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Nazir MS, Ahmad M, Aslam S, Rafiq A, Al-Hussain SA, Zaki MEA. A Comprehensive Update of Anti-COVID-19 Activity of Heterocyclic Compounds. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1547-1571. [PMID: 38737333 PMCID: PMC11088867 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s450499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the most considerable health problems across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the major causative agent of COVID-19. The severe symptoms of this deadly disease include shortness of breath, fever, cough, loss of smell, and a broad spectrum of other health issues such as diarrhea, pneumonia, bronchitis, septic shock, and multiple organ failure. Currently, there are no medications available for coronavirus patients, except symptom-relieving drugs. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 requires the development of effective drugs and specific treatments. Heterocycles are important constituents of more than 85% of the physiologically active pharmaceutical drugs on the market now. Several FDA-approved drugs have been reported including molnupiravir, remdesivir, ritonavir, oseltamivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine for the cure of COVID-19. In this study, we discuss potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 heterocyclic compounds that have been synthesized over the past few years. These compounds included; indole, piperidine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, piperazine, quinazoline, oxazole, quinoline, isoxazole, thiazole, quinoxaline, pyrazole, azafluorene, imidazole, thiadiazole, triazole, coumarin, chromene, and benzodioxole. Both in vitro and in silico studies were performed to determine the potential of these heterocyclic compounds in the fight against various SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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El-Saghier AM, Enaili SS, Abdou A, Kadry AM. An efficient eco-friendly, simple, and green synthesis of some new spiro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteases: drug-likeness, pharmacophore, molecular docking, and DFT exploration. Mol Divers 2024; 28:249-270. [PMID: 37946070 PMCID: PMC10876818 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that can cause severe respiratory illness. There is no specific treatment for COVID-19, and the development of new drugs is urgently needed. PROBLEM STATEMENT The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) enzyme is a critical viral enzyme that plays a vital role in viral replication. The inhibition of Mpro enzyme can be an effective strategy for developing new COVID-19 drugs. METHODOLOGY An efficient operationally simple and convenient green synthesis method had been done towards a series of novel spiro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-carboxamide derivatives, in ethanol at room temperature in green conditions, up to 90% yield. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds were verified using spectroscopic methods.The title compounds were subjected to in silico analysis, including Lipinski's rule and ADMET prediction, in addition to pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking against the active site of SARS-CoV-2 target main protease (Mpro) enzyme (6LU7). Furthermore, both of the top-ranked compounds (5 and 6) and the standard Nirmatrelvir were subjected to DFT analysis. FINDINGS The synthesized compounds exhibited good binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme, with binding energy scores ranging from - 7.33 kcal/mol (compound 6) and - 7.22kcal/mol (compound 5) to - 6.54 kcal/mol (compounds 8 and 9). The top-ranked compounds (5 and 6) had lower HOMO-LUMO energy difference (ΔE) than the standard drug Nirmatrelvir. This highlights the potential and relevance of charge transfer at the molecular level. RECOMMENDATION These findings suggest that the synthesized spiro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-carboxamide derivatives could be potential candidates for COVID-19 drug development. To confirm these drugs' antiviral efficacy in vivo, more research is required. With very little possibility of failure, this proven method could aid in the search for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic's desperately needed medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Saghier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Souhaila S Enaili
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al Zawiya University, Al Zawia, Libya
| | - Aly Abdou
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Kadry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
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Noser AA, Abdelmonsef AH, Salem MM. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of novel substituted azepines as inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway in colorectal carcinoma. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106299. [PMID: 36493622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel substituted azepines (2-7) was synthesized using both traditional and ultrasonic techniques. The efficiency of the reaction rate and yield was improved by sonication technique. We identified the newly synthesized compounds based on their melting points, elemental analyses, and spectral data. Human cancers are regulated mainly by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinases B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, and its abnormal activation is linked to carcinogenesis, and angiogenesis. Using in-silico studies, we evaluated the ability of all the novel substituted diazepines and oxazepines to prevent cancer growth and metastasis by targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Based on our findings, compounds 4a and 7a were chosen for in-vitro testing as they ranked via molecular docking the highest binding energies of -10.9, -10.3, -10.6, and -10.4 kcal/mol respectively. Compounds 4a and 7a displayed significant cytotoxicity on Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells with IC50 values of 8.445 ± 2.26 and 33.04 ± 2.06 μM, respectively. Additionally, they considerably suppressed the PI3K/Akt proteins and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which increased p53 and Bax, decreased Bcl-2 levels, and arrested the cell cycle at sub-G0/G1 phase. We also observed a remarkable overexpression of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2) gene, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results showed that compounds 4a and 7a obeyed Lipinski's rule of five and might be potential cancer treatment scaffolds by preventing metastasis and proliferation via blocking the PI3K/Akt/TSC2/m-TOR signaling pathway. This supports our hypothesis that diazepine 4a and oxazepine 7a are promising drug candidates for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Noser
- Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Aboubakr H Abdelmonsef
- Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Maha M Salem
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Yaccoubi F, El-Naggar M, Abdelrazek FM, Gomha SM, Farghaly MS, Abolibda TZ, Ali LA, Abdelmonsef AH. Pyrido-pyrimido-thiadiazinones: green synthesis, molecular docking studies and biological investigation as obesity inhibitors. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2159210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferid Yaccoubi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies at Al Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah 19245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Naggar
- Depatement of Chemistry, Pure and Applied Chemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, kayet Bay, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fathy M. Abdelrazek
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Farghaly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Science & Technology Center of Excellence, Ministry of Military Production, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tariq Z. Abolibda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna A. Ali
- Cell Biology and Histochemistry, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Abdelmonsef AH, Omar M, Rashdan HRM, Taha MM, Abobakr AM. Design, synthetic approach, in silico molecular docking and antibacterial activity of quinazolin-2,4-dione hybrids bearing bioactive scaffolds. RSC Adv 2022; 13:292-308. [PMID: 36605637 PMCID: PMC9769111 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of ten global public health threats facing humanity. This created the need to identify and develop effective inhibitors as antimicrobial agents. In this respect, quinazolin-2,4-dione hybrids bearing N-heterocyclic cores such as pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, pyrazole and oxadiazole and/or bioactive scaffolds such as hydrazone, amide, sulfonamide, azomethine, and thiourea linkage are described for design, synthesis, antibacterial investigation, and in silico studies. The characterization of the target compounds was accomplished by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic data like FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS. The antibacterial evaluation was achieved for the newly synthesized compounds using two G -ve bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25955 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145), and two G +ve bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus NRRL B-767). Synthesized compounds exhibited various activities against the tested pathogens, the results revealed that compound 3c exhibited a characteristic antimicrobial efficacy against all the tested pathogenic strains at a concentration lower than the tested standard drug ranging from 2.5 to 10 μg ml-1. Moreover, the molecular docking study against the target S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (PDB ID: 1JIJ) was carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of the prepared compounds, which is in line with an in vitro study. Most new compounds exhibited zero violation of Lipinski's rule (Ro5). These candidate molecules have shown promising antibacterial activity. Among these molecules, compound 3c with di-hydroxyl groups on two phenyl rings at position-4 exhibited a promising potent antibacterial inhibitory effect. Further SAR analysis reveals that a greater number of hydroxyl groups in an organic compound might be crucial for antibacterial efficacy. These findings demonstrate the potential activity of compound 3c as an antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Omar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - Huda R M Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Taha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abobakr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
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Diverse Biological Activities of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Scaffold. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of 1,3,4-thiadiazole is one of the most interesting scaffolds for synthesizing new drug molecules due to their numerous pharmacological activities. Several modifications in the thiadiazole ring have been made, proving it to be more potent and highly effective with a less toxic scaffold for various biological activities. There are several marketed drugs containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring in their structure. In this review article, we have tried to compile the newly synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives possessing important pharmaceutical significance since 2014.
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Rashdan H, Abdelmonsef A. Towards Covid-19 TMPRSS2 enzyme inhibitors and antimicrobial agents: Synthesis, antimicrobial potency, molecular docking, and drug-likeness prediction of thiadiazole-triazole hybrids. J Mol Struct 2022; 1268:133659. [PMID: 35818577 PMCID: PMC9255848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,3,4-Thiadiazole analogues 3 and 4 were synthesised via the reaction of 1-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethan-1one 2 with vanillin or thiophene-2-carboxaldhyde, respectively through chalcone reaction. Compounds 3 and 4 were submitted to react with thiosemicarbazide affording 5-(4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5) give 3-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4,5 dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (6), respectively. The letters were reacted with N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopropanehydrazonoyl chloride to give compounds 7 and 8. The chemical compositions of the novel compounds were affirmed by spectral and microanalytical data. Meanwhile, all the newly synthesized compounds have been screened for their ability to prevent the proliferation of different pathogens named Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in vitro. Additionally, the potency of the newly synthesized compounds to be anti-COVID-19 candidates was studied through a molecular docking study. The newly prepared molecules 2-8 were studied in silico against transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to identify their potential therapeutic activity against Coronavirus. Moreover, the drug-likeness of the compounds was tested theoretically by ADMET studies. Compound 8 exhibited a better binding affinity (-9.1 kcal/mol) against the target enzyme TMPRSS2. Additionally, it respects Lipinski's rule of five and has acceptable ADMET properties, indicating that compound 8 could be interesting for the treatment of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.R.M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Institute, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - A.H. Abdelmonsef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
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