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Golaviya A, Mathakiya R, Jakhesara S, Koringa P. Determining genetic diversity of prevalent G and P genotype of Bovine Rotavirus A from neonatal calves of Gujarat, India. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e55. [PMID: 39083207 PMCID: PMC11291431 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in newborn calves worldwide, posing a significant challenge in bovine herds. Group A Bovine Rotaviruses (BRVA) are the primary contributors to severe gastroenteritis in calves under two months old. OBJECTIVES This study examined the prevalence and molecular characterization of BRVA in neonatal calves in Gujarat, India. METHODS Sixty-nine diarrheic fecal samples were collected and subjected to various molecular methods of BRVA detection, isolation, and characterization. RESULTS The latex agglutination test (LAT), electropherotyping (RNA-PAGE), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed positivity rates of 39.13%, 20.30%, and 37.70%, respectively. RNA-PAGE identified 11 bands with a 4:2:3:2 migration pattern, indicative of the segmented genome of BRVA. BRVA was successfully isolated from LAT-positive samples, with 26 samples exhibiting clear cytopathic effects upon passage in MA-104 cell lines. Genotyping identified G10 as the predominant G genotype, with P[11] genotypes comprising 76.92% of the isolates. The most common G/P combination was G10P[11], highlighting its zoonotic potential. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings underscore the importance of molecular detection and genotyping for effective vaccine development. This study provides crucial insights into the prevalent G and P genotypes of BRVA in Gujarat, India, aiding in the development of targeted control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Golaviya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat 388001, India
| | - Rafiyuddin Mathakiya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat 388001, India.
| | - Subhash Jakhesara
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat 388001, India
| | - Prakash Koringa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat 388001, India
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Cho HC, Kim Y, Cho YI, Park J, Choi KS. Evaluation of bovine coronavirus in Korean native calves challenged through different inoculation routes. Vet Res 2024; 55:74. [PMID: 38863015 PMCID: PMC11165853 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a pneumoenteric virus that can infect the digestive and respiratory tracts of cattle, resulting in economic losses. Despite its significance, information regarding BCoV pathogenesis is limited. Hence, we investigated clinical signs, patterns of viral shedding, changes in antibody abundance, and cytokine/chemokine production in calves inoculated with BCoV via intranasal and oral. Six clinically healthy Korean native calves (< 30 days old), initially negative for BCoV, were divided into intranasal and oral groups and monitored for 15 days post-infection (dpi). BCoV-infected calves exhibited clinical signs such as nasal discharge and diarrhea, starting at 3 dpi and recovering by 12 dpi, with nasal discharge being the most common symptoms. Viral RNA was detected in nasal and fecal samples from all infected calves. Nasal shedding occurred before fecal shedding regardless of the inoculation route; however, fecal shedding persisted longer. Although the number of partitions was very few, viral RNA was identified in the blood of two calves in the oral group at 7 dpi and 9 dpi using digital RT-PCR analysis. The effectiveness of maternal antibodies in preventing viral replication and shedding appeared limited. Our results showed interleukin (IL)-8 as the most common and highly induced chemokine. During BCoV infection, the levels of IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β were significantly affected, suggesting that these emerge as potential and reliable biomarkers for predicting BCoV infection. This study underscores the importance of BCoV as a major pathogen causing diarrhea and respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Hospital, Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) Genetic Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Seosan, 31948, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Il Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Li S, Huang J, Cai X, Mao L, Xie L, Wang F, Zhou H, Yuan X, Sun X, Fu X, Fan B, Xu X, Li J, Li B. Prevalence and Evolutionary Characteristics of Bovine Coronavirus in China. Vet Sci 2024; 11:230. [PMID: 38921977 PMCID: PMC11209178 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine astrovirus are the most common intestinal pathogenic viruses causing diarrhea in cattle. We collected 1646 bovine fecal samples from January 2020 to August 2023. BCoV was the major pathogen detected, with a positive rate of 34.02% (560/1646). Of the 670 diarrheal samples and 976 asymptomatic samples, 209 and 351 were BCoV-positive, respectively. Studying the relevance of diarrhea associated with BCoV has shown that the onset of diarrheal symptoms post-infection is strongly correlated with the cattle's age and may also be related to the breed. We amplified and sequenced the hemagglutinin esterase (HE), spike protein, and whole genomes of the partially positive samples and obtained six complete HE sequences, seven complete spike sequences, and six whole genomes. Molecular characterization revealed that six strains were branched Chinese strains, Japanese strains, and partial American strains from the GⅡb subgroup. Strains HBSJZ2202 and JSYZ2209 had four amino acid insertions on HE. We also analyzed ORF1a and found disparities across various regions within GIIb, which were positioned on separate branches within the phylogenetic tree. This work provides data for further investigating the epidemiology of BCoV and for understanding and analyzing BCoV distribution and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuhang Cai
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingling Xie
- Guizhou Testing Center for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guiyang 550018, China; (L.X.); (F.W.)
| | - Fu Wang
- Guizhou Testing Center for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guiyang 550018, China; (L.X.); (F.W.)
| | - Hua Zhou
- Qianxi Animal Disease Control Center, Qianxi 551500, China;
| | - Xuesong Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinru Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xincheng Fu
- Langfang Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Langfang 065000, China;
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (X.Y.); (X.S.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Custódio DADC, Pereira CR, Gonçalves MS, Costa ACTRB, de Oliveira PFR, da Silva BHP, Carneiro GB, Coura FM, Lage AP, Heinemann MB, da Costa GMÁ, Dorneles EMS. Antimicrobial resistance and public and animal health risks associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 107:102149. [PMID: 38442544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from fecal samples of calves and buffalo calves (2008-2013), in Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as the frequency of O157 gene and strains carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes. E. coli strains (n=518) were tested for susceptibility against ten antimicrobials. Tetracycline was the antimicrobial with the highest resistance rate (382/518), followed by ampicillin (321/518), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (312/518), chloramphenicol (192/518), gentamicin (126/518), ciprofloxacin (148/518), cefazolin (89/518), colistin (54/518) and cefoxitin (34/518). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 381/518 isolates. No strain harbored mcr or O157 genes, whereas 19/99 were ESBL positive. The most prevalent pathotype and phylogroup were STEC and B1, respectively. Age, EHEC pathotype and resistance to aminoglycoside and cephem were significantly associated with MDR in the multivariate model. Overall, E. coli strains showed high rates of resistance to penicillin, tetracyclines and folate inhibitors, in addition to an alarming rate of MDR and ESBL-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dircéia Aparecida da Costa Custódio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Carine Rodrigues Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Maysa Serpa Gonçalves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Felipe Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Henrique Pinto da Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Botelho Carneiro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias do Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais - Campus Bambuí, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros Km 05, Caixa Postal 05, Bambuí, MG 38900-000, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Geraldo M Árcio da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil.
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5
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Marangoni-Ghoreyshi YG, Franca T, Esteves J, Maranni A, Pereira Portes KD, Cena C, Leal CRB. Multi-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli identified by FTIR and machine learning: a feasible strategy to improve the group classification. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24909-24917. [PMID: 37608796 PMCID: PMC10440836 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03518b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of multidrug-resistant strains from E. coli species responsible for diarrhea in calves still faces many laboratory limitations and is necessary for adequately monitoring the microorganism spread and control. Then, there is a need to develop a screening tool for bacterial strain identification in microbiology laboratories, which must show easy implementation, fast response, and accurate results. The use of FTIR spectroscopy to identify microorganisms has been successfully demonstrated in the literature, including many bacterial strains; here, we explored the FTIR potential for multi-resistant E. coli identification. First, we applied principal component analysis to observe the group formation tendency; the first results showed no clustering tendency with a messy sample score distribution; then, we improved these results by adequately selecting the main principal components which most contribute to group separation. Finally, using machine learning algorithms, a predicting model showed 75% overall accuracy, demonstrating the method's viability as a screaming test for microorganism identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Franca
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - José Esteves
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Ana Maranni
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | | | - Cicero Cena
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Cassia R B Leal
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (CIVET) Campo Grande MS Brazil
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Geng HL, Meng XZ, Yan WL, Li XM, Jiang J, Ni HB, Liu WH. Prevalence of bovine coronavirus in cattle in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106009. [PMID: 36736543 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is one of the important pathogens that cause calf diarrhea (CD), winter dysentery (WD), and the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), and spreads worldwide. An infection of BCoV in cattle can lead to death of young animals, stunted growth, reduced milk production, and milk quality, thus bringing serious economic losses to the bovine industry. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and control the spread of BCoV. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of BCoV in cattle in China before 2022. A total of 57 articles regarding the prevalence of BCoV in cattle in China were collected from five databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, VIP, and Wan Fang). Based on the inclusion criteria, a total of 15,838 samples were included, and 6,136 were positive cases. The overall prevalence of BCoV was 30.8%, with the highest prevalence rate (60.5%) identified in South China and the lowest prevalence (15.6%) identified in Central China. We also analyzed other subgroup information, included sampling years, sample sources, detection methods, breeding methods, age, type of cattle, presence of diarrhea, and geographic and climatic factors. The results indicated that BCoV was widely prevalent in China. Among all subgroups, the sample sources, detection methods, breeding methods, and presence or absence of diarrheal might be potential risk factors responsible for BCoV prevalence. It is recommended to strengthen the detection of BCoV in cattle, in order to effectively control the spread of BCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China; College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Wei-Lan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Man Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Wen-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China.
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Chen X, Kong Q, Zhao X, Zhao C, Hao P, Irshad I, Lei H, Kulyar MFEA, Bhutta ZA, Ashfaq H, Sha Q, Li K, Wu Y. Sodium acetate/sodium butyrate alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice via regulating the gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, and NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1036042. [PMID: 36386709 PMCID: PMC9664939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1036042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a word-widely severe disease coupled with gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially in cattle causing huge economic losses. However, the effects of currently implemented measures are still not enough to prevent diarrhea. Previously we found that dropped short-chain fatty acids in diarrhea yaks, and butyrate is commonly known to be related to the epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether sodium acetate/sodium butyrate could alleviate diarrhea in animals. The present study is carried out to explore the potential effects of sodium acetate/sodium butyrate on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice. Fifty ICR mice were randomly divided into control (C), LPS-induced (L), and sodium acetate/sodium butyrate (D, B, A)-treated groups. Serum and intestine samples were collected to examine inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, relative gene expressions via real-time PCR assay, and gut microbiota changes through high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that LPS decreased the villus height (p < 0.0001), increased the crypt depth (p < 0.05), and lowered the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.0001), while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation caused a significant increase in the villus height (p < 0.001), decrease in the crypt depth (p < 0.01), and increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001), especially. In mice treated with LPS, it was found that the serum level of IL-1β, TNF-α (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.01) was significantly higher; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation significantly reduced IL-1β (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.01), and MDA (p < 0.01), respectively. A total of 19 genera were detected among mouse groups; LPS challenge decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, unidentified_S24-7, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Pseudomonadales, [Ruminococcus], Acetobacter, cc 1, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while increased Shigella, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, and unclassified Pseudomonadales in group L. Interestingly, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation increased Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, [Ruminococcus], unidentified F16, cc 115, Acetobacter, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while decreased Shigella, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified Pseudomonadales, Rhodococcus, and unclassified Comamonadaceae. LPS treatment upregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.01) and NLRP3 (p < 0.0001) genes in mice; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation downregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.05) and NLRP3 (p < 0.05) genes in treated mice. Also, the LPS challenge clearly downregulated the expression of Occludin (p < 0.001), Claudin (p < 0.0001), and Caspase-1 (p < 0.0001) genes, while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation upregulated those gene expressions in treated groups. The present study revealed that sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea in mice via enriching beneficial bacterium and decreasing pathogens, which could regulate oxidative damages and inflammatory responses via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. The current results may give insights into the prevention and treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushuang Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghui Kong
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Hao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Irfan Irshad
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hongjun Lei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashfaq
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qiang Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Kun Li,
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wu,
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8
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Pansri P, Svensmark B, Liu G, Thamsborg SM, Kudirkiene E, Nielsen HV, Goecke NB, Olsen JE. Evaluation of a novel multiplex qPCR method for rapid detection and quantification of pathogens associated with calf diarrhoea. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2516-2527. [PMID: 35858716 PMCID: PMC9796748 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diarrhoea is a common health problem in calves and a main reason for use of antimicrobials. It is associated with several bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, most of which are commonly present in healthy animals. Methods, which quantify the causative agents, may therefore improve confidence in associating a pathogen to the disease. This study evaluated a novel commercially available, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay (Enterit4Calves) for detection and quantification of pathogens associated with calf-diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS Performance of the method was first evaluated under laboratory conditions. Then it was compared with current routine methods for detection of pathogens in faecal samples from 65 calves with diarrhoea and in 30 spiked faecal samples. The qPCR efficiencies were between 84%-103% and detection limits of 100-1000 copies of nucleic acids per sample were observed. Correct identification was obtained on 42 strains of cultured target bacteria, with only one false positive reaction from 135 nontarget bacteria. Kappa values for agreement between the novel assay and current routine methods varied between 0.38 and 0.83. CONCLUSION The novel qPCR method showed good performance under laboratory conditions and a fair to good agreement with current routine methods when used for testing of field samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY In addition to having fair to good detection abilities, the novel qPCR method allowed quantification of pathogens. In the future, use of quantification may improve diagnosis and hence treatment of calf diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gang Liu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henrik Vedel Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection ControlStatens Serum InstitutCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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9
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Gaeta NC, de Carvalho DU, Fontana H, Sano E, Moura Q, Fuga B, Munoz PM, Gregory L, Lincopan N. Genomic features of a multidrug-resistant and mercury-tolerant environmental Escherichia coli recovered after a mining dam disaster in South America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153590. [PMID: 35122850 PMCID: PMC8994849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mining dam disasters contribute to the contamination of aquatic environments, impacting associated ecosystems and wildlife. A multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain (B2C) was isolated from a river water sample in Brazil after the Mariana mining dam disaster. The genome was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and de novo assembled using Unicycler. Resistome, virulome, and plasmidome were predicted using bioinformatics tools. Data analysis revealed that E. coli B2C belonged to sequence type ST219 and phylogroup E. Strikingly, a broad resistome (antibiotics, hazardous heavy metals, and biocides) was predicted, including the presence of the clinically relevant blaCTX-M-2 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene, qacE∆1 efflux pump gene, and the mer (mercury resistance) operon. SNP-based analysis revealed that environmental E. coli B2C was clustered along to ESBL-negative E. coli strains of ST219 isolated between 1980 and 2021 from livestock in the United States of America. Acquisition of clinically relevant genes by ST219 seems to be a recent genetic event related to anthropogenic activities, where polluted water environments may contribute to its dissemination at the human-animal-environment interface. In addition, the presence of genes conferring resistance to heavy metals could be related to environmental pollution from mining activities. Antimicrobial resistance genes could be essential biomarkers of environmental exposure to human and mining pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Gaeta
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniel U de Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herrison Fontana
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), Brazil
| | - Elder Sano
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quézia Moura
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Gregory
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Zhu Q, Li B, Sun D. Advances in Bovine Coronavirus Epidemiology. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051109. [PMID: 35632850 PMCID: PMC9147158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of enteric and respiratory disease in cattle. BCoV has also been reported to cause a variety of animal diseases and is closely related to human coronaviruses, which has attracted extensive attention from both cattle farmers and researchers. However, there are few comprehensive epidemiological reviews, and key information regarding the effect of S-gene differences on tissue tendency and potential cross-species transmission remain unclear. In this review, we summarize BCoV epidemiology, including the transmission, infection-associated factors, co-infection, pathogenicity, genetic evolution, and potential cross-species transmission. Furthermore, the potential two-receptor binding motif system for BCoV entry and the association between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in this review. Our aim is to provide valuable information for the prevention and treatment of BCoV infection throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Zhu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
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11
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Prieto A, López-Novo C, Díaz P, Díaz-Cao JM, López-Lorenzo G, Antón C, Remesar S, García-Dios D, López C, Panadero R, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P, Fernández G. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from Diarrhoeic Neonatal Calves in Spain. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030264. [PMID: 35158588 PMCID: PMC8833634 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neonatal calf diarrhoea, a worldwide concern for cattle production, can be caused by viral, bacterial and protozoan enteropathogens: the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most important. The use of antimicrobials for treating neonatal calf diarrhoea cases is still a common practice among veterinary surgeons, although its use is only justified in bacterial infections evolving towards a systemic disease. Since the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for treating diarrhoeic calves increases the risk for the appearance of antimicrobial resistances, restrictions on the use of antimicrobials in veterinary practice were implemented. The aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of ETEC strains obtained from diarrhoeic calves. Our results are alarming since all ETEC strains were resistant to three or more families of antimicrobials; in addition, a high number of strains were resistant to most first-line antimicrobials used in veterinary practice. Only ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cefquinome and gentamicin presented efficacy against most ETEC strains. Thus, empirical treatment of calf scours caused by ETEC is usually ineffective. Our results reveal that performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests in each NCD outbreak is needed for establishing an effective treatment and avoiding the emergence of new resistance mechanisms. Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the major pathogens involved in neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) causing high economic losses in dairy farms. Antibiotic treatment is common in cases of systemic illness caused by NCD, but antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) are usually not performed. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of ETEC strains obtained from calves with diarrhoea between 2018–2020. Faecal samples (n = 420) were analyzed to detect the typical ETEC virulence factors F5 and STa. Positive samples were cultured to identify and isolate ETEC strains (n = 41) and ASTs were performed. Our results are alarming since ETEC strains resistant to three or more families of antimicrobials were detected in all isolates. Only four antibiotics (ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cefquinome and gentamicin) presented efficacy against more than 90% of the ETEC strains, while the other ten antibiotics were effective against less than 40% of the strains. In addition, a high number of strains were resistant to most first-line antimicrobials used in veterinary practice. For this reason, when ETEC infection is suspected, an AST must always be performed to select the most appropriate antimicrobial in each case and to avoid the emergence of new resistance mechanisms.
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12
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Schmoeller E, de Matos ADC, Rahal NM, Feijo JO, Brauner CC, Del Pino FAB, Correa MN, Rabassa VR. Diarrhea duration and performance outcomes of pre-weaned dairy calves supplemented with bacteriophage. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate lytic bacteriophage supplementation in pre-weaned dairy calves on disease occurrence, performance, and biochemical parameters. Two hundred Holstein × Gyr crossbred female calves were divided into two groups: CON, no supplementation; and PHAGE, bacteriophage supplementation (1 g·d−1) from day 3 until day 70 of life. Calves were monitored daily for age of first diarrheal episode and its duration. Fecal samples were cultured for bacterial isolation and PCR was performed to identify Escherichia coli virulence genes and to confirm Salmonella spp. Performance outcomes were evaluated up to 80 d of age. Blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, γ-glutamyl transferase, and urea. PHAGE group had fewer days with diarrhea (PHAGE: 4.68 d, CON: 6.61 d; P = 0.03). Fecal samples of three animals in PHAGE and nine in CON were positive for E. coli after PCR tests. Average daily gain of PHAGE was higher up to 80 d of life (P < 0.05). PHAGE mean was lower for albumin and higher for urea (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). Phage therapy during the pre-weaned period reduced the duration of neonatal diarrhea, providing greater weight gain for calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Schmoeller
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane D. C. de Matos
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia M. Rahal
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Josiane O. Feijo
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Cassio C. Brauner
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Augusto B. Del Pino
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
- Centro de Ciencias Quimicas Farmaceuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcio N. Correa
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Clinicas Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane R. Rabassa
- Nucleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao em Pecuaria – Livestock Research, Education and Extension Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Clinicas Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Capao do Leao, RS, Brazil
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13
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Longitudinal health outcomes for enteric pathogens in preweaned calves on Ohio dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105323. [PMID: 33756433 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calf gastrointestinal disease remains one of the main causes of productivity and economic losses on dairy operations. The majority of pre-weaned calf mortality is attributed to diarrhea or other digestive problems. Five enteric pathogens are commonly associated with diarrhea in dairy calves, including bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Cryptosporidium parvum. Pathogen-associated differences in health outcomes and case fatality rates have not been well-characterized. Additionally, updated prevalence estimates may reflect important changes in the epidemiology of the pathogens on dairy farms. For this cohort study, fecal samples were collected from 276 clinically ill calves across 5 central Ohio dairy farms on the first day of diarrheal diagnosis. Genomic techniques, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) were used to test for the presence of the five enteric pathogens. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate the relative risk of mortality, and a survival analysis with a Cox regression model was used to analyze time to return to a healthy clinical status by pathogen. Rotavirus was the most frequently identified at 68.1 % (188/276), followed by F5 (K99)+E. coli at 42.5 % (114/268), C. parvum at 28.4 % (66/232), coronavirus at 5.8 % (16/276), and Salmonella had the lowest prevalence at 3.7 % (10/268). Risk of mortality tended to be higher for calves infected with Salmonella (RR = 3.83; 95 %CI: 0.93, 16.02, p = 0.062); however, the time to return to a healthy clinical status was not different for different pathogens. Only farm was a significant predictor of time to return to health (p = 0.017); the within-farm median duration of signs substantially varied between 2 and 7 days. The results suggest that the prevalence and distribution of rotaviral infections is higher than reported in prior studies. With the exception of infections caused by Salmonella spp., pathogen diagnosis on the first day of diarrhea was a poor predictor of the outcome and duration of disease. These results are critical to guide the implementation of prevention measures to detect, treat, and prevent calf diarrhea.
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14
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Goharshahi M, Azizzadeh M, Lidauer L, Steininger A, Kickinger F, Öhlschuster M, Auer W, Klein-Jöbstl D, Drillich M, Iwersen M. Monitoring selected behaviors of calves by use of an ear-attached accelerometer for detecting early indicators of diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6013-6019. [PMID: 33663846 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important diseases in calves worldwide is neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), which impairs calf welfare and leads to economic losses. The aim of this study was to test whether the activity patterns of calves can be used as early indicators to identify animals at risk for suffering from NCD, compared with physical examination. We monitored 310 healthy female Holstein-Friesian calves on a commercial dairy farm immediately after birth, equipped them with an ear tag-based accelerometer (Smartbow, Smartbow GmbH), and conducted daily physical examinations during the first 28 d of life. The Smartbow system captured acceleration data indicative of standing and lying periods and activity levels (active and inactive), shown as minutes per hour. We categorized calves as diarrheic if they showed fecal scores of ≥3 on a 4-point scale on at least 2 consecutive days. Incidence of diarrhea was 50.7% (n = 148). A mixed logistic regression model showed that lying [odds ratio (OR) = 1.19], inactive (OR = 1.14), and active (OR = 0.92) times, 1 d before clinical identification of diarrhea (d -1), were associated with the odds of diarrhea occurring on the subsequent day. Receiver operating characteristics curve showed that lying time at d -1 was a fair predictor for diarrhea on the subsequent day (area under curve = 0.69). Average lying time on d -1 was 64.8 min longer in diarrheic calves compared with their controls. Median lying and inactive times decreased, and active time increased with age over the study period. The 24-h pattern of behavior indices based on the output of the Smartbow system followed periods of resting and active times, and showed that between 2200 h and 0600 h, calves spent the greatest percentage of time lying and inactive. These results showed that the accelerometer system has the potential to detect early indicators associated with NCD. In future studies, additional data for the development and testing of calf- and event-specific algorithms (e.g., for detecting milk intake, playing behavior) should be collected, which might further improve the early detection of diarrhea in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goharshahi
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Azizzadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948974 Mashhad, Iran; Guest researcher, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Lidauer
- Smartbow GmbH, 4675 Weibern, Austria
| | | | | | | | - W Auer
- Smartbow GmbH, 4675 Weibern, Austria
| | - D Klein-Jöbstl
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Bertoni EA, Bok M, Vega C, Martinez GM, Cimino R, Parreño V. Influence of individual or group housing of newborn calves on rotavirus and coronavirus infection during the first 2 months of life. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:62. [PMID: 33389254 PMCID: PMC7778722 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) and bovine coronavirus (CoV) are the two main viral enteropathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. The aim of the present work was to study the impact of group and individual housing systems in the epidemiology of RVA and CoV infection. Eleven calves reared in individual housing (FA) and nine calves in group housing (FB) were monitored during the first 7 weeks of life. Stool and serum samples were screened for RVA and CoV antigens by ELISA. IgG1 antibodies (Ab) to both antigens were also measured. From the 160 fecal samples collected, the proportion of positive samples to RVA and CoV was significantly higher in FB (23.6%) than in FA (9%) (p = 0.03). The geometric mean of colostral IgG1 Ab titers to CoV and RVA in FA (IgG1 anti-CoV 1024 and anti-RVA 1782.9) was lower than in FB (IgG1 anti-CoV 10,321.2 and anti-RVA 4096) at birth. Calves less than 2 weeks of life from FB had a higher risk of being infected by RVA (OR = 4.9; p = 0.01) and CoV (OR = 17.15; p = 0.01) than calves from FA. The obtained results showed that there was higher RVA and CoV shedding in group-housed calves than in individual-housed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bertoni
- Área de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido, INTA, RN 68 km 172., Postal code 4403, Salta, Cerrillos, Argentina.
| | - M Bok
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n., Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Vega
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n., Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G M Martinez
- Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA, Salta, Argentina
| | - R Cimino
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSA, Salta, Argentina
| | - V Parreño
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n., Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Fernández S, Fraga M, Castells M, Colina R, Zunino P. Effect of the administration of Lactobacillus spp. strains on neonatal diarrhoea, immune parameters and pathogen abundance in pre-weaned calves. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:477-488. [PMID: 32877228 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea is one of the challenges faced by intensive farming, and probiotics are considered a promising approach to improve calves' health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potential probiotic lactobacilli on new-born dairy calves' growth, diarrhoea incidence, faecal score, cytokine expression in blood cells, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in plasma and faeces, and pathogen abundance in faeces. Two in vivo assays were conducted at the same farm in two annual calving seasons. Treated calves received one daily dose of the selected lactobacilli (Lactobacillus reuteri TP1.3B or Lactobacillus johnsonii TP1.6) for 10 consecutive days. A faecal score was recorded daily, average daily gain (ADG) was calculated, and blood and faeces samples were collected. Pathogen abundance was analysed by absolute qPCR in faeces using primers directed at Salmonella enterica, rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and three Escherichia coli virulence genes (eae, clpG and Stx1). The faecal score was positively affected by the administration of both lactobacilli strains, and diarrhoea incidence was significantly lower in treated calves. No differences were found regarding ADG, cytokine expression, IgA levels and pathogen abundance. Our findings showed that oral administration of these strains could improve gastrointestinal health, but results could vary depending on the calving season, which may be related to pathogen seasonality and other environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Fraga
- Animal Health Unit, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - M Castells
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, University of Uruguay, Rivera 1350, 50000 Salto, Uruguay
| | - R Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, University of Uruguay, Rivera 1350, 50000 Salto, Uruguay
| | - P Zunino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay
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17
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Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses are spread all over the world. They cause two types of clinical manifestations in cattle either an enteric, calf diarrhoea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, or respiratory in all age groups of cattle. The role of coronaviruses in respiratory infections is still a hot topic of discussion since they have been isolated from sick as well as healthy animals and replication of disease is rarely successful. Bovine coronavirus infection is characterised by high morbidity but low mortality. The laboratory diagnosis is typically based on serological or molecular methods. There is no registered drug for the treatment of virus infections in cattle and we are limited to supportive therapy and preventative measures. The prevention of infection is based on vaccination, biosecurity, management and hygiene. This paper will cover epidemiology, taxonomy, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy, economic impact and prevention of coronavirus infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Jakob Hodnik
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Ježek
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Starič
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Castells M, Caffarena RD, Casaux ML, Schild C, Miño S, Castells F, Castells D, Victoria M, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F, Parreño V, Colina R. Phylogenetic Analyses of Rotavirus A from Cattle in Uruguay Reveal the Circulation of Common and Uncommon Genotypes and Suggest Interspecies Transmission. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070570. [PMID: 32674420 PMCID: PMC7400708 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uruguay is one of the main exporters of beef and dairy products, and cattle production is one of the main economic sectors in this country. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the main pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), a syndrome that leads to significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The aims of this study are to determine the frequency of RVA infections, and to analyze the genetic diversity of RVA strains in calves in Uruguay. A total of 833 samples from dairy and beef calves were analyzed through RT-qPCR and sequencing. RVA was detected in 57.0% of the samples. The frequency of detection was significantly higher in dairy (59.5%) than beef (28.4%) calves (p < 0.001), while it did not differ significantly among calves born in herds that were vaccinated (64.0%) or not vaccinated (66.7%) against NCD. The frequency of RVA detection and the viral load were significantly higher in samples from diarrheic (72.1%, 7.99 log10 genome copies/mL of feces) than non-diarrheic (59.9%, 7.35 log10 genome copies/mL of feces) calves (p < 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively). The observed G-types (VP7) were G6 (77.6%), G10 (20.7%), and G24 (1.7%), while the P-types were P[5] (28.4%), P[11] (70.7%), and P[33] (0.9%). The G-type and P-type combinations were G6P[11] (40.4%), G6P[5] (38.6%), G10P[11] (19.3%), and the uncommon genotype G24P[33] (1.8%). VP6 and NSP1-5 genotyping were performed to better characterize some strains. The phylogenetic analyses suggested interspecies transmission, including transmission between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (R.C.); Tel.: +598-4734-2924 (M.C. & R.C.)
| | - Rubén Darío Caffarena
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Alberto Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Casaux
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Carlos Schild
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Samuel Miño
- Sección de Virus Gastroentéricos, Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (S.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Felipe Castells
- Doctor en Veterinaria en Ejercicio Libre, Asociado al Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
| | - Daniel Castells
- Centro de Investigación y Experimentación Dr. Alejandro Gallinal, Secretariado Uruguayo de la Lana, Ruta 7 km 140, Cerro Colorado, Florida 94000, Uruguay;
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Sección de Virus Gastroentéricos, Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (S.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (R.C.); Tel.: +598-4734-2924 (M.C. & R.C.)
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Molecular characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and in-contact cattle and buffalo calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3173-3185. [PMID: 32647966 PMCID: PMC7347405 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli field isolates from calves were characterized and categorized into the most significant diarrheagenic pathotypes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with different specific primers. The used PCR systems were designed to detect sequences representing the group-specific virulence genes encoding fimbriae f5 (K99), Shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), heat-stable enterotoxins (st), heat-labile enterotoxins (lt), intimin (eae), hemolysin (hylA), and EAEC heat-stable enterotoxin (astA). In the present work, a total of 150 E. coli field isolates were recovered from 150 fecal swabs collected from 100 diarrheic and 50 apparently healthy in-contact cattle and buffalo calves under 3 months old. Out of these 150 isolated E. coli, 106 isolates from 77 diarrheic and 29 in-contact calves harbored one or more of the investigated virulence genes. The pathotyping of the isolates could classify them into shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) with a 30.7, 2.7, 12.7, and 7.3% distribution, respectively. Meanwhile, the detection rates of f5, stx1, stx2, st, lt, eae, hylA, and astA genes were 17.3, 27.3, 6.7, 10, 37.3, 17.7, 9.3, and 20.7%, respectively. These virulence genes were found either single or in different combinations, such as stx/eae, stx/st/f5, eae/st/f5, or st/lt/f5. Four attaching-effacing shigatoxigenic E. coli isolates (AE-STEC) harboring stx/eae were retrieved from diarrheic calves. Although none of the stx-or eae-positive isolates was verified as O157:H7, STEC isolates detected in apparently healthy calves have potential pathogenicity to humans highlighting their zoonotic importance as reservoirs. Atypical combinations of ETEC/STEC and ETEC/EPEC were also detected in percentages of 14.7 and 2.7%, respectively. Most of these atypical combinations were found more in buffalo calves than in cattle calves. While STEC and EPEC isolates were detected more in cattle calves than in buffalo calves, ETEC isolates were the same in the two species. The pathogenic E. coli infection in calves was recorded to be higher in the first weeks of life with the largest numbers of virulence factor-positive isolates detected at the age of 4 weeks. Histopathological examination of five intestinal samples collected from four dead buffalo calves revealed typical attaching and effacing (AE) lesion which was correlated with the presence of intimin encoding virulence gene (eae). Other lesions characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis, shortening and fusion of intestinal villi and desquamation of the lining epithelium of intestinal mucosa had also been detected.
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Gharieb R, Fawzi E, Elsohaby I. Antibiogram, virulotyping and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars isolated from diarrheic calves and calf handlers. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 67:101367. [PMID: 31622951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli and Salmonella serovars isolated from diarrheic calves and handlers in Egypt is unknown due to the absence of monitoring. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the virulence, genetic and antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli and Salmonella serovars associated with diarrhea in calves and handlers in intensive dairy farms in Egypt. A total of 36 bacterial strains (20 E. coli and 16 Salmonella) were isolated from fecal samples of 80 diarrheic Holstein dairy calves (10 E. coli and 13 Salmonella) and hand swabs of 35 handlers (10 E. coli and 3 Salmonella) in two intensive dairy farms in Sharkia Governate in Egypt. E. coli strains belonged to six different serogroups and O114:K90 was the most prevalent serogroup (30%). However, Salmonella strains were serotyped into four different serogroups and S. Kiel was the most prevalent serotype (50%). Thirteen (65%) E. coli isolates were harbouring either stx2, eaeA and/or astA virulence-associated genes. However, stn and spvC virulence genes were detected in 2 (12.5%) and 4 (25%) of Salmonella isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates showed marked resistance to ampicillin (75%), while Salmonella strains exhibited high resistance to amikacin (100%), gentamicin (93.75%) and tobramycin (87.5%). Results of the present study showed that E. coli and Salmonella serovars isolated from diarrheic calves and handlers in intensive dairy farms in Egypt exhibited resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials, which may pose a public health hazard. Thus, the continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is necessary for both humans and veterinary medicine to decrease the economic losses caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains in animals as well as the zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Gharieb
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Elshaima Fawzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
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Cruvinel LB, Ayres H, Zapa DMB, Nicaretta JE, Couto LFM, Heller LM, Bastos TSA, Cruz BC, Soares VE, Teixeira WF, de Oliveira JS, Fritzen JT, Alfieri AA, Freire RL, Lopes WDZ. Prevalence and risk factors for agents causing diarrhea (Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes helminthes) according to age in dairy calves from Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:777-791. [PMID: 31591674 PMCID: PMC7089087 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to verify the prevalence of and risk factors for diarrhea-causing agents in dairy calves from Brazil. Additionally, ages with a higher risk of occurrence for each agent were verified by means of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The collections were performed on 39 farms, belonging to 29 municipalities located in eight states of Brazil. It was possible to conclude that the prevalence of Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes was 7.20% (95% CI 4.54-9.78), 6.37% (95% CI 3.85-8.89), 51.52% (95% CI 45.26-55.57), 3.46% (95% CI 2.24-4.67), and 3.46% (95% CI 2.24-4.67), respectively. Ages with higher probabilities of occurrence of these diseases in calves were < 10, > 8, > 6, > 37, and > 36 days, respectively. Diarrhea occurred more significantly (P < 0.0001) in animals less than 21 days old and mainly on those receiving milk through automatic feeders (P < 0.001). Cryptosporidium spp. were a risk factor for the occurrence of Rotavirus, and vice versa (P = 0.0039) and presented a positive correlation with Coronavirus (P = 0.0089). Calves that drink water from rivers, streams, and ponds had a higher chance of being infected by Eimeria spp. (P < 0.0001), as well as developing infection by nematodes (P < 0.0001). The results found in this study highlight the importance of studying the agents of diarrhea together, once they act as coinfection where the losses triggered for the owners will involve some of these agents simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Weslen Fabricio Teixeira
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605050, Brazil.
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22
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Fritzen JTT, Oliveira MV, Lorenzetti E, Miyabe FM, Viziack MP, Rodrigues CA, Ayres H, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Longitudinal surveillance of rotavirus A genotypes circulating in a high milk yield dairy cattle herd after the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:260-264. [PMID: 30827398 PMCID: PMC7117106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RVA vaccination program reduces the frequency and intensity of diarrhea in dairy calves. The vaccination immune pressure can select specific genotypes in RVA field strains. RVA genotype G10P[11] in fecal samples of calves from G6P[5] vaccinated dairy cattle herds.
Worldwide, neonatal diarrhea is one of the most important health issues affecting dairy calves, and rotavirus A (RVA) is one of its primary causes. Among the measures to mitigate the risk of diarrhea outbreaks, cow vaccination stands out as one of the most important. However, the immune pressure resulting from routine vaccination may be able to select specific G and P genotypes in RVA field strains. This study aimed to determine the frequency and intensity of neonatal diarrhea and the incidence of RVA and attempted to monitor the G and P genotypes present in the RVA strains circulating in a high milk yield cattle herd vaccinated with RVA G6P[5] strain. Fecal samples (n = 1220) from 122 Holstein heifer calves between 0–30 days old that were born from RVA-vaccinated cows were collected at 10 different time points, regardless of the presence or absence of diarrhea. The presence of RVA in fecal samples was determined by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique and confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). G and P amplicons from 10 RVA-positive fecal samples from calves of different ages and collections were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The proportion of the calves and fecal samples that were positive for RVA were 62.3% (76/122) and 8.1% (99/1220), respectively. Using sequence analysis, all 10 RVA field strains presented genotype G10P[11]. The protection of G6P[5] vaccination is clear, as this genotype was not detected in this study, and it is known that vaccination against RVA reduces the incidence of diarrhea independent of genotype involved. This result demonstrates the importance of epidemiological monitoring of RVA genotypes circulating in vaccinated dairy cattle herds to the early detection of new potential pathogenic RVA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana T T Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos V Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia M Miyabe
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Viziack
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ/USP. 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rodrigues
- SAMVET, 1600, Getúlio Vargas Ave, Jardim São Paulo, 13570-390, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henderson Ayres
- MSD Animal Health, 296, Dr. Chucri Zaidan Ave, Vila Cordeiro, 50030-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice F Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Cross-sectional study of the G and P genotypes of rotavirus A field strains circulating in regularly vaccinated dairy cattle herds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:887-892. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Mira Fernandes A, Brandão PE, dos Santos Lima M, de Souza Nunes Martins M, da Silva TG, da Silva Cardoso Pinto V, de Paula LT, Vicente MES, Okuda LH, Pituco EM. Genetic diversity of BCoV in Brazilian cattle herds. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:183-189. [PMID: 29687958 PMCID: PMC6090412 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is one of the main aetiological agents of gastroenteritis in calves, causing significant economic damage to livestock. This study aims to characterise BCoV genetically on the basis of the N gene. A total of 114 faecal samples from beef and dairy calves with or without clinical symptoms of diarrhoea from five Brazilian states (São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso and Bahia) were evaluated between 2008 and 2015 by technique of Semi-nested RT-PCR for gene N and genealogical analysis. Of the 114 samples analysed, 14.91% (17/114) were positive. BCoV was detected in 22.72% (10/44) of the animals with diarrhoea and in 10% (7/70) of asymptomatic animals. BCoV was identified in calves from rural properties located in all of the regions sampled. Genealogical analysis showed that the Brazilian sequences of BCoV for the gene which codes for the N protein can be broken down into two distinct clusters, and the samples from this study were closely linked to Asian strains. These results contribute to the molecular characterization of BCoV in Brazil and are the first report of the circulation of BCoV in the states of Santa Catarina and Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline de Mira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paulo E. Brandão
- Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine and Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary and Zootechnical MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Michele dos Santos Lima
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Maira de Souza Nunes Martins
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Thais G. da Silva
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Vivian da Silva Cardoso Pinto
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Larissa T. de Paula
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Marta Elisabete S. Vicente
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Liria H. Okuda
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edviges M. Pituco
- Laboratory of Bovine VirusesCenter of Research and Development of Animal HealthBiological Institute of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Dairy calf rearing unit and infectious diseases: diarrhea outbreak by bovine coronavirus as a model for the dispersion of pathogenic microorganisms. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1937-1940. [PMID: 29671238 PMCID: PMC7088610 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dairy calf rearing unit is a management system that is only recently being implemented by some milk producer’s cooperatives in southern Brazil. However, aspects related to the health profile of the heifer calves that arrive in the rearing unit as well as about biosecurity practices and microbiological challenges have not yet been evaluated in this rearing system in a tropical country. Diarrhea is the main and most frequent consequence of enteric infections in newborn calves. This study, through some etiological and epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of neonatal diarrhea, has the aim to alert to the possibility of pathogenic microorganism spread in a dairy heifer calf rearing unit. The diarrhea outbreak presented some non-regular characteristics observed in bovine coronavirus (BCoV) enteric infections in dairy calves. The spread of infection was extremely rapid (1 week); the attack rate (> 50%) was much higher than that observed in calves subjected to conventional rearing; and the age range (5 to 90 days) of the affected heifer calves was much broader than that often observed in the BCoV diarrhea worldwide. These unusual epidemiological characteristics observed in this BCoV diarrhea outbreak raise awareness of the health threat present in calf rearing units as well as of the easy and rapid viral spread in a population of young animals from different dairy herds and, therefore, with very distinct immunological status.
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Revealing the parasitic infection in diarrheic yaks by piloting high-throughput sequencing. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:153-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gomez DE, Weese JS. Viral enteritis in calves. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2017; 58:1267-1274. [PMID: 29203935 PMCID: PMC5680732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and other microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of calves and play important roles in gut health and disease. The viral component of the microbiome (the virome) is receiving increasing attention for its role in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). Rotavirus and coronavirus have for a long time been associated with NCD and commercial vaccines have been produced against these agents. Recently, several other viruses which may play a role in diarrhea have been discovered in calf fecal samples, mostly by sequence-based methods. These viruses include torovirus, norovirus, nebovirus, astrovirus, kobuvirus, and enterovirus. Most studies have involved epidemiologic investigations seeking to show association with diarrhea for each virus alone or in combination with potential pathogens. However, determining the contribution of these viruses to calf diarrhea has been challenging and much uncertainty remains concerning their roles as primary pathogens, co-infection agents, or commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Gomez
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Diego E. Gomez; e-mail:
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Bok M, Alassia M, Frank F, Vega CG, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño V. Passive immunity to control Bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:23-30. [PMID: 28893529 PMCID: PMC7116951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a viral enteric pathogen associated with calf diarrhea worldwide being, in Argentina, mostly detected in dairy husbandry systems. The aim of the present work was to study if maternal IgG1 antibodies (Abs) to BCoV acquired by colostrum intake modulate the development of BCoV infection in calves reared in a dairy farm in Argentina. Thirty Holstein calves were monitored during their first 60 days of age. Animals were classified into two groups depending on their initial BCoV IgG1 Ab titers. The “failure of passive transfer” (FPT) group had significantly lower IgG1 Abs to BCoV than the “acceptable passive transfer” (APT) group of calves (log10 1.98 vs. 3.38 respectively) (p < 0.0001). These differences were also observed when the total protein levels in both groups were compared (p = 0.0081). Moreover, 71% (5/7) of calves from the FPT group showed IgG1 seroconversion to BCoV compared to 29.4% (5/17) of animals from the APT group. Regarding viral circulation, BCoV was detected in 10% (3/30) of all calves and BCoV IgG1 Ab seroconversion was detected in 42% of the total animals showing that almost half of the calves were infected with BCoV. In conclusion, calves with high titers of specific BCoV IgG1 (≥1024) were mostly protected against viral infection, while animals with low titers of IgG1 (<1024) were mostly infected with BCoV. IgG1 Abs from colostrum origin are critical for prevention of BCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bok
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N, Castelar, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Alassia
- Departamento de Producción Lechera, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Flavia Frank
- AproAgro S.A., Juan V.B. Mitri 55, S2322EGA, Sunchales, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Celina G Vega
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N, Castelar, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N, Castelar, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N, Castelar, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Poljak Z, Viel L, Weese JS. Detection of Bovine Coronavirus in Healthy and Diarrheic Dairy Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1884-1891. [PMID: 28913936 PMCID: PMC5697193 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BCoV is identified in both healthy and diarrheic calves, complicating its assessment as a primary pathogen. Objectives To investigate the detection rates of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in feces of healthy and diarrheic calves and to describe the usefulness of a pancoronavirus reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR (PanCoV‐RT‐PCR) assay to identify BCoV in samples of diarrheic calves. Animals Two hundred and eighty‐six calves <21 days. Calves with liquid or semiliquid feces, temperature >39.5°C, and inappetence were considered as cases, and those that had pasty or firm feces and normal physical examination were designated as controls. Methods Prospective case–control study. A specific BCoV‐RT‐PCR assay was used to detect BCoV in fecal samples. Association between BCoV and health status was evaluated by exact and random effect logistic regression. Fecal (n = 28) and nasal (n = 8) samples from diarrheic calves were tested for the presence of BCoV by both the PanCoV‐RT‐PCR and a specific BCoV‐RT‐PCR assays. A Kappa coefficient test was used to assess the level of agreement of both assays. Results BCoV was detected in 55% (157/286) of calves; 46% (66/143), and 64% (91/143) of healthy and diarrheic calves, respectively. Diarrheic calves had higher odds of BCoV presence than healthy calves (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.26 to 3.83, P = 0.004). A good agreement between PanCoV‐RT‐PCR and BCoV‐RT‐PCR to detect BCoV was identified (κ = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.392 to 0.967; P < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance BCoV was more likely to be detected in diarrheic than healthy calves. The PanCoV‐RT‐PCR assay can be a useful tool to detect CoV samples from diarrheic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gomez
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Z Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L Viel
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Ribeiro J, Lorenzetti E, Júnior JCR, da Silva Medeiros TN, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and RdRP genes of Brazilian aichivirus B strains involved in a diarrhea outbreak in dairy calves. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3691-3696. [PMID: 28849283 PMCID: PMC7086745 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aichivirus B has been reported worldwide in calves and adult cattle with and without diarrhea. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular characteristics of the RdRP and VP1 genes of aichivirus B strains identified as the most frequent etiologic agent in a neonatal diarrhea outbreak in a high-production Brazilian dairy cattle herd. Preliminary laboratory analysis ruled out important enteropathogens (Cryptosporidium spp; Eimeria spp., E. coli F5, and bovine coronavirus). Fecal samples from diarrheic (n = 24) and asymptomatic (n = 5) calves up to 30 days old were collected for virological analysis. RT-PCR assays were performed for the detection of aichivirus B RdRP and VP1 genes and for rotavirus A VP7 and VP4 genes in fecal samples. Asymptomatic calves (control group) were negative for both viruses. Aichivirus B and rotavirus A G10P[11] genotypes were found in 54.2% (13/24) and 25% (6/24) of the diarrheic fecal samples, respectively. Aichivirus B was only identified (83.3%, 10/12) in calves up to two weeks old. Phylogenetic analysis based on the RdRP gene grouped the Brazilian strains in a new branch within the aichivirus B group. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 gene of Brazilian and Chinese aichivirus B strains allowed the strains identified in this study to be classified in the putative lineage 1. This is the first description of a high rate of aichivirus B detection in a diarrhea outbreak in dairy calves, and the first phylogenetic study of the VP1 gene of aichivirus B wild-type strains performed in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro Júnior
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais Neris da Silva Medeiros
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Rocha TG, Silva FDF, Gregori F, Alfieri AA, Buzinaro MDG, Fagliari JJ. Longitudinal study of bovine rotavirus group A in newborn calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy herds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:783-790. [PMID: 28321789 PMCID: PMC7088669 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reports of rotavirus excretion in calves usually result from cross-sectional studies, and in face of the conflicting results regarding protection of calves born to vaccinated dams against diarrhea, the aim of the present study was to evaluate rotavirus excretion in dairy calves born to vaccinated or unvaccinated dams, to identify the genotypes of bovine rotavirus group A (RVA) strains isolated from these animals as well as to investigate characteristics of the disease in naturally occurring circumstances throughout the first month of life. Five hundred fifty-two fecal samples were taken from 56 calves, 28 from each farm and, in the vaccinated herd, 11/281 samples (3.91%) taken from six different calves tested positive for RVA while in the unvaccinated herd, 3/271 samples (1.11%) taken from 3 different calves tested positive. The genotyping of the VP7 genes showed 91.2% nucleotide sequence identity to G6 genotype (NCDV strain), and for the VP4 gene, strains from the vaccinated herd were 96.6% related to B223 strain, while strains from the unvaccinated herd were 88% related to P[5] genotype (UK strain). Genotypes found in this study were G6P[11] in the vaccinated herd and G6P[5] in the unvaccinated herd. All calves infected with rotavirus presented an episode of diarrhea in the first month of life, and the discrepancy between the genotypes found in the commercial vaccine (G6P[1] and G10P[11]) and the rotavirus strains circulating in both vaccinated and unvaccinated herds show the importance of keeping constant surveillance in order to avoid potential causes of vaccination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Gomes Rocha
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP14884-900, Brazil. .,, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14870-720, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Dornelas Florentino Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Gregori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Maria da Glória Buzinaro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - José Jurandir Fagliari
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP14884-900, Brazil
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Souto MSM, Coura FM, Dorneles EMS, Stynen APR, Alves TM, Santana JA, Pauletti RB, Guedes RMC, Viott AM, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phylotyping profile of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates from calves and pigs in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:13-23. [PMID: 27709395 PMCID: PMC7089450 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine (i) the profiles of phylogroup and (ii) the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves, and of Salmonella spp. strains isolated from calves and pigs in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Sixty-one pathogenic E. coli strains and Salmonella spp. (n = 24) strains isolated from fecal samples of calves and Salmonella spp. (n = 39) strains previously isolated from fecal samples of growing/finishing pigs were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the agar dilution method was determined for nalidixic acid, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin. Tetracycline was the antimicrobial that presented the higher frequency of resistance among E. coli strains, followed by ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, gentamicin, and cefoxitin. E. coli (n = 61) strains isolated from calves belonged to different phylogroup namely, phylogroup A (n = 26), phylogroup B1 (n = 31), phylogroup E (n = 3), and phylogroup F (n = 1). Phylogroups B2, C, and D were not identified among the E. coli in the present study. All Salmonella spp. (n = 24) strains isolated from fecal samples of calves were susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to nalidixic acid and cefoxitin was detected in 16.66 and 8.33 % of the Salmonella spp. strains, respectively. Among the Salmonella spp. (n = 39) strains isolated from fecal samples of pigs, the higher frequency of resistance was observed to tetracycline, followed by amoxicillin, gentamicin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, and norfloxacin. All strains were susceptible to amikacin. Forty-eight (78.68 %) of the E. coli strains were classified as multidrug-resistant, whereas among Salmonella spp. strains, the percentage of multidrug resistance was 57.14 %, being all multidrug-resistant strains isolated from pigs (92.30 %). The results from the present study indicate a high frequency of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from calves and Salmonella spp. strains isolated from pigs and a high rate of susceptibility to most antimicrobials tested among Salmonella spp. strains isolated from calves. Our study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant strains of E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from food-producing animals in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa S M Souto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Coura
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine M S Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula R Stynen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Telma M Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rebeca B Pauletti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto M C Guedes
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline M Viott
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Palotina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Coura FM, de Araújo Diniz S, Mussi JMS, Silva MX, Lage AP, Heinemann MB. Characterization of virulence factors and phylogenetic group determination of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves from Brazil. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 62:139-144. [PMID: 27787756 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect virulence factors, pathovars, and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli strains obtained from feces of calves with and without diarrhea up to 70 days old and to determine the association between occurrence of diarrhea, phylogenetic groups, and pathovars. Phylo-typing analysis of the 336 E. coli strains isolated from calves with Clermont method showed that 21 (6.25 %) belong to phylogroup A, 228 (67.85 %) to phylogroup B1, 2 (0.6 %) to phylogroup B2, 5 (1.49 %) to phylogroup C, 57 (16.96 %) to phylogroup E, and 3 (0.9 %) to phylogroup F. Phylogroup D was not identified and 20 strains (5.95 %) were assigned as "unknown." The distribution of phylogenetic groups among pathovars showed that NTEC belong to phylogroups B1 (17) and C (4); EPEC to phylogroups B1 (6) and E (8); STEC to phylogroups A (5), B1 (56), B2 (2), C (1), and E (15); EHEC to phylogroups B1 (95) and E (5); and ETEC to phylogroups A (3), B1 (7), and E (10). The EAST-1 strains were phylogroups A (13), B1 (47), E (19), and F (3); E. coli strains of "unknown" phylogroups belonged to pathovars EPEC (1), EHEC (2), STEC (7), and EAST-1 strains (6). ETEC was associated with diarrhea (P = 0.002). Our study did not find association between the phylogenetic background and occurrence of diarrhea (P = 0.164) but did find some relationship in phylogenetic group and pathovar. The study showed that EHEC and STEC are classified as phylogroup B1, EAST-1 phylogroup A, ETEC, and EPEC phylogroup E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Soraia de Araújo Diniz
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Jamili Maria Suhet Mussi
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Xavier Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
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