS A community-based survey of residents of a community that experienced a petrochemical gas explosion with cross-sectional assessments was conducted 18 months after the event. Two screening tools, including the Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) and Short Form 12v2 (SF-12v2), were used to survey a representative sample of 388 participants. RESULTS The average age of 388 participants is 43.27 ± 15.98 years (males: 203, average age: 41.44 ± 15.74 years; females: 185; average age: 45.27 ± 16.03 years). Probable PTSD, probable MDE, probable PTSD and MDE, and non-PTSD or non-MDE (non-P or -M) were present in 34 (8.8%), 14 (3.6%), 9 (2.3%), and 331 (85.3%) participants, respectively. The significant associated factor for probable PTSD or MDE among those who experienced disaster was financial problems. The associated factors on different quality of life subscales were old age, physical injury, employment, educational level, financial problems, probable PTSD and probable MDE. CONCLUSION While participants' psychiatric status improved after 18 months, their quality of life continued to be affected, especially the quality of life of those with probable PTSD combined with MDE. Postdisaster treatment and follow-up should be addressed to a greater degree, especially for victims with mental illness, physical injuries and financial problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Shieh
- Graduate Institute of Gender Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Joh-Jong Huang
- Kaohsiung City Government Department of Health, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsyr-En Grace Wu
- Department of Theology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yu Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Tainan Municipal AN-NAN Hospital-China Medical University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Ping-Tong County, Taiwan
| | - Guijing Lin
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yueh Su
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Frank Huang-Chih Chou
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Superintendent office, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, 130 Kai-Syuan 2nd Rd, Lingya District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Huang JJ, Wu TEG, Chen YC, Chiu JY, Chou P, Chou FHC. A preliminary report on psychiatric impairments and quality of life among Kaohsiung gas explosion victims 6 months after the event. Qual Life Res 2017; 27:631-638. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-017-1727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wang X, Guo G, Zhou L, Zheng J, Liang X, Li Z, Luo H, Yang Y, Yang L, Tan T, Yu J, Lu L. Health-related quality of life in pregnant women living with HIV: a comparison of EQ-5D and SF-12. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2017; 15:158. [PMID: 28851384 PMCID: PMC5575929 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-017-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper investigates the properties and performance of the two generic measures, EQ-5D and SF-12, for Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) assessments of pregnant women living with HIV in Kunming City, Yiliang County, Daguan County, Longchuan County, Tengchong County, Longling County and Fengqing County in Yunnan Province, China. Methods As part of a screening programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), a retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted in the seven Maternal and Infant Health Care centers in Yunnan Province, China, between April and June of 2016. The demographic and HIV infection-related information used in the study was collected through questionnaires designed by the study’s staff. HRQoL information was collected using two generic scales: EQ-5D and SF-12. Results A total sample of one hundred and one pregnant women with a mean age of 30.4 ± 5.1 years was investigated. Average time elapsed since infection diagnoses was 5.8 ± 3.4 years. Only one infant (1.0%) was HIV positive, and 56 (55.4%) infants were HIV negative. The HIV status of 44 (43.6%) infants was unknown. The relationship between the EQ-5D functional dimensions and the PCS-12 and the relationship between the EQ-5D anxiety/depression dimension and the MCS-12 were stronger. Those whose PCS-12 and MCS-12 scores were at the median or lower were classified as being in worse health, while those over the median were classified as being in better health. Respondents who reported no problem on each of the EQ-5D dimensions was divided according to the median SF-12 component scores. Those who scored at the median or lower than the median were classified as being in worse health, while those higher than the median were classified as being in better health. The VAS scores were also significantly different than the median split of the SF-12 scores for these subjects. Conclusion EQ-5D and SF-12 showed a discrimination ability in measuring the HRQoL of pregnant women living with HIV. The construct validity was identified for EQ-5D and SF-12 in the study. The respective constructs of EQ-5D and EQ-VAS may not overlap. Pregnant women living with HIV in the study gave more weight to their mental health when they provided a total health rating in EQ-VAS. EQ-VAS could explain the limitations of the EQ-5D dimension scores with ceiling effects in the survey. The results of our study could help to determine the suitable HRQoL instruments for pregnant women living with HIV and provide evidence for the proper comparison of EQ-5D and SF-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangping Guo
- Yunnan Maternal and Child Health Care hospital, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Yunnan Maternal and Child Health Care hospital, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiarui Zheng
- Yunnan Maternal and Child Health Care hospital, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiumin Liang
- Yiliang County Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhanqin Li
- Longling County Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongzhuan Luo
- Fengqing County Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Longchuan County Maternal and Child Health Care hospital, Yunnan, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Longling County Maternal and Child Health Care hospital, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Department of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China. .,Health and Family Planning Commission of Yunnan Province, No. 309, Guomao Street, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Wickramasinghe ND, Wijesinghe PR, Dharmaratne SD, Agampodi SB. The prevalence and associated factors of depression in policing: a cross sectional study in Sri Lanka. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1776. [PMID: 27795918 PMCID: PMC5061667 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policing is regarded as a high-risk profession for the development of mental health disturbances owing to various critical incidents and potential traumatic events they encounter. Exploration of mental health problems in policing in Sri Lanka, which recently concluded a civil war expanded over three decades, is a timely, yet, a neglected issue. Hence, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence and associated factors of depression among police officers in the Kandy police division, Sri Lanka. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted using a simple random sample of 750 police officers employed in the Kandy police division, Sri Lanka. A self administered questionnaire, including "Peradeniya Depression Scale" to assess depression, was used to collect data. The prevalence of depression was calculated as point prevalence with 95 % confidence intervals. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out using backward elimination method to quantify the association between depression and selected predictors identified at bivariate analysis at p < 0.10. RESULTS A total of 750 Police officers were invited for the study. The response rate was 94.5 % (n = 709). The mean age of the police officers in the sample was 39.6 years (SD 9.2 years). Majority of police officers (n = 591, 83.4 %) were males. The estimated prevalence of depression in the study sample was 22.8 % (95 % CI 19.9-26.1 %). However, the adjusted prevalence of depression was 10.6 % (95 % CI 6.6-15.1 %). In the multivariable analysis, of the postulated occupational factors, satisfactory welfare facilities at work place was negatively associated with depression (adjusted OR 0.5; 95 % CI 0.3-0.7; p = 0.001). Satisfaction of the opportunity to serve the public (adjusted OR 0.2; 95 % CI 0.1-0.6; p = 0.003) and satisfaction related to social status gained in policing (adjusted OR 0.5; 95 % CI 0.3-0.8; p = 0.04) were identified as significant occupational factors that lowered the likelihood of being categorized as having depression. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of depression among police officers was found to be higher in comparison to other study findings in Sri Lanka. Given the modifiable nature of the significant predictors, it is recommended to design a package of interventions and implement adaptive measures to rectify the problems related to depression among police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan D Wickramasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Pushpa R Wijesinghe
- Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, No. 231, De Saram Place, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka
| | - Samath D Dharmaratne
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Suneth B Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
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Tang B, Ge Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Kang P, Liu Y, Zhang L. Health-related quality of life for medical rescuers one month after Ludian earthquake. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015; 13:88. [PMID: 26108679 PMCID: PMC4479311 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An earthquake struck Ludian in Yunnan province of China on August 3, 2014, resulting in 3143 injuries, 617 deaths, and 112 missing persons. Our study aimed at estimating the quality of life and associated determinants among medical rescuers after Ludian earthquake. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed among personnel from three hospitals that assumed rescue tasks in Ludian earthquake. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA and stepwise linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. RESULTS The mean scores on the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) were 49.86 (SD = 6.01) and 35.85(SD = 6.90), respectively. Lower PCS in the aftermath of an earthquake was associated with non-military medical rescuers, elderly age, and being trapped/in danger while lower MSC in the aftermath of an earthquake was associated with non-military medical rescuers, young age, being female, being trapped/in danger and low education degree. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study demonstrates that medical rescuers are at risk for a lower HRQoL after exposure to Ludian earthquake. The results of this study help expand our knowledge of health-related quality of life among medical rescuers after the Ludian earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Tang
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yang Ge
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Peng Kang
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Sánchez-Teruel D, Auxiliadora Robles-Bello M. Personalidad y resiliencia en un cuerpo especial de la Policía Nacional de España. JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpto.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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da Silva FC, Hernandez SSS, Arancibia BAV, Castro TLDS, Filho PJBG, da Silva R. Health-related quality of life and related factors of military police officers. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:60. [PMID: 24766910 PMCID: PMC4122101 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to determine the effect of demographic
characteristics, occupation, anthropometric indices, and leisure-time
physical activity levels on coronary risk and health-related quality of
life among military police officers from the State of Santa Catarina,
Brazil. Methods The sample included 165 military police officers who fulfilled the
study’s inclusion criteria. The International Physical Activity
Questionnaire and the Short Form Health Survey were used, in addition to
a spreadsheet of socio-demographic, occupational and anthropometric
data. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive analysis
followed by Spearman Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis
using the backward method. Results The waist-to-height ratio was identified as a risk factor low
health-related quality of life. In addition, the conicity index, fat
percentage, years of service in the military police, minutes of work per
day and leisure-time physical activity levels were identified as risk
factors for coronary disease among police officers. Conclusions These findings suggest that the Military Police Department should adopt
an institutional policy that allows police officers to practice regular
physical activity in order to maintain and improve their physical
fitness, health, job performance, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Cascaes da Silva
- University of State of Santa Catarina, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Pascoal Simone Street, 358, 88080-350 Coqueiros, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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Associations of Depressive Symptoms and Brachial Artery Reactivity among Police Officers. Saf Health Work 2013; 4:27-36. [PMID: 23516114 PMCID: PMC3601294 DOI: 10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mental health has been shown to be linked with certain underlying physiological mechanisms. The objective of this cross sectional study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and brachial artery reactivity (BAR) in an understudied population: police officers. Methods Participants were 351 police officers who were clinically examined in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Police Stress (BCOPS) study. BAR was performed using standard B-Mode ultrasound procedures. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Mean values of the difference between the baseline and maximum diameters of the brachial artery were determined across three categories of CES-D score using the analysis of variance and the analysis of covariance. p-values for linear trends were obtained from linear regression models. Results The mean age (± standard deviation) of all officers was 40.9 ± 7.2 years. Women had a slightly higher mean CES-D score than men (8.9 ± 8.9 vs. 7.4 ± 6.4) and a slightly higher percentage increase of BAR than men (6.90 vs. 5.26%). Smoking status significantly modified the associations between depressive symptoms and BAR. Among current smokers, mean absolute values of BAR significantly decreased as depressive symptoms increased after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, hypertension, and diabetes; the multivariate-adjusted p-values were 0.033 (absolute) and 0.040 (%). Associations between depressive symptoms and BAR were not statistically significant among former smokers or never smokers. Conclusion Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with BAR among police officers who were current smokers and together may be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among police officers. Further prospective research is warranted.
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Violanti JM, Charles LE, Gu JK, Burchfiel CM, Andrew ME, Nedra Joseph P, Dorn JM. Depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness in police officers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012. [PMID: 23184119 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Police work is a stressful occupation. Depressive symptoms, which may occur as a result of exposure to stressors in police work, have been known to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) among police officers. METHODS CIMT was measured with B-mode carotid ultrasonography. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Analyses of variance and covariance were utilized to examine the mean values of common CIMT (CCA IMT) and maximum CIMT (MMXIMT) across quintiles of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Participants included 412 officers (mean age = 41 years). Hypertension status significantly modified the association between CES-D score and CIMT. The association between CES-D score and CCA IMT was statistically significant (adjusted P = 0.030) but only among officers without hypertension. The associations between CES-D score and MMXIMT were not significant among officers with or without hypertension. Our results also showed that among officers who reported poor sleep quality, mean levels of CCA IMT, and MMXIMT tended to increase as depressive symptoms increased. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms may be therefore be independently associated with CIMT, yet masked by hypertension. Even though sleep quality did not significantly modify the main association, our results also suggest that poor sleep quality may act synergistically with depressive symptoms to increase CIMT. Future prospective work would help to clarify these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Violanti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA,
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Huang RR, Chen YS, Chen CC, Chou FHC, Su SF, Chen MC, Kuo MH, Chang LH. Quality of life and its associated factors among patients with two common types of chronic mental illness living in Kaohsiung City. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 66:482-90. [PMID: 22989344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study explored the associations of personal, disease, family, and social factors with quality of life (QoL) in patients with two common types of chronic mental illness (CMI) living in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. METHODS Using a convenience sample and a cross-sectional design, 714 patients (50.1% male, 49.9% female) with CMI (72.1% schizophrenia and 27.9% affective disorder) and their caregivers were recruited. Demographic information was collected via the following questionnaires: 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), five-item Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5), Caregiver Burden Scale, and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI-S) Scale. Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict QoL. RESULTS Disease factors accounted for 17-50% of the change in variance. Predictors of low mental subscale scores included the following: high psychological distress and high family burden as well as a history of suicide attempts, negative caregiver attitudes, and living away from home. Disease factors also explained the greatest variance in the physical subscales. Predictors of low physical subscale scores included the following: high psychological distress, age, unemployment, a history of suicide attempts, high family burden, and living alone. CONCLUSIONS Disease factors were the most important predictors of QoL in patients with CMI. Family factors were more important than social factors on the mental subscales. Differential relationships were also found for the other two dimensions. Together, these results indicate that a wide range of factors improve the QoL in patients with CMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Huang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Wang
- Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, the Affiliated East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine, the Affiliated East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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The Initial Anatomical Severity in Patients With Hand Injuries Predicts Future Health-Related Quality of Life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:1352-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318216a56e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garbarino S, Magnavita N, Elovainio M, Heponiemi T, Ciprani F, Cuomo G, Bergamaschi A. Police job strain during routine activities and a major event. Occup Med (Lond) 2011; 61:395-9. [PMID: 21642475 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special police forces are exposed to periods of intense work stress in ensuring public order. AIMS To explore the relationship between the work context (routine work or special event) of special force policemen and psychological measures of job strain (demand-control) and effort-reward imbalance. METHODS All policemen assigned to the G8 meeting in L'Aquila, Italy, in July 2009 were invited to complete a questionnaire while engaged in routine work in January 2009 (Time A) and in June 2009 (Time B), while preparing for the special event. RESULTS Participation rate in the questionnaire study was 292/294 (99%) members of the special police force. Measures of job strain (-0.39, P < 0.001) and effort-reward imbalance (-0.37, P < 0.001) decreased significantly from Time A to Time B. On average, demand decreased from 14.2 ± 1.9 to 12.6 ± 2.7 (P < 0.001), control increased from 11.8 ± 2.5 to 14.4 ± 3.4 (P < 0.001) and social support increased from 17.8 ± 2.9 to 19.0 ± 3.1 (P < 0.001). At the same time, effort decreased from 17.4 ± 3.2 to 11.8 ± 3.8 (P < 0.001), reward grew from 37.6 ± 5.5 to 45.5 ± 7.4 (P < 0.001) and overcommitment dropped from 7.1 ± 2.1 to 6.6 ± 1.7 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In special police forces, routine work may be significantly more stressful than a single critical event.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garbarino
- State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of the Interior, Italy
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A comparison of quality of life and depression between female married immigrants and native married women in Taiwan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45:921-30. [PMID: 19730760 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-009-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Immigration to Taiwan is often connected with marriage, resulting in the presence of so-called married immigrants or foreign brides. AIMS To compare the quality of life (QOL) and prevalence of depression between female married immigrants and native married women. METHODS Trained assistants used the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36) and the disaster-related psychological screening test (DRPST) to interview 1,602 married women who were 16-50 years of age. Half (801) of the participants were female immigrants, whilst the remainder comprised the age-matched control group that consisted of 801 native married women. Participants who scored C2 (probable major depressive episode) on the DRPST were assessed according to DSM-IV criteria by a senior psychiatrist. The MOS SF-36 measures QOL and has two dimensions: the physical component summary (PCS) and the mental component summary (MCS). RESULTS Married immigrants had a lower prevalence (3.5%) of major depressive episodes than native women (8.9%) in Taiwan. Variables such as an increased severity of psychosocial impact were the best predictors of a lower PCS and MCS. CONCLUSION Compared to Taiwanese native married women, fewer married immigrants had stressful life events or depression, and they reported higher QOL. After controlling for putative confounding factors, the married immigrants still had better mental QOL and a lower prevalence rate of depression
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Wang Z, Inslicht SS, Metzler TJ, Henn-Haase C, McCaslin SE, Tong H, Neylan TC, Marmar CR. A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175:211-6. [PMID: 20044144 PMCID: PMC3974967 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Police work is one of the most stressful occupations. Previous research has indicated that work stress and trauma exposure may place individuals at heightened risk for the development of depression symptomatology. This prospective longitudinal study was designed to examine predictors of depression symptoms in police service. Participants comprised 119 healthy police recruits from an ongoing prospective study. They completed baseline measures of depression symptoms, childhood trauma exposure, neuroticism, and self-worth during academy training. Follow-up measures of depression symptoms, PTSD symptoms, critical incident exposure, negative life events, and routine work environment stress were assessed after 12 months of police service. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to examine predictors of current levels of depression symptoms, controlling for baseline depression symptoms and current PTSD symptoms. Greater childhood trauma exposure, lower self-worth during training, and greater perceived work stress in the first year of police service predicted greater depression symptoms at 12 months. Depression symptoms at 1 year of police service were partly independent from PTSD symptoms at 12 months. Greater childhood trauma exposure and lower self-worth during training may be important variables to screen as risk factors for duty-related depression. Strategies to reduce routine work environment stress have the potential to decrease duty-related depression in law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghei, China.
| | - Sabra S. Inslicht
- San Francisco VA Medical Center,University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thomas J. Metzler
- San Francisco VA Medical Center,University of California, San Francisco
| | - Clare Henn-Haase
- San Francisco VA Medical Center,University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Thomas C. Neylan
- San Francisco VA Medical Center,University of California, San Francisco
| | - Charles R. Marmar
- San Francisco VA Medical Center,University of California, San Francisco
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Son DK, Lee KS, Park JK, Koh SB, Jin KN, Nam EW, Lee HJ. Factors Affecting Health of the Rural Residents. HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.4332/kjhpa.2009.19.4.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Andrade ER, Sousa ERD, Minayo MCDS. Intervenção visando a auto-estima e qualidade de vida dos policiais civis do Rio de Janeiro. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 14:275-85. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232009000100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Apresentamos parte de uma pesquisa-ação por meio da qual elaboramos, aplicamos e avaliamos uma proposta piloto de intervenção, visando a contribuir para a saúde mental de policiais civis do Rio de Janeiro. Conjugamos abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa em desenho com características de avaliação ex-ante e ex-post. Participaram 148 policiais de uma delegacia especializada da capital (76 alocados no GrupoExperimental e 72 no Grupo de Controle, pareados segundo algumas variáveis). A aferição da auto-estima, feita pela escala de Rosenberg, mostrou diferenças no GE após a intervenção. Não observamos diferença na qualidade de vida, medida pelo WHOQOL-Bref. A maioria dos policiais avaliou positivamente a intervenção, sugerindo sua ampliação para a categoria como um todo. Concluímos que é possível e proveitoso realizar intervenção que ofereça suporte emocional aos policiais, enfocando auto-estima e qualidade de vida.
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Peñalba V, McGuire H, Leite JR. Psychosocial interventions for prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD005601. [PMID: 18646132 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005601.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial interventions are widely used for the prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for the prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers. SEARCH STRATEGY CCDANCTR-References was searched on 12/5/2008, electronic databases were searched, reference lists of review articles and included studies were checked, a specialist journal was handsearched, specialist books were checked and we contacted experts and trialists. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi randomised controlled trials were eligible. The types of participants were people employed directly in law enforcement, including police officers and military police, regardless of gender, age and country of origin, and whether or not they had experienced some psychological trauma. All types of psychosocial intervention were eligible. The relevant outcome measures were psychological symptoms, adverse events and acceptability of interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data was entered into Review Manager 4.2 for analysis, but this review was converted to RevMan 5.0 for publication. Quality assessments were performed. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of studies. Summary effects were to be calculated using RevMan but no meta-analyses were possible. For individual studies, dichotomous outcome data are presented using relative risk, and continuous outcome data are presented using the weighted mean difference. These results are given with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Ten studies were included in the review but only five reported data that could be used. Three of the ten studies were related to exercise-based psychological interventions. Seven were related to psychological interventions. No meta-analyses were possible due to diversity of participants, interventions and outcomes. Two studies compared a psychosocial intervention versus another intervention. Three studies compared a psychosocial intervention to a control group. Only one primary prevention trial reported data for the primary outcomes and, although this study found a significant difference in depression in favour of the intervention at endpoint, this difference was no longer evident at 18 months. No studies of primary prevention comparing different interventions and reporting primary outcomes of interest were identified. The methodological quality of the included studies was summarised. No study met our full quality criteria and one was regarded as low-quality. The remainder could not be rated because of incomplete data in the published reports and inadequate responses from the trialists. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence only from individual small and low quality trials with minimal data suggesting that police officers benefit from psychosocial interventions, in terms of physical symptoms and psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, sleep problems, cynicism, anger, PTSD, marital problems and distress. No data on adverse effects were available. Meta-analyses of the available data were not possible. Further well-designed trials of psychosocial interventions are required. Research is needed on organization-based interventions to enhance psychological health among police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Peñalba
- Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleao de Barros 925 1st floor, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rusli BN, Edimansyah BA, Naing L. Working conditions, self-perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: a structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:48. [PMID: 18254966 PMCID: PMC2267182 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationships between working conditions [job demand, job control and social support]; stress, anxiety, and depression; and perceived quality of life factors [physical health, psychological wellbeing, social relationships and environmental conditions] were assessed using a sample of 698 male automotive assembly workers in Malaysia. Methods The validated Malay version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) were used. A structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was applied to test the structural relationships of the model using AMOS version 6.0, with the maximum likelihood ratio as the method of estimation. Results The results of the SEM supported the hypothesized structural model (χ2 = 22.801, df = 19, p = 0.246). The final model shows that social support (JCQ) was directly related to all 4 factors of the WHOQOL-BREF and inversely related to depression and stress (DASS). Job demand (JCQ) was directly related to stress (DASS) and inversely related to the environmental conditions (WHOQOL-BREF). Job control (JCQ) was directly related to social relationships (WHOQOL-BREF). Stress (DASS) was directly related to anxiety and depression (DASS) and inversely related to physical health, environment conditions and social relationships (WHOQOL-BREF). Anxiety (DASS) was directly related to depression (DASS) and inversely related to physical health (WHOQOL-BREF). Depression (DASS) was inversely related to the psychological wellbeing (WHOQOL-BREF). Finally, stress, anxiety and depression (DASS) mediate the relationships between job demand and social support (JCQ) to the 4 factors of WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusion These findings suggest that higher social support increases the self-reported quality of life of these workers. Higher job control increases the social relationships, whilst higher job demand increases the self-perceived stress and decreases the self-perceived quality of life related to environmental factors. The mediating role of depression, anxiety and stress on the relationship between working conditions and perceived quality of life in automotive workers should be taken into account in managing stress amongst these workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Nordin Rusli
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Liu LJ, Guo Q. Loneliness and health-related quality of life for the empty nest elderly in the rural area of a mountainous county in China. Qual Life Res 2007; 16:1275-80. [PMID: 17703375 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-007-9250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate whether loneliness was associated with quality of life and examined the influence of socio-economic factors in the empty nest elderly. METHODS The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) were used to assess the quality of life and loneliness for 275 empty nest and 315 not empty nest rural elders in a county, China. T tests, Pearson's correlations and linear regression analysis were used to examine the difference in SF-36 and UCLA-LS scores, correlations of the two scores between the two groups, and socio-economic determinants of loneliness among the empty nest elders. RESULTS Empty nest group, in comparison with not empty nest group, had higher level of loneliness (95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.361 to -.335), lower physical (95% CI = .228 to 6.044) and mental (95% CI = .866 to 6.380) scores. Loneliness was negatively correlated with all the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey scales in both groups. Social supports and income were negatively associated with loneliness, whereas education level and being single were positively associated with loneliness for the empty nest group. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the level of loneliness may be helpful to improve the quality of life for the empty nest elders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Liu
- Training Department, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Chen YS, Chen MC, Chou FHC, Sun FC, Chen PC, Tsai KY, Chao SS. The relationship between quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder or major depression for firefighters in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Qual Life Res 2007; 16:1289-97. [PMID: 17668289 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-007-9248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The work of firefighters involves the risk of exposure to the harmful effects of toxic substances as well as the possibility of enormous emotional shock from disasters, which may result in psychiatric impairments and a lower quality of life. Therefore, we examined quality of life, prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression, and the related risk factors for firefighters in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. METHODS This is a two-stage survey study. During the first stage, we used the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) to assess quality of life, probable PTSD, probable major depression, and the related risk factors for 410 firefighters. During the second stage, psychiatrists categorized these probable cases according to self-reported questionnaires against DSM-IV into PTSD or major depression group, subclinical group, and health group. All the data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 Chinese version. RESULTS The estimated current prevalence rates for major depression and PTSD were 5.4% (22/410) and 10.5% (43/410), respectively. The firefighters with estimated PTSD or major depression scored significantly lower on quality of life measures than subclinical PTSD/major depression and mentally healthy groups, which was evident in eight concepts and two domains of the SF-36. The major predictors of poor quality of life and PTSD/major depression were mental status, psychosocial stressors, or perceived physical condition. CONCLUSION Firefighters have a higher estimated rate of PTSD, and the risk factors that affect quality of life and PTSD/major depression should encourage intervention from mental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Shing Chen
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, 130 Kai-Suan 2nd Rd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Hou C, Lü B, Lu Z, Qin S. Association of health-related quality of life with health examination and lifestyles of government managers in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 27:343-8. [PMID: 17641859 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the association of each item of a health examination and lifestyles with health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a cross-sectional survey by a self-administered questionnaire using the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12, version 1) was conducted on 145 government managers that took health examinations in Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China during 2005. The results showed that the determinations of organic functions including BMI, hemoglobin, blood platelet count, urine protein, urine WBC and lipid metabolism (LDL) were associated with HRQoL. The lifestyle items including age, sex, life satisfaction drinking alcohol and kind of alcohol drunk, drinking tea, sleep quality and adhering to bedtime, working overtime, work stress were associated with HRQoL in the multiple regression models. Sex, age and life satisfaction were the lifestyle items most closely associated with HRQoL, while LDL, hemoglobin and urine protein were the health examination items most closely associated HRQoL. This study revealed that both lifestyle and health examination items were associated with HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Hou
- Department of Health Care, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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