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Li X, Jin D, Yi F, Tang M, Wan S, Fan Y, Xiao Y, Liu T, Li H, Li J, Qiu M, Pei Y. BpAFP, a Broussonetia papyrifera latex chitinase, exhibits a dual role in resisting to both Verticillium wilt disease and lepidopterous pests, Plutella xylostella and Prodenia litura. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112161. [PMID: 38879177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a fast-growing tree known for its tolerance to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. To explore genes combating Verticillium wilt, a devasting and formidable disease damage to cotton and many economically significant crops, we purified an antifungal protein, named BpAFP, from the latex of paper mulberry. Based on peptide fingerprint, we cloned the full cDNA sequence of BpAFP and revealed that BpAFP belongs to Class I chitinases, sharing 74 % identity with B. papyrifera leaf chitinase, PMAPII. We further introduced BpAFP into Arabidopsis, tobacco, and cotton. Transgenic plants exhibited significant resistance to Verticillium wilt. Importantly, BpAFP also demonstrated insecticidal activity against herbivorous pests, Plutella xylostella, and Prodenia litura, when feeding the larvae with transgenic leaves. Our finding unveils a dual role of BpAFP in conferring resistance to both plant diseases and lepidopterous pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan Jin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Feifei Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Siyi Wan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hui Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jiancong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mingliang Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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de Oliveira EG, Filho CADC, Rodrigues RAL. An overview of viral chitinases: General properties and biotechnological potential. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2053-2061. [PMID: 38057942 PMCID: PMC10800131 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a biopolymer profusely present in nature and of pivotal importance as a structural component in cells. It is degraded by chitinases, enzymes naturally produced by different organisms. Chitinases are proteins enrolled in many cellular mechanisms, including the remodeling process of the fungal cell wall, the cell growth process, the autolysis of filamentous fungi, and cell separation of yeasts, among others. These enzymes also have properties with different biotechnological applications. They are used to produce polymers, for biological control, biofilm formation, and as antitumor and anti-inflammatory target molecules. Chitinases are classified into different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families and are widespread in microorganisms, including viruses. Among them, the GH18 family is highly predominant in the viral genomes, being present and active enzymes in baculoviruses and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), especially chloroviruses from the Phycodnaviridae family. These viral enzymes contain one or more GH domains and seem to be involved during the viral replication cycle. Curiously, only a few DNA viruses have these enzymes, and studying their properties could be a key feature for biological and biotechnological novelties. Here, we provide an overview of viral chitinases and their probable function in viral infection, showing evidence of at least two distinct origins for these enzymes. Finally, we discuss how these enzymes can be applied as biotechnological tools and what one can expect for the coming years on these GHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Clécio Alonso da Costa Filho
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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Patel S, Patel J, Silliman K, Hall N, Bowen K, Koebernick J. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Unfolds a Complex Defense and Secondary Metabolite Networks Imparting Corynespora cassiicola Resistance in Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10563. [PMID: 37445741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Target spot is caused by Corynespora cassiicola, which heavily affects soybean production areas that are hot and humid. Resistant soybean genotypes have been identified; however, the molecular mechanisms governing resistance to infection are unknown. Comparative transcriptomic profiling using two known resistant genotypes and two susceptible genotypes was performed under infected and control conditions to understand the regulatory network operating between soybean and C. cassiicola. RNA-Seq analysis identified a total of 2571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which were shared by all four genotypes. These DEGs are related to secondary metabolites, immune response, defense response, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathways in all four genotypes after C. cassiicola infection. In the two resistant genotypes, additional upregulated DEGs were identified affiliated with the defense network: flavonoids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids. Further analysis led to the identification of differentially expressed transcription factors, immune receptors, and defense genes with a leucine-rich repeat domain, dirigent proteins, and cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases. These results will provide insight into molecular mechanisms of soybean resistance to C. cassiicola infection and valuable resources to potentially pyramid quantitative resistance loci for improving soybean germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jinesh Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Katherine Silliman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kira Bowen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Hodgson JJ, Passarelli AL, Krell PJ. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Autographa Californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Chitinase and Cathepsin Genes Enhances Virulence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020503. [PMID: 36851718 PMCID: PMC9965964 DOI: 10.3390/v15020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The baculoviral chitinase (CHIA) and cathepsin (V-CATH) enzymes promote terminal insect host liquefaction, which aids viral progeny dissemination. Recombinant Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-derived viruses were previously generated with reprogrammed chiA transcription by replacing the native promoter with the AcMNPV polyhedrin (polh) or core protein (p6.9) promoter sequences, but of both these chiA-reprogrammed viruses lacked v-cath transcription and V-CATH enzymatic activity. Here, we report that dual p6.9/polh promoter reprogramming of the adjacent chiA/v-cath genes resulted in modulated temporal transcription of both genes without impacting infectious budded virus production. These promoter changes increased CHIA and V-CATH enzyme activities in infected Spodoptera frugiperda-derived cultured cells and Trichoplusia ni larvae. In addition, larvae infected with the dual reprogrammed virus had earlier mortalities and liquefaction. This recombinant baculovirus, lacking exogenous genomic elements and increased chiA/v-cath expression levels, may be desirable for and amenable to producing enhanced baculovirus-based biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hodgson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | | | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Akram F, Jabbar Z, Aqeel A, Haq IU, Tariq S, Malik K. A Contemporary Appraisal on Impending Industrial and Agricultural Applications of Thermophilic-Recombinant Chitinolytic Enzymes from Microbial Sources. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1055-1075. [PMID: 35397055 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chitinases to degrade the second most abundant polymer, chitin, into potentially useful chitooligomers and chitin derivatives has not only rendered them fit for chitinous waste management but has also made them important from industrial point of view. At the same time, they have also been recognized to have an imperative role as promising biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. As thermostability is an important property for an industrially important enzyme, various bacterial and fungal sources are being exploited to obtain such stable enzymes. These stable enzymes can also play a role in agriculture by maintaining their stability under adverse environmental conditions for longer time duration when used as biocontrol agent. Biotechnology has also played its role in the development of recombinant chitinases with enhanced activity, thermostability, fungicidal and insecticidal activity via recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, a relatively new approach of generating pathogen-resistant transgenic plants has opened new ways for sustainable agriculture by minimizing the yield loss of valuable crops and plants. This review focuses on the potential applications of thermostable and recombinant microbial chitinases in industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Tariq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Han Y, Taylor EB, Luthe D. Maize Endochitinase Expression in Response to Fall Armyworm Herbivory. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:689-706. [PMID: 34056671 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of crop loss is due to insect damage, especially caterpillar damage. Plant chitinases are considered excellent candidates to combat these insects since they can degrade chitin in peritrophic matrix (PM), an important protective structure in caterpillar midgut. Compared to chemical insecticides, chitinases could improve host plant resistance and be both economically and environmentally advantageous. The focus of this research was to find chitinase candidates that could improve plant resistance by effectively limiting caterpillar damage. Five classes of endochitinase (I-V) genes were characterized in the maize genome, and we isolated and cloned four chitinase genes (chitinase A, chitinase B, chitinase I, and PRm3) present in two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines Mp708 and Tx601, with different levels of resistance to caterpillar pests. We also investigated the expression of these maize chitinases in response to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) attack. The results indicated that both chitinase transcript abundance and enzymatic activity increased in response to FAW feeding and mechanical wounding. Furthermore, chitinases retained activity inside the caterpillar midgut and enzymatic activity was detected in the food bolus and frass. When examined under scanning electron microscopy, PMs from Tx601-fed caterpillars showed structural damage when compared to diet controls. Analysis of chitinase transcript abundance after caterpillar feeding and proteomic analysis of maize leaf trichomes in the two inbreds implicated chitinase PRm3 found in Tx601 as a potential insecticidal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Dawn Luthe
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA.
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Han Y, Luthe D. Identification and evolution analysis of the JAZ gene family in maize. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:256. [PMID: 33838665 PMCID: PMC8037931 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Jasmonates (JAs) are important for plants to coordinate growth, reproduction, and defense responses. In JA signaling, jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins serve as master regulators at the initial stage of herbivores attacks. Although discovered in many plant species, little in-depth characterization of JAZ gene expression has been reported in the agronomically important crop, maize (Zea mays L.). Results In this study 16 JAZ genes from the maize genome were identified and classified. Phylogenetic analyses were performed from maize, rice, sorghum, Brachypodium, and Arabidopsis using deduced protein sequences, total six clades were proposed and conservation was observed in each group, such as similar gene exon/intron structures. Synteny analysis across four monocots indicated these JAZ gene families had a common ancestor, and duplication events in maize genome may drive the expansion of JAZ gene family, including genome-wide duplication (GWD), transposon, and/or tandem duplication. Strong purifying selection acted on all JAZ genes except those in group 4, which were under neutral selection. Further, we cloned three paralogous JAZ gene pairs from two maize inbreds differing in JA levels and insect resistance, and gene polymorphisms were observed between two inbreds. Conclusions Here we analyzed the composition and evolution of JAZ genes in maize with three other monocot plants. Extensive phylogenetic and synteny analysis revealed the expansion and selection fate of maize JAZ. This is the first study comparing the difference between two inbreds, and we propose genotype-specific JAZ gene expression might be present in maize plants. Since genetic redundancy in JAZ gene family hampers our understanding of their role in response to specific elicitors, we hope this research could be pertinent to elucidating the defensive responses in plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07522-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dawn Luthe
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA.
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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Mahmood S, Kumar M, Kumari P, Mahapatro GK, Banerjee N, Sarin NB. Novel insecticidal chitinase from the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus nematophila. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:394-401. [PMID: 32422264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila strain ATCC 19061 is an insect pathogen that produces various protein toxins which intoxicate and kill its larval host. In the present study, we have described the cloning, expression and characterization of a 76-kDa chitinase protein of X. nematophila. A 1.9 kb DNA sequence encoding the chitinase gene was PCR amplified and cloned. Further, the chitinase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by using affinity chromatography. Two highly conserved domains were identified GH18 and ChiA. The purified chitinase protein showed chitobiosidase activity, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and endochitinase activity, when enzyme activity was measured using respective substrates. The purified chitinase protein was found to be orally toxic to the larvae of a major crop pest, Helicoverpa armigera when fed to the larvae mixed with artificial diet. It also had adverse effect on the growth and development of the surviving larvae. Surviving larvae showed 9-fold reduction in weight, as a result the transformation of larvae into pupae was adversely affected. Our results demonstrated that the chitinase protein of X. nematophila has insecticidal property and can prove to be a potent candidate for pest control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saquib Mahmood
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Punam Kumari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Gagan Kumar Mahapatro
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nirupama Banerjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neera Bhalla Sarin
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Tetreau G, Wang P. Chitinous Structures as Potential Targets for Insect Pest Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:273-292. [PMID: 31102251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinous structures are physiologically fundamental in insects. They form the insect exoskeleton, play important roles in physiological systems and provide physical, chemical and biological protections in insects. As critically important structures in insects, chitinous structures are attractive target sites for the development of new insect-pest-control strategies. Chitinous structures in insects are complex and their formation and maintenance are dynamically regulated with the growth and development of insects. In the past few decades, studies on insect chitinous structures have shed lights on the physiological functions, compositions, structural formation, and regulation of the chitinous structures. Current understanding of the chitinous structures has indicated opportunities for exploring new target sites for insect control. Mechanisms to disrupt chitinous structures in insects have been studied and strategies for the potential development of new means of insect control by targeting chitinous structures have been proposed and are practically to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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Microbial and viral chitinases: Attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:818-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Berini F, Caccia S, Franzetti E, Congiu T, Marinelli F, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Effects of Trichoderma viride chitinases on the peritrophic matrix of Lepidoptera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:980-989. [PMID: 26179981 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed by a network of chitin fibrils associated with proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans that lines the insect midgut. It is a physical barrier involved in digestion processes, and protects the midgut epithelium from food abrasion, pathogen infections and toxic materials. Given its fundamental role in insect physiology, the PM represents an excellent target for pest control strategies. Although a number of viral, bacterial and insect chitinolytic enzymes affecting PM integrity have already been tested, exploitation of fungal chitinases has been almost neglected. Fungal chitinases, already in use as fungal phytopathogen biocontrol agents, are known to attack the insect cuticle, but their action on the insect gut needs to be better investigated. RESULTS In the present paper, we performed a biochemical characterisation of a commercial mixture of chitinolytic enzymes derived from Trichoderma viride and analysed its in vitro and in vivo effects on the PM of the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model system among Lepidoptera. We found that these enzymes have significant in vitro effects on the structure and permeability of the PM of this insect. A bioassay supported these results and showed that the oral administration of the mixture causes PM alterations, leading to adverse consequences on larval growth and development, negatively affecting pupal weight and even inducing mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an integrated experimental approach to evaluate the effects of fungal chitinases on Lepidoptera. The encouraging results obtained herein make us confident about the possible use of fungal chitinases to control lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Yan J, Yuan SS, Jiang LL, Ye XJ, Ng TB, Wu ZJ. Plant antifungal proteins and their applications in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4961-81. [PMID: 25971197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are far more complex organisms than viruses or bacteria and can develop numerous diseases in plants that cause loss of a substantial portion of the crop every year. Plants have developed various mechanisms to defend themselves against these fungi which include the production of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites and proteins and peptides with antifungal activity. In this review, families of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) including defensins, lectins, and several others will be summarized. Moreover, the application of AFPs in agriculture will also be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China,
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Ishimwe E, Hodgson JJ, Clem RJ, Passarelli AL. Reaching the melting point: Degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors involved in baculovirus infection and dissemination. Virology 2015; 479-480:637-49. [PMID: 25724418 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus infection of a host insect involves several steps, beginning with initiation of virus infection in the midgut, followed by dissemination of infection from the midgut to other tissues in the insect, and finally culminating in "melting" or liquefaction of the host, which allows for horizontal spread of infection to other insects. While all of the viral gene products are involved in ultimately reaching this dramatic infection endpoint, this review focuses on two particular types of baculovirus-encoded proteins: degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors. Neither of these types of proteins is commonly found in other virus families, but they both play important roles in baculovirus infection. The types of degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors encoded by baculoviruses are discussed, as are the roles of these proteins in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egide Ishimwe
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Hodgson
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States
| | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States.
| | - A Lorena Passarelli
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, United States.
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Chitinase fromAutographa californicaMultiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus: Rapid Purification from Sf-9 Medium and Mode of Action. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1763-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Oh S, Kim DH, Patnaik BB, Jo YH, Noh MY, Lee HJ, Lee KH, Yoon KH, Kim WJ, Noh JY, Jeong HC, Lee YS, Zhang CX, Song YS, Jung WJ, Ko K, Han YS. Molecular and immunohistochemical characterization of the chitinase gene from Pieris rapae granulovirus. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1701-18. [PMID: 23512574 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chitinase gene of baculoviruses is expressed in the late phase of virus replication in insects and possesses high exo- and endochitinase activity, which can hydrolyze chitin in the body of the insect, thus promoting terminal host liquefaction. Alphabaculovirus viral chitinases (vChitA) have been well analyzed, but information regarding viral chitinases from betabaculoviruses is limited. Whole-genome sequencing of a Korean isolate of Pieris rapae GV (PiraGV-K) predicted a putative chitinase gene corresponding to ORF10. The PiraGV-K chitinase gene had a coding sequence of 1,761 bp, encoding a protein of 586 amino acid (aa) residues, including an 18-aa putative signal peptide. Time course induction pattern observed by SDS-PAGE and subsequent Western blot with anti-PiraGV-K chitinase antibody revealed the cleavage of the signal peptide from the intact chitinase. Edman sequencing analysis was further conducted to confirm the exact nature of the mature chitinase, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence (KPGAP) exactly matched the sequence following the signal peptide sequence. The transcriptomics of PiraGV-K chitinase in infected P. rapae larvae, examined by real-time PCR, revealed a significant 75-fold increase after four days of feeding with PiraGV-K-treated leaves, with a subsequent decline at the later stages of infection. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that PiraGV-K chitinase possibly exists as a secreted protein, with strong chitinase-specific signals in fat body cells and integument at four days postinfection. Furthermore, immunogold labeling and electron microscopy studies localized the PiraGV-K chitinase in the cytoplasm and sparsely within vacuolar structures in the fat body apart from the extensive aggregation in the cuticular lining of the integument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghan Oh
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
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Insect-Derived Chitinases. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:19-50. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Corrado G, Alagna F, Rocco M, Renzone G, Varricchio P, Coppola V, Coppola M, Garonna A, Baldoni L, Scaloni A, Rao R. Molecular interactions between the olive and the fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:86. [PMID: 22694925 PMCID: PMC3733423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is the primary biotic stressor of cultivated olives, causing direct and indirect damages that significantly reduce both the yield and the quality of olive oil. To study the olive-B. oleae interaction, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic investigations of the molecular response of the drupe. The identifications of genes and proteins involved in the fruit response were performed using a Suppression Subtractive Hybridisation technique and a combined bi-dimensional electrophoresis/nanoLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS approach, respectively. RESULTS We identified 196 ESTs and 26 protein spots as differentially expressed in olives with larval feeding tunnels. A bioinformatic analysis of the identified non-redundant EST and protein collection indicated that different molecular processes were affected, such as stress response, phytohormone signalling, transcriptional control and primary metabolism, and that a considerable proportion of the ESTs could not be classified. The altered expression of 20 transcripts was also analysed by real-time PCR, and the most striking differences were further confirmed in the fruit of a different olive variety. We also cloned the full-length coding sequences of two genes, Oe-chitinase I and Oe-PR27, and showed that these are wound-inducible genes and activated by B. oleae punctures. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first report that reveals the molecular players and signalling pathways involved in the interaction between the olive fruit and its most damaging biotic stressor. Drupe response is complex, involving genes and proteins involved in photosynthesis as well as in the production of ROS, the activation of different stress response pathways and the production of compounds involved in direct defence against phytophagous larvae. Among the latter, trypsin inhibitors should play a major role in drupe resistance reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Corrado
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Alagna
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Mariapina Rocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Biologia, la Geologia e l’Ambiente, Universita’ del Sannio, Via dei Mulini 59/A, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Argine 1085, Napoli, 80147, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Valentina Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Antonio Garonna
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria “F. Silvestri”, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Argine 1085, Napoli, 80147, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
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Digilio MC, Corrado G, Sasso R, Coppola V, Iodice L, Pasquariello M, Bossi S, Maffei ME, Coppola M, Pennacchio F, Rao R, Guerrieri E. Molecular and chemical mechanisms involved in aphid resistance in cultivated tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:1089-1101. [PMID: 20546139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
*An integrated approach has been used to obtain an understanding of the molecular and chemical mechanisms underlying resistance to aphids in cherry-like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) landraces from the Campania region (southern Italy). The aphid-parasitoid system Macrosiphum euphorbiae-Aphidius ervi was used to describe the levels of resistance against aphids in two tomato accessions (AN5, AN7) exhibiting high yield and quality traits and lacking the tomato Mi gene. *Aphid development and reproduction, flight response by the aphid parasitoid A. ervi, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry headspace analysis of plant volatile organic compounds and transcriptional analysis of aphid responsive genes were performed on selected tomato accessions and on a susceptible commercial variety (M82). *When compared with the cultivated variety, M82, AN5 and AN7 showed a significant reduction of M. euphorbiae fitness, the release of larger amounts of specific volatile organic compounds that are attractive to the aphid parasitoid A. ervi, a constitutively higher level of expression of plant defence genes and differential enhancement of plant indirect resistance induced by aphid feeding. *These results provide new insights on how local selection can offer the possibility of the development of innovative genetic strategies to increase tomato resistance against aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Digilio
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Raffaele Sasso
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Valentina Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Luigi Iodice
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Marianna Pasquariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Simone Bossi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Unità di Fisiologia Vegetale, Università di Torino - Centro della Innovazione, Via Quarello 11/A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo E Maffei
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Unità di Fisiologia Vegetale, Università di Torino - Centro della Innovazione, Via Quarello 11/A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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Endochitinase CHI2 of the biocontrol fungus Metarhizium anisopliae affects its virulence toward the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus. Curr Genet 2009; 55:551-60. [PMID: 19649636 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases have been implicated in fungal cell wall remodeling and play a role in exogenous chitin degradation for nutrition and competition. Due to the diversity of these enzymes, assigning particular functions to each chitinase is still ongoing. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae produces several chitinases, and here, we evaluate whether endochitinase CHI2 is involved in the pathogenicity of this fungus. We constructed strains either overexpressing or lacking the CHI2 chitinase. These constructs were validated by Southern, Northern and Western blot analysis, and chitinase production. To access the effects of CHI2 chitinase in virulence, the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus was used as a host. CHI2 overexpression constructs showed higher efficiency in host killing suggesting that the production of this chitinase by a constitutive promoter reduces the time necessary to kill the insect. More significantly, the knock out constructs showed decreased virulence to the insects as compared to the wild type strain. The lack of this single CHI2 chitinase diminished fungal infection efficiency, but not any other detectable trait, showing that the M. anisopliae family 18, subgroup B endochitinase CHI2 plays a role in insect infection.
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Wu XF, Wang CL, Xie EB, Gao Y, Fan YL, Liu PQ, Zhao KJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of the promoter for the multiple stress-inducible gene BjCHI1 from Brassica juncea. PLANTA 2009; 229:1231-1242. [PMID: 19277702 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have previously isolated a Brassica juncea cDNA encoding a novel chitinase BjCHI1 with two chitin-binding domains (Zhao and Chye in Plant Mol Biol 40:1009-1018, 1999). The expression of BjCHI1 was highly inducible by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, wounding, caterpillar feeding, and pathogenic fungal infection. These observations suggest that the promoter of BjCHI1 gene might contain specific cis-acting elements for stress responses. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the BjCHI1 promoter. A 1,098 bp BjCHI1 genomic DNA fragment upstream of the ATG start codon was isolated by PCR walking and various constructs were made by fusing the BjCHI1 promoter or its derivatives to beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that the BjCHI1 promoter responded to wounding and MeJA treatment, and to treatments with either NaCl or polyethyleneglycol (PEG 6000), indicating that the BjCHI1 promoter responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. A transient gene expression system of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was adopted for promoter deletion analysis, and the results showed that a 76 bp region from -695 to -620 in the BjCHI1 promoter was necessary for MeJA-responsive expression. Furthermore, removal of a conserved T/G-box (AACGTG) at -353 to -348 of the promoter greatly reduced the induction by MeJA. This is the first T/G-box element identified in a chitinase gene promoter. Gain-of-function analysis demonstrated that the cis-acting element present in the 76 bp region requires coupling with the T/G-box to confer full magnitude of BjCHI1 induction by MeJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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