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Tayal D, Mehta AK. The Struggle to Balance Work and Family Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights Based on the Situations of Working Women in Delhi. JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES 2023; 44:1423-1465. [PMID: 37252378 PMCID: PMC10214028 DOI: 10.1177/0192513x211058817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic generated economic contraction across the world. In India, the stringent lockdown led to extreme distress. The unprecedented situation adversely affected the women's efforts to balance professional life with family life because of a disproportionate increase in their domestic work burden and a shift in their workstation to home. Since every job cannot be performed remotely, women employed in healthcare services, banks and media witnessed additional risks of commuting and physical interaction at the workplace. Based on personal interviews of women in the Delhi-NCR region, the study aims to explore the commonalities and variances in the challenges experienced by the women engaged in diverse occupations. Using the qualitative methodology of flexible coding, the study finds that a relatively larger section of women travelling to their office during the pandemic, rather than those working from home, had an effective familial support system that helped them navigate this tough time.
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Coopey E, Johnson G. "The male elephant in the room": a qualitative evidence synthesis exploring male experiences of eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:131. [PMID: 36056450 PMCID: PMC9440558 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men are believed to be underrepresented in eating disorder services; there are many reasons presented to account for this such as a lack of recognition and detection. Due to the physical and psychological complexity of an eating disorder it is important to understand this underrepresentation. This qualitative evidence synthesis aimed to explore the literature relating to men's experiences of an eating disorder, in order to synthesise the findings and offer a more coherent understanding. METHOD A systematic search of the literature was undertaken. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the findings resulting in 14 papers deemed suitable for inclusion. A Meta-Ethnographic approach to synthesising the data of the 89 participants was undertaken. RESULTS Four themes were identified: 'Societal Construction of the Perfect Male'; 'Striving to Maintain a Masculine Identity'; 'The Interconnectedness of Control and Self-Worth', and 'The Hidden Man'. There appeared to be an underlying concept relating to the conflict of being a man, with what is perceived to be a 'woman's illness' and how this challenged the men's experiences of masculinity. CONCLUSIONS Being a man with an eating disorder conflicted with societal norms, exacerbating their experience of having an eating disorder.. To resolve this, gendered norms need to shift, at societal level as well as considering how best to improve understanding and recognition of men with an eating disorder at the first point of help seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Coopey
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - George Johnson
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Dittman CK, Sprajcer M, Turley EL. Revisiting gendered parenting of adolescents: understanding its effects on psychosocial development. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-13. [PMID: 35967502 PMCID: PMC9364298 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Today's adolescents are growing up in a unique sociocultural climate in which gender issues are highly prominent. Alongside new ways of understanding gender identity, there are persistent gender disparities in social, health and mental health outcomes despite increasingly egalitarian views and a significant public focus on sexual assault and gender-based violence. Given gender-differentiated outcomes emerge during adolescence, it is critical to revisit factors influencing adolescent gender development. It has been argued that gendered parenting, reflected in differences in parenting attitudes and behaviors directed towards boys and girls, influences gender development. While numerous studies have examined gendered parenting with children, there has been no previous synthesis of gendered parenting of adolescents. Method: The current narrative review presents an overview of research into gendered parenting of adolescents, including parental modelling, gendered environments, and specific parenting practices, and draws together the available research on how it impacts adolescents. Gendered parenting is also examined in the context of LGBTQI + and gender non-conforming adolescents. Results: There is limited research investigating the presence of gendered parenting of adolescents, and even less assessing its impact on adolescent psychosocial outcomes. The available literature suggests that there may be effects of gendered parenting on adolescents, particularly on their gender role attitudes and gender-typed behaviors. Conclusions: Future work is needed to better understand how gendered parenting of adolescents manifests in the family home. In addition, research is needed to examine the longitudinal impact of gendered parenting, particularly within non-traditional families, and across a range of sociocultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra K. Dittman
- Central Queensland University, Locked Bag 3333, 4670 Bundaberg, DC, QLD Australia
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Madeline Sprajcer
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Norman Gardens, QLD Australia
| | - Emma L. Turley
- Central Queensland University, Locked Bag 3333, 4670 Bundaberg, DC, QLD Australia
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4
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Casey EA, Ihrig A, Roman M, Hoxmeier JC, Carlson J, Greer K. Life Course and Socioecological Influences on Gender-Equitable Attitudes Among Men: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:764-777. [PMID: 33267742 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020977140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that holding gender-equitable attitudes (GEA) is associated with decreased risk of gender-based violence perpetration and increased willingness to engage in violence preventative actions among men. GEA, defined here as support for political, economic, and social equity across gender in both public and private spheres, may therefore constitute a protective factor against perpetration and a promotive factor in fostering healthy relationships and communities. Forces that shape GEA throughout boys' and young men's lives are less well articulated. The purpose of this exploratory, scoping review was to synthesize cross-disciplinary research to distill life-course influences on the development of GEA among men. Three databases and Google Scholar were searched to locate peer-reviewed studies that empirically examined GEA as an outcome of childhood, adolescent, or young adulthood factors. Sixty-nine articles were located that, collectively, used data from 97 different countries and identified 22 potential life-course influences on men's GEA. Across studies, facilitators of equitable attitudes included higher levels of education, exposure to gender transformative prevention programming, and having parents who held, modeled, and communicated gender-equitable beliefs. Hindrances to equitable attitudes included but were not limited to religiosity, the transition to fatherhood, and having mostly male peer groups. Findings suggest that opportunities to foster equitable attitudes exist across the life course and both inside and outside of formal prevention or education interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Casey
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Anna Ihrig
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Melinda Roman
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Juliana Carlson
- School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey Greer
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA, USA
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5
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Zhao S, Setoh P, Storage D, Cimpian A. The acquisition of the gender-brilliance stereotype: Age trajectory, relation to parents' stereotypes, and intersections with race/ethnicity. Child Dev 2022; 93:e581-e597. [PMID: 35635042 PMCID: PMC9545489 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Past research has explored children's gender stereotypes about specific intellectual domains, such as mathematics and science, but less is known about the acquisition of domain‐general stereotypes about the intellectual abilities of women and men. During 2017 and 2018, the authors administered Implicit Association Tests to Chinese Singaporean adults and 8‐ to 12‐year‐olds (N = 731; 58% female) to examine the gender stereotype that portrays exceptional intellectual ability (e.g., genius, brilliance) as a male attribute. This gender‐brilliance stereotype was present among adults and children and for both Chinese and White stereotype targets. It also was stronger among older children and among children whose parents also showed it. This early‐emerging stereotype may be an obstacle to gender equity in many prestigious employment sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhao
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Daniel Storage
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrei Cimpian
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Yamasaki V, Le TP. Family Matters: The Impact of Traditional and Egalitarian Gender Role Messages on Sexual and Gender Minority Latinx Adults' Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:652-661. [PMID: 34431722 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1965948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Latinx sexual and gender minority individuals are at increased risk for engaging in risky sexual behavior given the intersection of their sexual orientation and ethnic identities. Many studies have found that sexual and gender minority Latinx folks experience nonacceptance and discrimination from within their families due to their identity. However, none have explored how underlying familial beliefs, such as traditional and egalitarian gender roles, influence sexual and gender minority Latinx adults' risky sexual behavior. Within a sample of 168 Latinx sexual and gender minority individuals, the present study examined the indirect effect of receiving traditional and egalitarian parental gender role messages on risky sexual behavior through alcohol use and internalized stigma related to their sexual and gender minority identity. Results showed that traditional gender role messages were indirectly associated with increased risky sexual behavior through increased alcohol use, whereas no such indirect effect was found through internalized stigma. Receiving egalitarian gender role messages was not associated with risky sexual behaviors. Findings from this paper can be used to tailor community outreach programs that aim to reduce sexual risk behaviors and alcohol use in the Latinx sexual and gender minority community as a result of traditional parental gender role messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Yamasaki
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Thomas P Le
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Alsawalqa RO, Alrawashdeh MN, Hasan S. Understanding the Man Box: the link between gender socialization and domestic violence in Jordan. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08264. [PMID: 34765766 PMCID: PMC8569433 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The “Man Box” refers to a rigid set of expectations, perceptions, and behaviors that are considered “manly” and/or a “real man's” behavior, imposed on men by the society, such as superiority, cruelty, emotional suppression, lack of physical intimacy with other men, and expectations of socially aggressive and/or dominant behavior. Gender-based types of aggression and violence are central in the production of dominant heterosexual masculinities and male superiority that impose the dominating and violating behavior on men, and make these behaviors acceptable and naturalized. Therefore, adherence to the Man Box is one of the causes of violence against women, and to the creation and reinforcement of social environments conducive to domestic violence. This study shows how Jordanian males internalize and agree with “Man Box” beliefs and how these meanings affect their lives and behavioral patterns. Perceptions of Jordanian women on these issues were also included in the data collected through a survey distributed to 1,029 participants (525 men and 504 women) who live in Amman, Jordan. The results show that Man Box beliefs still prevail in Jordanian culture, promoted by parents, partners, and acquaintances. A total of 49.9% of the respondents show agreement with Man Box ideas. Jordanian men believe that society imposes rigid masculine gender roles, views on heterosexuality and homophobia, and expectations of aggression and control. Their personal attitudes, however, rejected the dictates of solving their own personal problems without help and fighting back when they were threatened. Most Jordanian women reported personal agreement with Man Box ideals for men, particularly in the areas of self-sufficiency, acting tough, and control, all of which can prevent men from breaking out of the Man Box. Our results also show that life inside the Man Box can impede men's formation of emotionally connected friendships and encourage them to show transgressive emotional behaviors. Furthermore, some men were more probable to violate the Man Box rules, such as being likely to talk to friends about something deeply emotional and feeling comfortable crying in front of them, or continuing to rely primarily on their mothers and romantic partners for emotional support. Additionally, inside the Man Box, men are more likely to experience physical and online bullying and perpetrate verbal and physical bullying; however, they are also more likely to attempt to intervene to stop violence.
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8
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Kántás ÉM, Faragó L, Kovacs M. If you can dream it, you can do it!—The role of sexual orientation in preferences toward boys' and girls' career orientation and gendered behaviour. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Magdolna Kántás
- Doctoral School of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
- Institute of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Laura Faragó
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest Hungary
| | - Monika Kovacs
- Institute of Intercultural Psychology and Education ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
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9
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Perales F, Hoffmann H, King T, Vidal S, Baxter J. Mothers, fathers and the intergenerational transmission of gender ideology. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2021; 99:102597. [PMID: 34429210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional gender beliefs play an important role in (re-)producing gender inequalities, and trends towards gender egalitarianism have stalled. As such, identifying factors that contribute to individuals upholding traditional versus egalitarian gender attitudes is an important scholarly endeavour. While previous studies have identified critical predictors-such as religion, education and parenthood-intergenerational influences have received comparatively little empirical attention. Drawing upon gender-socialization theory, we derive hypotheses about how parental attitudes towards gender are transmitted to their children, considering differences between mothers' and fathers' influences, parental (dis)agreement in attitudes, and moderation by child's gender. We test these hypotheses using high-quality data from a national sample of Australian 14/15-year-old adolescents (Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, n = 1806). We find substantial intergenerational associations in gender ideology. Paternal and maternal attitudes exert a similar degree of influence on their children's attitudes, and have complementary rather than cumulative effects. While fathers' attitudes influence sons' and daughters' attitudes equally, mothers' attitudes influence daughters' attitudes more than sons'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perales
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Michie Building (#9), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia.
| | - Heidi Hoffmann
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tania King
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sergi Vidal
- Centro de Estudios Demograficos, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janeen Baxter
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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van Dyk IS, Shao J, Sohn L, Smiley PA, Olson K, Borelli JL. Responding to Children's Diverse Gender Expression: Validation of a Parent-Report Measure of Gender-Related Conditional Regard. JOURNAL OF GLBT FAMILY STUDIES 2021; 17:482-500. [PMID: 37693120 PMCID: PMC10489244 DOI: 10.1080/1550428x.2021.1931615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that more youth are identifying as gender expansive (e.g., transgender, gender nonconforming) than ever before. However, due to stressors like discrimination, gender minorities remain at significantly higher risk for mental and physical health problems than their cisgender peers. While initial research has shown that parental support of youth's minority gender identities may be protective, further research is needed regarding specific parenting practices and their impact on children. We propose that parental conditional regard-the selective provision of warmth and esteem when children's behavior conforms to parental standards or values - may be a critical component of parenting behaviors that predicts maladaptation in gender expansive children. Across three studies involving parents of cisgender and gender expansive children ages 3-15 (Study 1: N = 601, community sample; Study 2: N = 793, parents of gender expansive and cisgender children; Study 3, same sample as in Study 1), we describe the development of a novel measure of parental conditional regard for gender expression and test its validity and reliability. Finally, we demonstrate that conditional regard for gender expression is distinct from existing conditional regard measures, and is uniquely associated with children's psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianmin Shao
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lucas Sohn
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Kristina Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Jessica L. Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
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11
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Alexander GM, John K, Hammond T, Lahey J. Living Up to a Name: Gender Role Behavior Varies With Forename Gender Typicality. Front Psychol 2021; 11:604848. [PMID: 33551916 PMCID: PMC7862123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.604848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forenames serve as proxies for gender labels that activate gender stereotypes and gender socialization. Unlike rigid binary gender categories, they differ in the degree to which they are perceived as "masculine" or "feminine." We examined the novel hypothesis that the ability of a forename to signal gender is associated with gender role behavior in women (n = 215) and men (n = 127; M = 19.32, SD = 2.11) as part of a larger study evaluating forenames used in resume research. Compared to individuals endorsing a "gender-strong" forename, those perceiving their forename as relatively "gender-weak" reported less gender-typical childhood social behavior and a weaker expression of gender-linked personality traits. Our findings suggest that forenames strengthen or weaken gender socialization, gender identification, and so contribute to the variable expression of gender role behavior within binary gender groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerianne M Alexander
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kendall John
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tracy Hammond
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joanna Lahey
- Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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12
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Graziani AR, Guidetti M, Cavazza N. Food for Boys and Food for Girls: Do Preschool Children Hold Gender Stereotypes about Food? SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Mothers’ Gender Beliefs Matter for Adolescents’ Academic Achievement and Engagement: An Examination of Ethnically Diverse U.S. Mothers and Adolescents. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Nielson MG, Schroeder KM, Martin CL, Cook RE. Investigating the Relation between Gender Typicality and Pressure to Conform to Gender Norms. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Sanchez D, Whittaker TA, Crosnoe R. Preliminary Findings of the Links Between Gender Role Attitudes and Sexual Behaviors in Mexican American Early Adolescent Boys. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2020; 21:1-12. [PMID: 33312072 PMCID: PMC7731931 DOI: 10.1037/men0000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the relations between Latino gender role attitudes (traditional machismo attitudes and caballerismo attitudes) and sexual behaviors among 242 Mexican American early adolescent boys in the southwest United States. Specifically, a multiple mediator model estimated the association between gender role attitudes and sexual activity through a mediational pathway connecting substance use, sexual motives, and peer influence. Results from analyzing this structural equation model indicated that traditional machismo attitudes were not associated with sexual behaviors. Caballerismo gender role attitudes, however, were indirectly linked with reduced sexual motives and substance via peer influence. This study underscores the importance of social context, behavior, and psychological motivations in explaining differences in sexual motives and substance use among young Mexican American adolescent boys who hold different kinds of beliefs about their gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delida Sanchez
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | | - Robert Crosnoe
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin
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16
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Dery I, Ganle JK. “Who Knows, You May Overpower Him”: Narratives and Experiences of Masculinities Among the Dagaaba Youth of Northwestern Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1060826519846932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses broadly on how young men construct, negotiate, and express masculine identities in northwestern Ghana. Situated within discourses of ruling masculinity, and drawing on qualitative interviews, this article provides locally grounded insights about how young men articulate and make themselves visible by negotiating and renegotiating the interplay of complex struggles and realities to maintain dominance over peers. Findings suggest that dominant norms on the meanings of being a young Dagaaba man entail ambivalences, status insecurity, contradictory desires, and an investment to always act in satisfaction of the observer’s gaze. The danger of being looked down on emerges as an important organizing framework that shapes participants’ engagement in discursive and exaggerated behaviors and violence. Consequently, young men engage in dramatic performances and public displays to further authenticate their manhood, which provokes and authorizes young men to mask their feelings of vulnerability. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Dery
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Rousseau A, Rodgers RF, Eggermont S. A Short-Term Longitudinal Exploration of the Impact of TV Exposure on Objectifying Attitudes Toward Women in Early Adolescent Boys. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Sanchez D, Flannigan A, Guevara C, Arango S, Hamilton E. Links among Familial Gender Ideology, Media Portrayal of Women, Dating, and Sexual Behaviors in African American, and Mexican American Adolescent Young Women: A Qualitative Study. SEX ROLES 2017; 77:453-470. [PMID: 38818107 PMCID: PMC11139251 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing grounded theory methodology and drawing from sexual script theory as a research lens, we examined familial gender ideologies, media portrayals of Black and Latina women, dating attitudes, and sexual behaviors among 33 low-income early adolescent (aged 11-14) African American and Mexican American young women. Themes revealed divergent experiences for African American and Mexican American young women. In particular, African American participants reported egalitarian familial gender ideologies and sexual objectification of Black women, as well as more open and positive attitudes toward dating and sexuality. In contrast, Mexican American participants reported patriarchal familial gender ideologies and the portrayed mistreatment of Latinas in telenovelas and Spanish language songs, along with cautious attitudes towards dating and sexuality. Additionally, Mexican American participants reported that they censored their communication about sexual matters with their family. Overall, findings suggest that interventions should be tailored accordingly for African American and Mexican American youth. Interventions with African American young women should focus on providing accurate information on safer sexual practices, whereas interventions with Mexican American young women should focus on promoting constructive conceptualizations of gender roles, which could help foster self-efficacy around sexual communication with parents and potential partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delida Sanchez
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, D5800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alaina Flannigan
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, D5800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Crystal Guevara
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, D5800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah Arango
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, D5800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Emma Hamilton
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, D5800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Bauermeister JA, Connochie D, Jadwin-Cakmak L, Meanley S. Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States. Am J Mens Health 2016; 11:693-701. [PMID: 27903954 PMCID: PMC5393921 DOI: 10.1177/1557988316680938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hegemonic masculinities (i.e., sets of socially accepted masculine behaviors and beliefs within a given time and culture) may affect the well-being of sexual minority men, yet quantitative relationships between these masculinities and well-being remain largely unexplored. Using data from a national cross-sectional survey of young sexual minority men ( N = 1,484; ages 18-24 years), the current study examined the relationship between parental gender policing during childhood and adolescence and subsequent substance use and psychological distress. Over one third of the sample (37.8%) reported their parent(s) or the person(s) who raised them had policed their gender, including the use of disciplinary actions. Using multivariable regression, this study examined the relationship between parental gender policing and psychological well-being and substance use, after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and current student status. Gender policing during childhood and adolescence was associated with recent substance use behaviors and psychological distress in multivariable models. A linear association between substance use behaviors and psychological distress and the number of disciplinary actions experienced during childhood and adolescence was also observed. Parents' attempts to police their sons' gender expression were associated with markers of distress among young sexual minority men. The relationship between parental gender policing during childhood and adolescence and distress among young sexual minority men are discussed.
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Garner B, Grazian D. Naturalizing Gender through Childhood Socialization Messages in a Zoo. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272516656620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We draw on public observations conducted in a zoo to identify three instances in which adults make use of its specific spatial and symbolic resources to transmit socialization messages to children according to “naturalized” models of hegemonic gender difference. First, adults attribute gender to zoo animals by projecting onto them human characteristics associated with feminine and masculine stereotypes. Second, adults mobilize zoo exhibits as props for modeling their own normative gender displays in the presence of children. Third, adults discipline boys and girls differently in the context of the zoo’s built environment, and in doing so, they communicate socialization messages to children regarding how to behave in conventionally gendered ways. In emphasizing the context of the zoo as a site for the naturalization of gender categories, we identify how adults transmit gender socialization messages to children that promote gender stereotypes associated with the biological determinism of the natural living world.
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Paul Halpern H, Perry-Jenkins M. Parents' Gender Ideology and Gendered Behavior as Predictors of Children's Gender-Role Attitudes: A Longitudinal Exploration. SEX ROLES 2015; 74:527-542. [PMID: 27445431 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-015-0539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study utilized longitudinal, self-report data from a sample of 109 dual-earner, working-class couples and their 6-year-old children living in the northeastern United States. Research questions addressed the roles of parents' gender ideology and gendered behaviors in predicting children's development of gender-role attitudes. It was hypothesized that parents' behavior would be more influential than their ideology in the development of their children's attitudes about gender roles. Parents responded to questionnaires assessing their global beliefs about women's and men's "rightful" roles in society, work preferences for mothers, division of household and childcare tasks, division of paid work hours, and job traditionality. These data were collected at multiple time points across the first year of parenthood, and during a 6-year follow-up. At the final time point, children completed the Sex Roles Learning Inventory (SERLI), an interactive measure that assesses gender-role attitudes. Overall, mothers' and fathers' behaviors were better predictors of children's gender-role attitudes than parents' ideology. In addition, mothers and fathers played unique roles in their sons' and daughters' acquisition of knowledge about gender stereotypes. Findings from the current study fill gaps in the literature on children's gender development in the family context-particularly by examining the understudied role of fathers in children's acquisition of knowledge regarding gender stereotypes and through its longitudinal exploration of the relationship between parents' gender ideologies, parents' gendered behaviors, and children's gender-role attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Paul Halpern
- Department of Psychology, Center for Research on Families, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Maureen Perry-Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Center for Research on Families, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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Klibert J, Lamis DA, Collins W, Smalley KB, Warren JC, Yancey CT, Winterowd C. Resilience Mediates the Relations Between Perfectionism and College Student Distress. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorian A. Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Walt Collins
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University
| | | | - Jacob C. Warren
- Department of Public Health, Georgia Southern University
- Now at Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University
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Cichy KE, Lefkowitz ES, Davis EM, Fingerman KL. "You are such a disappointment!": negative emotions and parents' perceptions of adult children's lack of success. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2013; 68:893-901. [PMID: 23733857 PMCID: PMC3805291 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parents' perceptions of their adult children's successes (or lack thereof) may be associated in different ways with discrete negative emotions (e.g., guilt, anger, disappointment, and worry). Furthermore, mothers and fathers may vary in their reactions to children's success in different domains. METHOD Participants included 158 mothers and fathers from the same families (N = 316) and their adult child. Mothers and fathers evaluated their adult children's successes in (a) career and (b) relationship domains. Mothers and fathers also reported on several negative emotions in the parent-child tie: guilt, anger, disappointment, and worry. RESULTS For fathers, perceptions of children's poorer career success were associated with disappointment, anger, and guilt. Mothers' perceptions of children's lack of career success were associated with disappointment and worry. Mothers' perceptions of children's poorer success in relationships were associated with each of the negative emotions, with the exception of anger. DISCUSSION Parents experience emotions associated with unmet goals and future concerns in relationships with less successful children. Mothers may respond emotionally to career and relationship success, whereas fathers may respond emotionally primarily to their child's career success. Findings underscore the importance of considering the context of parents' negative emotional experiences in ties to adult children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Cichy
- Correspondence should be addressed to Kelly E. Cichy, Department of Human Development & Family Studies, School of Lifespan Development and Educational Sciences, P.O. Box 5190, 405 White Hall, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001. E-mail:
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Vandenbosch L, Eggermont S. Maternal Attachment and Television Viewing in Adolescents’ Sexual Socialization: Differential Associations Across Gender. SEX ROLES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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