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Archer DC, Sullivan RJE, Rickards K. Emergency Management for Donkeys and Mules. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:495-513. [PMID: 34243882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of initial assessment and management of common emergency presentations in donkeys and mules. The principles are similar to those in horses (and ponies), but clinicians must be aware of differences in recognition of signs of pain/disease, approach to handling, pharmacology of some drugs, and subtle differences in the physiology and local anatomy in donkeys and mules. The epidemiology of common disease presentations will vary between pet/companion or working/farmed donkeys and mules. Regular dental checks, deworming, vaccination, and monitoring of behavior and quality of life are important aspects of preventive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Archer
- Department of Equine Clinical Studies, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Rebekah J E Sullivan
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Brookfield Farm, Offwell, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Karen Rickards
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Brookfield Farm, Offwell, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
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Huang H, Zhang K, Zhang B, Liu S, Chu H, Qi Y, Zhang D, Li K. Analysis on the relationship between winter precipitation and the annual variation of horse stomach fly community in arid desert steppe, Northwest China (2007-2019). Integr Zool 2021; 17:128-138. [PMID: 34254452 PMCID: PMC9291967 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gasterophilus spp. have been found to be widespread in reintroduced Przewalski's horses in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve (Northwest China). However, data on the annual variation in Gasterophilus infections are lacking. To analyze the epidemiological features and determine the cause of the annual variation in Gasterophilus infections, we treated 110 Przewalski's horses with ivermectin and collected Gasterophilus larvae from fecal samples each winter from 2007 to 2019. All 110 Przewalski's horses studied were found to be infected by Gasterophilus spp., and a total of 141 379 larvae were collected. Six species of Gasterophilus were identified with the following prevalence: G. pecorum (100%), G. nasalis (96.36%), G. nigricornis (94.55%), G. haemorrhoidalis (56.36%), G. intestinalis (59.09%), and G. inermis (3.64%). The mean infection intensity of Gasterophilus spp. larvae in Przewalski's horses was 1285 ± 653. G. pecorum (92.96% ± 6.71%) was the most abundant species. The intensity of Gasterophilus spp. (r = –0.561, P < 0.046) was significantly correlated with winter precipitation. Our findings confirmed that, in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve, gasterophilosis is a severe parasitic disease in Przewalski's horses. Winter precipitation at the beginning of the year can indirectly affect the intensity and composition of Gasterophilus spp. in Przewalski's horses at the end of the year. Therefore, the water‐related ecological regulation should be carried out to help reduce the parasite infection of Przewalski's horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Chongqing Academy of Environmental Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Boru Zhang
- Qinhuangdao Forestry Bureau, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shanhui Liu
- Office of Educational Administration, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Chu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Li XY, Pape T, Zhang D. Taxonomic review of Gasterophilus (Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) of the world, with updated nomenclature, keys, biological notes, and distributions. Zookeys 2019; 891:119-156. [PMID: 31802974 PMCID: PMC6882926 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.891.38560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A taxonomic review of Gasterophilus is presented, with nine valid species, 51 synonyms and misspellings for the genus and the species, updated diagnoses, worldwide distributions, and a summary of biological information for all species. Identification keys for adults and eggs are elaborated, based on a series of new diagnostic features and supported by high resolution photographs for adults. The genus is shown to have its highest species richness in China and South Africa, with seven species recorded, followed by Mongolia, Senegal, and Ukraine, with six species recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua east road 35, Beijing 10083, ChinaBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua east road 35, Beijing 10083, ChinaBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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Abstract
Donkeys and mules show several pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic idiosyncrasies that have to be fully considered by any clinician dealing with these species. Because they possess an increased metabolic rate and cellular water content compared with horses, higher doses (or shorter dosing intervals) are usually recommended for those drugs where pharmacologic studies have been performed. Nonetheless, owing to the lack of species-specific information, this assumption cannot be arbitrarily applied. Thus, when a drug protocol published for horses is extrapolated to a donkey or a mule, a close monitoring is required to detect any secondary effect or subdosing.
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Abstract
A review of common gastrointestinal disorders of donkeys and mules is presented. Clinically relevant aspects of donkey behavior, anatomy, and physiology are highlighted. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to rectum, including liver and pancreas, are discussed.
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Li XY, Pape T, Zhang D. Gasterophilus flavipes (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae): A horse stomach bot fly brought back from oblivion with morphological and molecular evidence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220820. [PMID: 31404100 PMCID: PMC6690546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Gasterophilus Leach are obligate parasites in domestic and wild equids and responsible for cosmopolitan gasterophilosis. Although with only eight species known so far, they have received considerable attention because of their significant veterinary and economic importance. Surprisingly, we found that G. flavipes (Olivier) is a valid species based on morphological characters from male, female and the egg, after spending half a century as a synonym of G. haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus). In the present study, G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis (Brauer), which are the three closely related species possessing a remarkable mixture of shared morphological characters, are diagnosed and comparatively redescribed; the key to separate adults and eggs are provided, together with a series of high-resolution photographs from all the body parts. COI barcodes do not allow for a separation of G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, but showed a closer relationship between G. flavipes and G. haemorrhoidalis than the other two combinations, which is consistent with the morphological evidence. Geographically, G. flavipes seems to be common and widespread in the warmer parts of the Palaearctic region. Thus, the epidemiology of gasterophilosis where G. flavipes is known or supposed to occur calls for a more careful veterinarian re-assessment. A decline in the populations of Gasterophilus spp. has been noticed in Europe, but all seven Palaearctic species of Gasterophilus appear to maintain stable populations in Xinjiang (China), which may be explained by a higher biodiversity of equids and less use of anti-parasitic treatments in Xinjiang than in Europe. Our study shows that morphological characters still provide the solid backbone in classification of Gasterophilus at species-level, and updated diagnoses and a key is provided to distinguish G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, and to facilitate studies of epidemiology, phylogeny and host-parasite co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Yan L, Zhang M, Tang L, Ente M, Ma X, Chu H, Li K, Hu D, Zhang D. First reports of nasal and traumatic myiasis infection in endangered Przewalski's horses ( Equus ferus przewalskii). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:21-24. [PMID: 30976513 PMCID: PMC6441744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis has great economic and medical importance. However, myiasis in wildlife that is caused by oestroid flies is relatively rarely recorded compared with that in humans and domestic animals. Recently, during our research on the conservation of Przewalski's horse (PH), we observed two new records of oestroid flies parasitizing wildlife in China. The first is the horse nasal bot fly, Rhinoestrus sp. (Diptera: Oestridae), found in a dead PH from Kalamaili Nature Reserve. One morphotype (R. purpureus-like) was identified. The second is the Wohlfahrt's wound myiasis fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), which was collected from an open wound of a PH in the Wild Horse Breeding Research Centre. These observations extend the records of known hosts of these two oestroid myiasis agents. To the knowledge of the authors, infestation by Rhinoestrus and Wohlfahrtia larvae causing myiasis in wildlife has not been reported in China previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yan
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Tang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Make Ente
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinping Ma
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongjun Chu
- Wildlife Conservation Office of Altay Prefecture, Altay, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Li XY, Chen YO, Wang QK, Li K, Pape T, Zhang D. Molecular and morphological characterization of third instar Palaearctic horse stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae, Gasterophilus). Vet Parasitol 2018; 262:56-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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Robert MP, Main de Boissiere A, Depecker MC, de Fourmestraux C, Touzot-Jourde G, Tessier C. Type IV
rectal prolapse secondary to a long-standing urinary bladder lithiasis in a donkey. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Robert
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | | | - M. C. Depecker
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | | | - G. Touzot-Jourde
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - C. Tessier
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS; Nantes Cedex 3 France
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Ibrayev B, Lider L, Bauer C. Gasterophilus spp. infections in horses from northern and central Kazakhstan. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:94-8. [PMID: 25522954 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was performed to obtain current data on the gastrointestinal myiasis of horses in the provinces of Kostanay, Akmola and Karagandy, northern and central Kazakhstan. The stomach, small intestine and rectum of 148 slaughter horses were examined for Gasterophilus spp. larvae during a 26-month study period. All horses were infected with 2nd and 3rd stage larvae (mean intensity: 803±350), and 22% of them harboured >1000 Gasterophilus spp. larvae each. Four species were identified: G. intestinalis (prevalence: 100%; mean intensity: 361±240 larvae), G. haemorrhoidalis (100%; 353±191), G. nasalis (100%; 73±36) and G. pecorum (91.2%; 18±10). Horses aged<2 years were higher infected with Gasterophilus larvae than 2-4 years old animals. Both the prevalence and extremely high intensity of Gasterophilus infections of horses in these Kazakh regions suggest respective control measurements to improve the health and performance of the animals and to increase the economic income of horse owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltabek Ibrayev
- S Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 62 Prospect Pobedy, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Lider
- S Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 62 Prospect Pobedy, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Christian Bauer
- S Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 62 Prospect Pobedy, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan; Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Tafese A, Jibat T, Aklilu N, Zewdu H, Kumsa B. Lice infesting horses in three agroecological zones in central Oromia. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:352-7. [PMID: 25320481 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and species composition of lice infesting horses in three agroecological zones in seven different districts in central Oromia from November 2011 to April 2012. For this purpose, a total of 420 horses were thoroughly examined for presence of lice. Collected lice were identified to species level under a microscope. The study showed an overall prevalence of 28.8 % (121/420) lice infestation on horses. We identified two spp. of lice on horses namely, Bovicola (Werneckiella) equi and Haematopinus asini with an overall prevalence of 22.9 % (96/420) and 5.9 % (25/420), respectively. The overall prevalence of lice infestation on horses in districts was 48.3, 43.3, 33.3, 23.3, 21.7, 18.3 and 13.3 %, in Debre Brehan, Shashemene, Hawassa, Akaki, Adama, Modjo and Bishoftu, respectively. B. equi was encountered as the predominant species on horses in all districts. Higher overall prevalence of lice infestation was recorded in highland agroecology than mid and lowland agroecological zones. Similarly, our study revealed significantly higher overall prevalence of lice on saddle horses than on cart horses. In view of the findings of the present study two species of lice are responsible for health and welfare problems of horses in all the districts. Detailed epidemiological studies on the significance, prevalence and role of lice as vectors of zoonotic pathogens in different agroecological zones, breeds and management systems warrant urgent attention. Animal owners and veterinarians should consider lice control in horses as part of the ectoparasite control in other species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Tafese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Aklilu
- Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad (SPANA), College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Hanna Zewdu
- Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad (SPANA), College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bersissa Kumsa
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia ; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Scantlebury CE, Peachey L, Hodgkinson J, Matthews JB, Trawford A, Mulugeta G, Tefera G, Pinchbeck GL. Participatory study of medicinal plants used in the control of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys in Eastern Shewa and Arsi zones of Oromia region, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:179. [PMID: 24025403 PMCID: PMC3847120 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematode infections constitute a threat to the health and welfare of donkeys worldwide. Their primary means of control is via anthelmintic treatments; however, use of these drugs has constraints in developing countries, including cost, limited availability, access to cheaper generic forms of variable quality and potential anthelmintic resistance. As an alternative, bioactive plants have been proposed as an option to treat and control gastrointestinal helminths in donkeys. This study aimed to use participatory methodology to explore donkey owner knowledge, attitudes and beliefs relating to the use of plant-based treatments for gastrointestinal parasites of donkeys in Ethiopia. Results In focus groups, 22/29 groups stated they knew of plants used for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys. All groups volunteered plants that were used in cattle and/or small ruminants. In total, 21 plants were named by participants. ‘Koso’ (Hagenia abyssinica) ‘Grawa’ (Vernonia amygdalina) and a mixed roots and leaves preparation were the most frequently named plant preparations. ‘Enkoko’ (Embelia shimperi) and ‘a mixture of roots and leaves’ were ranked highly for effectiveness in donkeys. However, ‘Grawa’ and ‘Koso’ were the highest ranked when taking into account both the rank position and the number of groups ranking the plant. Thematic analysis of participants’ current attitudes and beliefs surrounding traditional plant-based remedies for gastrointestinal parasites revealed that anthelmintics obtained from clinics were generally favoured due to their ease of administration and perceived higher effectiveness. There was doubt surrounding the effectiveness of some plant-based treatments, but there were also perceived advantages including their low cost, ease of cultivation and availability. However, plant-based treatments were considered a “past trend” and people favoured “modern” medicine, particularly among the younger generation. Conclusions There was extensive knowledge of plant-based treatments for gastrointestinal parasites in livestock in Ethiopia. In donkeys, Koso (Hagenia abyssinica), Grawa (Vernonia amygdalina), Enkoko (Embelia shimperi) and ‘mixed roots and leaves’ were the most frequently named and/or highest ranked plants with reported efficacy against gastrointestinal parasites. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation of these plants is now required to determine viable alternatives for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal parasites in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Cheshire, UK.
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Getachew AM, Innocent G, Proudman CJ, Trawford A, Feseha G, Reid SWJ, Faith B, Love S. Field efficacy of praziquantel oral paste against naturally acquired equine cestodes in Ethiopia. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:141-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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