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Mulas C, Kalkan T, von Meyenn F, Leitch HG, Nichols J, Smith A. Defined conditions for propagation and manipulation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Development 2019; 146:dev173146. [PMID: 30914406 PMCID: PMC6451320 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The power of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to colonise the developing embryo has revolutionised mammalian developmental genetics and stem cell research. This power is vulnerable, however, to the cell culture environment, deficiencies in which can lead to cellular heterogeneity, adaptive phenotypes, epigenetic aberrations and genetic abnormalities. Here, we provide detailed methodologies for derivation, propagation, genetic modification and primary differentiation of ES cells in 2i or 2i+LIF media without serum or undefined serum substitutes. Implemented diligently, these procedures minimise variability and deviation, thereby improving the efficiency, reproducibility and biological validity of ES cell experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mulas
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Tüzer Kalkan
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Harry G Leitch
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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Molla Kazemiha V, Bonakdar S, Amanzadeh A, Azari S, Memarnejadian A, Shahbazi S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R. Real-time PCR assay is superior to other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1063-80. [PMID: 25742733 PMCID: PMC4960155 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the most important contaminants of cell cultures throughout the world. They are considered as a major problem in biological studies and biopharmaceutical economic issues. In this study, our aim was to find the best standard technique as a rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Thirty cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by five different techniques including microbial culture, indirect DNA DAPI staining, enzymatic mycoalert(®) assay, conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Five mycoplasma-contaminated cell lines were assigned as positive controls and five mycoplasma-free cell lines as negative controls. The enzymatic method was performed using the mycoalert(®) mycoplasma detection kit. Real-time PCR technique was conducted by PromoKine diagnostic kits. In the conventional PCR method, mycoplasma genus-specific primers were designed to analyze the sequences based on a fixed and common region on 16S ribosomal RNA with PCR product size of 425 bp. Mycoplasma contamination was observed in 60, 56.66, 53.33, 46.66 and 33.33 % of 30 different cell cultures by real-time PCR, PCR, enzymatic mycoalert(®), indirect DNA DAPI staining and microbial culture methods, respectively. The analysis of the results of the different methods showed that the real-time PCR assay was superior the other methods with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive value of positive and negative results of 100 %. These values were 94.44, 100, 96.77, 100 and 92.85 % for the conventional PCR method, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that real-time PCR and PCR assays based on the common sequences in the 16S ribosomal RNA are reliable methods with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Azari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region.
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Molla Kazemiha V, Amanzadeh A, Memarnejadian A, Azari S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R, Bonakdar S. Sensitivity of biochemical test in comparison with other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in human and animal cell lines stored in the National Cell Bank of Iran. Cytotechnology 2014; 66:861-73. [PMID: 24493067 PMCID: PMC4158010 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture is considered as serious problem in the manufacturing of biological products. Our goal in this research is to find the best standard and rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and predictive values of positive and negative results for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures of the National Cell Bank of Iran. In this study, 40 cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by three different methods: microbial culture, enzymatic mycoalert(®) and molecular. Enzymatic evaluation was performed using the mycoalert(®) kit while in the molecular technique, a universal primer pair was designed based on the common and fixed 16SrRNA ribosomal sequences used. Mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures with molecular, enzymatic and microbial culture methods were determined as 57.5, 52.5 and 40 %, respectively. These results confirmed the higher rate of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the molecular method in comparison with enzymatic and microbial methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on fixed and common sequences in the 16SrRNA, is a useful valuable and reliable technique with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products. The enzymatic mycoalert(®) method can be considered as a substitution for conventional microbial culture and DNA staining fluorochrome methods due to its higher sensitivity, specificity and speed of detection (<20 min).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- />National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahram Azari
- />National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- />Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- />National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Romorini L, Riva DA, Blüguermann C, Videla Richardson GA, Scassa ME, Sevlever GE, Miriuka SG. Effect of antibiotics against Mycoplasma sp. on human embryonic stem cells undifferentiated status, pluripotency, cell viability and growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70267. [PMID: 23936178 PMCID: PMC3728093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are self-renewing pluripotent cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and hold great promise as models for human development and disease studies, cell-replacement therapies, drug discovery and in vitro cytotoxicity tests. The culture and differentiation of these cells are both complex and expensive, so it is essential to extreme aseptic conditions. hESCs are susceptible to Mycoplasma sp. infection, which is hard to detect and alters stem cell-associated properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and cytotoxic effect of PlasmocinTM and ciprofloxacin (specific antibiotics used for Mycoplasma sp. eradication) on hESCs. Mycoplasma sp. infected HUES-5 884 (H5 884, stable hESCs H5-brachyury promoter-GFP line) cells were effectively cured with a 14 days PlasmocinTM 25 µg/ml treatment (curative treatment) while maintaining stemness characteristic features. Furthermore, cured H5 884 cells exhibit the same karyotype as the parental H5 line and expressed GFP, through up-regulation of brachyury promoter, at day 4 of differentiation onset. Moreover, H5 cells treated with ciprofloxacin 10 µg/ml for 14 days (mimic of curative treatment) and H5 and WA09 (H9) hESCs treated with PlasmocinTM 5 µg/ml (prophylactic treatment) for 5 passages retained hESCs features, as judged by the expression of stemness-related genes (TRA1-60, TRA1-81, SSEA-4, Oct-4, Nanog) at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the presence of specific markers of the three germ layers (brachyury, Nkx2.5 and cTnT: mesoderm; AFP: endoderm; nestin and Pax-6: ectoderm) was verified in in vitro differentiated antibiotic-treated hESCs. In conclusion, we found that PlasmocinTM and ciprofloxacin do not affect hESCs stemness and pluripotency nor cell viability. However, curative treatments slightly diminished cell growth rate. This cytotoxic effect was reversible as cells regained normal growth rate upon antibiotic withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Romorini
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Ariel Riva
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Blüguermann
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Agustin Videla Richardson
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Elida Scassa
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Emilio Sevlever
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Gabriel Miriuka
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Celular, Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Nuerociencias - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Men H, Bauer BA, Bryda EC. Germline transmission of a novel rat embryonic stem cell line derived from transgenic rats. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2606-12. [PMID: 22455749 PMCID: PMC3438845 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline-competent rat embryonic stem (ES) cell lines are important resources for the creation of mutant rat models using ES-cell-based gene targeting technology. The ability to isolate germline-competent ES cell lines from any rat strain, including genetically modified strains, would allow for more sophisticated genetic manipulations without extensive breeding. Sprague Dawley (SD) males carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgene were used as the founder animals for the derivation of ES cell lines. A number of ES cell lines were established and subjected to rigorous quality control testing that included assessment of pluripotency factor expression, karyotype analysis, and pathogen/sterility testing. Two male ES cell lines, SD-Tg.EC1/Rrrc and SD-Tg.EC8/Rrrc, were injected into blastocysts recovered from a cross of Dark Agouti (DA) males with SD females. Resulting chimeric animals were bred with wild-type SD mates to verify the germline transmissibility of the ES cell lines by identifying pups carrying the ES cell line-derived EGFP transgene. While both ES cell lines gave rise to chimeric animals, only SD-Tg.EC1 was germline competent. This confirms the feasibility of deriving germline-competent ES cell lines from transgenic rat strains and provides a novel ES cell line with a stable green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter for future genetic manipulations to create new rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Men
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA
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Mariotti E, D'Alessio F, Mirabelli P, Di Noto R, Fortunato G, Del Vecchio L. Mollicutes contamination: a new strategy for an effective rescue of cancer cell lines. Biologicals 2011; 40:88-91. [PMID: 22078664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollicutes contaminations of cellular models can have marked effects on gene expression and cell behaviour in vitro leading to the production of unreliable data, unsafe biopharmaceutical drugs or to the loss of cell culture itself. Fortunately, irreplaceable cell culture can be cured by decontamination with the specific antibiotic regimen. Here, we describe the treatment of 35 mycoplasma-positive cell lines by the use of the novel antibiotic Mycozap(®) as well as evaluate its eradication performance versus the well-known routinely employed BM-Cyclins and fluoroquinolones molecules (175 treatments). Our data evidenced: i) the permanent elimination of mycoplasma infection by MycoZap(®), MRA, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and BM-Cyclins in 46%, 29%, 40%, 43%, and 57% of the cultures, respectively; ii) a significant correlation between MRA and Ciprofloxacin eradication profile, as determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r = 0.3469, p < 0.05); iii) a mycoplasma eradication in 100% of cell lines by the exclusive adoption of MycoZap(®), Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, BM-Cyclin 1-2 antibiotic regimen, with the MRA exclusion; iv) the MycoZap(®) effectiveness even in case of a mycoplasmal load higher than 50 CFU/mL, as for SH-SY5Y and Neuro2A cells. In conclusion, we want to suggest an optimized antibiotic panel to get 100% mycoplasma-clearance especially in case of unique or treatment-resistant cellular models.
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Mariotti E, Gemei M, Mirabelli P, D'Alessio F, Di Noto R, Fortunato G, Del Vecchio L. The percentage of CD133+ cells in human colorectal cancer cell lines is influenced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:120. [PMID: 20353562 PMCID: PMC2854114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mollicutes contamination is recognized to be a critical issue for the cultivation of continuous cell lines. In this work we characterized the effect of Mycoplasma hyorhinis contamination on CD133 expression in human colon cancer cell lines. Methods MycoAlert® and mycoplasma agar culture were used to detect mycoplasma contamination on GEO, SW480 and HT-29 cell lines. Restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to determine mycoplasma species. All cellular models were decontaminated by the use of a specific antibiotic panel (Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, BM Cyclin 1 and 2, Mycoplasma Removal Agent and MycoZap®). The percentage of CD133 positive cells was analyzed by flow cytometry on GEO, SW480 and HT-29 cell lines, before and after Mycoplasma hyorhinis eradication. Results Mycoplasma hyorhinis infected colon cancer cell lines showed an increased percentage of CD133+ cells as compared to the same cell lines rendered mycoplasma-free by effective exposure to antibiotic treatment. The percentage of CD133 positive cells increased again when mycoplasma negative cells were re-infected by Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Conclusions Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection has an important role on the quality of cultured human colon cancer cell lines giving a false positive increase of cancer stem cells fraction characterized by CD133 expression. Possible explanations are (i) the direct involvement of Mycoplasma on CD133 expression or (ii) the selective pressure on a subpopulation of cells characterized by constitutive CD133 expression. In keeping with United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) guidelines, the present data indicate the mandatory prerequisite, for investigators involved in human colon cancer research area, of employing mycoplasma-free cell lines in order to avoid the production of non-reproducible or even false data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mariotti
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita 482, Napoli 80145, Italy
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Moore JC, Sadowy S, Alikani M, Toro-Ramos AJ, Swerdel MR, Hart RP, Cohen RI. A high-resolution molecular-based panel of assays for identification and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cell Res 2009; 4:92-106. [PMID: 20060795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meticulous characterization of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is critical to their eventual use in cell-based therapies, particularly in view of the diverse methods for derivation and maintenance of these cell lines. However, characterization methods are generally not standardized and many currently used assays are subjective, making dependable and direct comparison of cell lines difficult. In order to address this problem, we selected 10 molecular-based high-resolution assays as components of a panel for characterization of hESC. The selection of the assays was primarily based on their quantitative or objective (rather than subjective) nature. We demonstrate the efficacy of this panel by characterizing 4 hESC lines, derived in two different laboratories using different derivation techniques, as pathogen free, genetically stable, and able to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. Our panel expands and refines a characterization panel previously proposed by the International Stem Cell Initiative and is another step toward standardized hESC characterization and quality control, a crucial element of successful hESC research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Moore
- Stem Cell Research Center, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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