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Alzahrani O, Fletcher JP, Hitos K. Quality of life and mental health measurements among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36949507 PMCID: PMC10031182 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-023-02111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few decades the benefits of assessing Quality of Life (QoL) and mental health in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) have steadily increased with limited studies relating to the most useful method to assess these patients. This study aims to identify, review, summarise, and evaluate the methodological quality for the most validated commonly used health-related QoL and mental health assessment measurements in diabetic patients. METHODS All original articles published on PubMed, MedLine, OVID, The Cochrane Register, Web of Science Conference Proceedings and Scopus databases were systematically reviewed between 2011 and 2022. A search strategy was developed for each database using all possible combinations of the following keywords: "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "quality of life", mental health", and "questionnaires". Studies conducted on patients with T2DM of ≥ 18 years with or without other clinical illnesses were included. Articles designed as a literature or systematic review conducted on either children or adolescents, healthy adults and/or with a small sample size were excluded. RESULTS A total of 489 articles were identified in all of the electronic medical databases. Of these articles, 40 were shown to meet our eligibility criteria to be included in this systematic review. Approximately, 60% of these studies were cross-sectional, 22.5% were clinical trials, and 17.5% of cohort studies. The top commonly used QoL measurements are the SF-12 identified in 19 studies, the SF-36, included in 16 studies, and the EuroQoL EQ-5D, found in 8 studies. Fifteen (37.5%) studies used only one questionnaire, while the remaining reviewed (62.5%) used more than one questionnaire. Finally, the majority (90%) of studies reported using self-administered questionnaires and only 4 used interviewer mode of administration. CONCLUSION Our evidence highlights that the commonly used questionnaire to evaluate the QoL and mental health is the SF-12 followed by SF-36. Both of these questionnaires are validated, reliable and supported in different languages. Moreover, using single or combined questionnaires as well as the mode of administration depends on the clinical research question and aim of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owiss Alzahrani
- Westmead Research Centre for Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - John P Fletcher
- Westmead Research Centre for Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerry Hitos
- Westmead Research Centre for Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
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Lee E, Kim Y. How do the influencing factors of health-related quality of life of the injured patient differ according to activity limitations? Qual Life Res 2020; 30:1103-1118. [PMID: 33216261 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to ascertain the general characteristics of injured patients and use the Andersen Model to identify factors affecting health-related quality of life (QOL) in injured patients with or without activity limitations. METHODS We used data of 1602 injured patients from 2014 to 2017 from the population-based Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, South Korea. QOL was measured using the EQ-5D-3L, and activity limitations were analyzed alongside predisposing factors (gender, age, education level, and marital status), enabling factors (basic living security, health insurance type, private insurance status, household income, and living with family), need factors (number of chronic diseases, subjective health status, and unmet medical needs), and health behaviors (smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and health screening). Data were analyzed using homogeneity testing, t tests, and logistic and multiple regression. RESULTS The mean EQ-5D index was 0.8 with activity limitations and 0.9 without activity limitations. In mobility domain, patients without activity limitations showed significant effects of age, education level, number of chronic diseases, subjective health status, and unmet medical needs on mobility, whereas patients with activity limitations only showed a significant effect of age. In self-care domain, age, household income, and number of chronic diseases showed significant factors on patients without activity limitations, but there was no significant factor associated with activity limitations. Among the factors affecting usual activities, gender was found to have a significant effect only on patients with activity limitations, and subjective health status was found to have a significant effect regardless of activity limitations. Among the factors affecting pain/discomfort, living with family only affected pain/discomfort in patients with activity limitations. Among the factors affecting anxiety/depression, gender and alcohol consumption had significant effects only on patients with activity limitations. CONCLUSION Factors affecting the QOL of injured patients differed depending on whether patients had activity limitations. Therefore, when assessing injured patients, it may be necessary to ascertain the extent of activity limitations, and medical institutions and local communities need when implementing education and interventions to improve their QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Lee
- Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchabosangro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Han K, Yang S, Jia W, Wang S, Song Y, Cao W, Wang J, Liu M, He Y. Health-Related Quality of Life and Its Correlation With Depression Among Chinese Centenarians. Front Public Health 2020; 8:580757. [PMID: 33194985 PMCID: PMC7661682 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.580757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As evidence on depression and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among the oldest-old is currently limited, this study aimed to re-examine the association between depression and HRQoL among centenarians. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the China Hainan Centenarian Cohort Study (CHCCS). The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and three-level EuroQol five-dimensions (EQ-5D-3L) were used to evaluate depression and HRQoL, respectively. Poor health states were defined as EQ-5D index <0.665. Based on their GDS-15 score, individuals were categorized into three stages of depression: major depressive disorder (MDD; score ≥10), minor depressive disorder (MnDD; score between 6 and 9), and normal (score ≤ 5). Based on sex and comorbidity stratification, multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the risk of poor health state in different levels of depression. We also used restricted cubic splines with a knot at 5 points (GDS-15) to flexibly model the association of GDS-15 scores with poor health states. Results: Totally, 1,002 participants were included in this study for analysis. Participants' median age was 102 years, and 82.04% were female. The median EQ-5D index was 0.68 (range: −0.149–1), and the mean VAS and GDS-15 scores were 61.60 (range: 0–100), and 5.23 (range: 0–15), respectively. Centenarians with MnDD and MDD accounted for 38.12 and 9.98%, respectively. While those with poor health states accounted for 45.11%. For every 1-point increase in GDS-15, the risk of poor health state increased by 20% (P < 0.001) after an adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, residence type, smoking, drinking, weekly exercise, body mass index category, serum albumin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, C-reactive protein, and comorbidities. MnDD and MDD were independent risk factors for poor health state (MnDD, OR = 2.76, P < 0.001; MDD, OR = 3.14, P < 0.001). The association was more prominent in centenarians without comorbidity. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a negative association between depression and HRQoL in Chinese centenarians, especially in centenarians without comorbidity. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to corroborate our findings and provide more information about the causal inference and internal mechanisms of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Han
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wangping Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Institute of Geriatrics, The 2nd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Depression is one of the most common comorbidities of many chronic medical diseases including cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Indeed, the prevalence of depression in these patient groups is often substantially higher than in the general population, and depression accounts for a substantial part of the psychosocial burden of these disorders. Many factors can contribute to the occurrence of comorbid depression, such as shared genetic factors, converging biological pathways, social factors, health behaviours and psychological factors. Diagnosis of depression in patients with a medical disorder can be particularly challenging owing to symptomatic overlap. Although pharmacological and psychological treatments can be effective, adjustments may need to be made for patients with a comorbid medical disorder. In addition, symptoms or treatments of medical disorders may interfere with the treatment of depression. Conversely, symptoms of depression may decrease adherence to treatment of both disorders. Thus, comprehensive treatment plans are necessary to optimize care.
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Meraya AM, Alwhaibi M. Health related quality of life and healthcare utilization among adults with diabetes and kidney and eye complications in the United States. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:85. [PMID: 32228619 PMCID: PMC7106887 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of adults with diabetes in the United States have chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 19% of them have eye complications (ECs). However, little is known about the Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of adults with both of these diabetes-related complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine differences in the HRQoL, mental health, and healthcare utilization of adults with diabetes who have CKD, ECs, both or neither. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was implemented using data from multiple panels (2009-2015) of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. HRQoL was measured using the SF-12 Physical and Mental Component Summary (PCS & MCS) scores. The HRQoL, mental health, and healthcare utilization of four mutually exclusive groups: 1) diabetes with both CKD and ECs; 2) diabetes with CKD only; 3) diabetes with ECs only, and 4) diabetes with neither CKD nor ECs were compared. In all analyses, adults with neither CKD nor ECs were the reference group. RESULTS There were 8415 adults with diabetes who met the inclusion criteria. Approximately, 75% of the study sample had neither CKD nor ECs, 13.3% had ECs only, 5.7% had CKD only, and 5.5% had both CKD and ECs. In the adjusted analyses, adults with both CKD and/or ECs complications exhibited significantly lower HRQoL compared to those with neither CKD nor ECs. Mental illness and psychological distress were higher among adults with both CKD and ECs compared to those with neither CKD nor ECs. Furthermore, adults with CKD and/or ECs had higher polypharmacy, inpatient and emergency services use compared to those with neither CKD nor ECs. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the presence of both CKD and/or ECs was negatively associated with poor HRQoL, poor mental health, higher psychological distress and healthcare utilization in adults with diabetes. The findings emphasize the need for routine assessment and treatment for diabetes-related CKD and/or ECs complications to improve the quality of care for individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O Box 114-45124, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. .,Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Monira Alwhaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Association of Depression Risk with Patient Experience, Healthcare Expenditure, and Health Resource Utilization Among Adults with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. J Gen Intern Med 2019; 34:2427-2434. [PMID: 31489560 PMCID: PMC6848728 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 20% of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) suffer from depression. OBJECTIVE To compare healthcare expenditures and utilization, healthcare-related quality of life, and patient-centered outcomes among ASCVD patients, based on their risk for depression (among those without depression), and those with depression (vs. risk-stratified non-depressed). DESIGN AND SETTING The 2004-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) was used for this study. PARTICIPANTS Adults ≥ 18 years with a diagnosis of ASCVD, ascertained by ICD-9 codes and/or self-reported data. Individuals with a diagnosis of depression were identified by ICD-9 code 311. Participants were stratified by depression risk, based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. RESULTS A total of 19,840 participants were included, translating into 18.3 million US adults, of which 8.6% (≈ 1.3 million US adults) had a high risk for depression and 18% had a clinical diagnosis of depression. Among ASCVD patients without depression, those with a high risk (compared with low risk) had increased overall and out-of-pocket expenditures (marginal differences of $2880 and $287, respectively, both p < 0.001), higher odds for resource utilization, and worse patient experience and healthcare quality of life (HQoL). Furthermore, compared with individuals who had depression, participants at high risk also reported worse HQoL and had higher odds of poor perception of their health status (OR 1.83, 95% CI [1.50, 2.23]) and poor patient-provider communication (OR 1.29 [1.18, 1.42]). LIMITATION The sample population includes self-reported diagnosis of ASCVD; therefore, the risk of underestimation of the cohort size cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSION Almost 1 in 10 individuals with ASCVD without diagnosis of depression is at high risk for it and has worse health outcomes compared with those who already have a diagnosis of depression. Early recognition and treatment of depression may increase healthcare efficiency, positive patient experience, and HQoL among this vulnerable population.
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Danhauer SC, Brenes GA, Levine BJ, Young L, Tindle HA, Addington EL, Wallace RB, Naughton MJ, Garcia L, Safford M, Kim MM, LeBlanc ES, Snively BM, Snetselaar LG, Shumaker S. Variability in sleep disturbance, physical activity and quality of life by level of depressive symptoms in women with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2019; 36:1149-1157. [PMID: 30552780 PMCID: PMC6571069 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine (1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms in women with Type 2 diabetes, (2) the associations between depressive symptoms and the following dependent variables: sleep disturbance; physical activity; physical health-related; and global quality of life, and (3) the potential moderating effects of antidepressants and optimism on the relationship between depressive symptoms and dependent variables. METHODS Participants in the Women's Health Initiative who had Type 2 diabetes and data on depressive symptoms (N=8895) were included in the analyses. In multivariable linear regression models controlling for sociodemographic, medical and psychosocial covariates, we examined the main effect of depressive symptoms, as well as the interactions between depressive symptoms and antidepressant use, and between depressive symptoms and optimism, on sleep disturbance, physical activity, physical health-related quality of life; and global quality of life. RESULTS In all, 16% of women with Type 2 diabetes reported elevated depressive symptoms. In multivariable analyses, women with depressive symptoms had greater sleep disturbance (P<0.0001) and lower global quality of life (P<.0001). We found evidence of significant statistical interaction in the models for quality-of-life outcomes: the increased risk of poor physical health-related quality of life associated with antidepressant use was stronger in women without vs with depressive symptoms, and the association between greater optimism and higher global quality of life was stronger in women with vs without depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS To improve health behaviours and quality of life in women with Type 2 diabetes, sociodemographic and medical characteristics may identify at-risk populations, while psychosocial factors including depression and optimism may be important targets for non-pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Danhauer
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - G A Brenes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - B J Levine
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - L Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - H A Tindle
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - E L Addington
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - R B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - M J Naughton
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - L Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - M Safford
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - M M Kim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - E S LeBlanc
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research NW, Portland, OR, USA
| | - B M Snively
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, WinstonSalem, NC, USA
| | - L G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - S Shumaker
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
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Joseph LM, Berry DC, Jessup A, Davison J, J. Schneider B, I. Twersky J. Implementing and feasibility testing depression screening using the electronic medical record for patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the hospital. Nurs Open 2019; 6:30-38. [PMID: 30534392 PMCID: PMC6279719 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Is it feasible to implement a programme to screen for depression in patients admitted to the hospital for diabetes complications and use the electronic medical record to notify providers of their patient's depression score and give suggestions for medication and counselling? DESIGN A feasibility study was conducted with patients hospitalized with diabetes and depression in the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States. METHODS Patients with type 2 diabetes were screened for depression. The healthcare provider was notified via the electronic medical record about the patients' depression scores. The provider discussed options for management of depression with the patient and initiated treatment. RESULTS The process of screening for depression at admission, notifying the provider by way of electronic medical record that the patient screened positive for depression with suggestions for medication and counseling was feasible and acceptable to providers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane C. Berry
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of NursingChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Ann Jessup
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of NursingChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Jean Davison
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of NursingChapel HillNorth Carolina
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Vyas A, Babcock Z, Kogut S. Impact of depression treatment on health-related quality of life among adults with cancer and depression: a population-level analysis. J Cancer Surviv 2017; 11:624-633. [PMID: 28799098 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-017-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer diagnosis in adults is often accompanied by negative impacts, which increase the risk of depression thereby lowering health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We examined the association between depression treatment and HRQoL among US adults with cancer and depression. METHODS Patients age 18 and above, with self-reported cancer and depression diagnoses were identified from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey database for 2006-2013. Baseline depression treatment was categorized as antidepressants only, psychotherapy with or without antidepressant use, and no reported use of antidepressants or psychotherapy. HRQoL was measured using SF-12 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores. Adjusted ordinary least squares regressions estimated the association between type of depression treatment and HRQoL. RESULTS Out of 450 (weighted per calendar year: 2.1 million) cancer adults included in the study, 51% received antidepressants only, while 16% received psychotherapy with or without antidepressants. In bivariate analyses, the mean MCS score was lowest among those who received psychotherapy with or without antidepressants compared to those receiving antidepressants only and those with no reported use of either modality, p < 0.05. In multivariate analyses, there was no significant difference in HRQoL by type of depression treatment. CONCLUSION Despite treatment for depression, HRQoL did not improve during the measurement timeframe. Quality of life is a priority health outcome in cancer treatment, yet our findings suggest that current clinical approaches to ameliorate depression in cancer patients appear to be suboptimal. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Adults with cancer and comorbid depression should receive appropriate depression care in order to improve their HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Vyas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Zachary Babcock
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Stephen Kogut
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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