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Hernández FA, Tejeda C, Aristizábal B, Raffo E, Moroni M, Salgado M. Confirmation of the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) as carrier of Mycobacterium bovis in southern Chile. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107257. [PMID: 38761833 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious-contagious disease with worldwide distribution, caused by the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. It is believed that the existence of wild cycles may hamper the success of bTB control strategies worldwide, where wildlife species could be reservoirs of this bacterial agent across their native (e.g., European badgers, wild boars) or non-indigenous (e.g., brushtail possum in New Zealand) ranges. However, further studies are required to understand the potential risk posed by non-native wildlife in becoming carriers of M. bovis in other neglected latitudes, such as the Southern Cone of South America. In this study, we performed a specific M. bovis-RD4 real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to detect bacterial DNA in tissues from the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) in Los Ríos region, Chile. We detected M. bovis DNA in blood samples collected from 13 out of 186 (7 %) minks with known sex and age. We did not find any significant differences in bacterial DNA detection according to mink sex and age. We found that 92 % (12/13) of specimens were positive in lung, 39 % (5/13) in mediastinal lymph node, and 15 % (2/13) in mesenteric lymph node, which suggest that both respiratory and digestive pathways as possible routes of transmission between infected hosts and minks. Our study is the first report on M. bovis molecular detection in invasive minks in an area where the largest cattle population in the country is located. Furthermore, this area is characterized by a low within-herd prevalence of M. bovis infection in cattle, with a relatively low number of infected herds, and so far, no attempts at eradicating the disease have been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Carlos Tejeda
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Brandon Aristizábal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Eduardo Raffo
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), Protección de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Manuel Moroni
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Encinas M, Ferrara Muñiz X, Sammarruco RA, Ruiz Menna V, Garro CJ, Delgado F, Macías A, Magnano G, Zumárraga MJ, Garbaccio SG, Eirin ME. Limited usefulness of the IS 6110 touchdown-PCR in blood for tuberculin skin test false-negative cattle with serological response to Mycobacterium bovis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1359205. [PMID: 38835898 PMCID: PMC11149419 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ante-mortem diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is based mainly on the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the ɣ-IFN release assay (IGRA). Some infected animals escape screening tests, thus, limit herd sanitation. Previous reports have suggested a predominant pattern of multi-organ lesions attributable to Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bTB) bacteraemia. A case-control study was conducted to investigate blood PCR as an alternative tool for improving ante-mortem detection of TST false-negative bovines. Cases comprised 70 TST false-negative bovines (cases), which were serology positive, and controls included 81 TST positive bovines; all of them confirmed as infected with M. bovis. Detection of the IS6110 target through touchdown blood-PCR (IS6110 TD-PCR) was performed. The positivity of the blood-PCR was 27.2% in the control group. This performance was similar to the 15% obtained among cases (p = 0.134). Most cases identified by the IS6110 TD-PCR exhibited focalized lesions (p = 0.002). Results demonstrated that blood-PCR could detect TST false-negative cattle, even if they are negative for IGRA. Considering that cases exhibited humoral response to M. bovis, further studies conducted in a pre-serological stage could provide evidence about the real contribution of the technique in herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Encinas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo) UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Ximena Ferrara Muñiz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo) UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Romina Ayelén Sammarruco
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Victoria Ruiz Menna
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Carlos Javier Garro
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Fernando Delgado
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Analía Macías
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Magnano
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Martín José Zumárraga
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo) UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Sergio Gabriel Garbaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), UEDD CONICET-INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Eirin
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo) UEDD CONICET-INTA, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA)-CNIA, Hurlingham, Argentina
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Lybeck K, Tollefsen S, Mikkelsen H, Sjurseth SK, Lundegaard C, Aagaard C, Olsen I, Jungersen G. Selection of vaccine-candidate peptides from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by in silico prediction, in vitro T-cell line proliferation, and in vivo immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297955. [PMID: 38352876 PMCID: PMC10861761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a global concern in modern livestock production worldwide. The available vaccines against paratuberculosis do not offer optimal protection and interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to identify immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that do not interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Initially, 119 peptides were selected by either (1) identifying unique MAP peptides that were predicted to bind to bovine major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-predicted peptides) or (2) selecting hydrophobic peptides unique to MAP within proteins previously shown to be immunogenic (hydrophobic peptides). Subsequent testing of peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell lines from MAP-infected, adult goats vaccinated with peptides in cationic liposome adjuvant pointed to 23 peptides as being most immunogenic. These peptides were included in a second vaccine trial where three groups of eight healthy goat kids were vaccinated with 14 MHC-predicted peptides, nine hydrophobic peptides, or no peptides in o/w emulsion adjuvant. The majority of the MHC-predicted (93%) and hydrophobic peptides (67%) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in at least one animal. Similarly, 86% of the MHC-predicted and 89% of the hydrophobic peptides induced antibody responses in at least one goat. The immunization of eight healthy heifers with all 119 peptides formulated in emulsion adjuvant identified more peptides as immunogenic, as peptide specific IFN-γ and antibody responses in at least one heifer was found toward 84% and 24% of the peptides, respectively. No peptide-induced reactivity was found with commercial ELISAs for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis or MAP or when performing tuberculin skin testing for bovine tuberculosis. The vaccinated animals experienced adverse reactions at the injection site; thus, it is recommend that future studies make improvements to the vaccine formulation. In conclusion, immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that appeared promising for use in a vaccine against paratuberculosis without interfering with surveillance and trade tests for bovine tuberculosis were identified by in silico analysis and ex vivo generation of CD4+ T-cell lines and validated by the immunization of goats and cattle. Future studies should test different peptide combinations in challenge trials to determine their protective effect and identify the most MHC-promiscuous vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Lybeck
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Stig Tollefsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Heidi Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Lundegaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Olsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Jurado-Martos F, Cardoso-Toset F, Tarradas C, Galán-Relaño Á, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Ruedas-Torres I, Vera-Salmoral E, Larenas-Muñoz F, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J, Lorenzo BH, Luque I. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the serological test for paratuberculosis in cattle according to tuberculosis status. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3313. [PMID: 37718548 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are the most widely used diagnostic tools in bovine paratuberculosis (bPTB) control. However, their diagnostic accuracy may be compromised by bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection, as both diseases share diagnostic targets. METHODS The bPTB and bTB infection status of 228 animals was determined using microbiological tissue culture as a reference test. The diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values) of the bPTB-ELISA on blood serum samples, taking into account the bPTB animal-level prevalence of the area and the bTB status of the animals, was evaluated. RESULTS A sensitivity of 40.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.5%-53.9%) and a specificity of 94.7% (95% CI: 91.4%-98.0%) were obtained for bPTB-ELISA in all animals. A bPTB-ELISA-positive animal would have a post-test probability of 70% or more of being infected in areas with a bPTB prevalence of 23% or more. A negative bPTB-ELISA result, in areas with a bPTB prevalence of 41% or less, would rule out the disease with more than 70% certainty. In bTB-positive animals, sensitivity increased (94.4% [95% CI: 81.4%-100%] vs. 25.1% [95% CI: 11.8%-38.4%]) and specificity decreased (82.6% [95% CI: 71.8%-93.4%] vs. 99.4% [95% CI: 98.0%-99.9%]). The bPTB-ELISA is a good tool to rule out bPTB co-infection in bTB-positive animals, while in bTB-negative animals, it allows confirmation of disease with more than 70% probability if disease prevalence is 6% or more. LIMITATIONS The observed differences could be enhanced by the effect of frequent application of the intradermal tuberculin test, which was unknown in the animals studied. CONCLUSIONS These results provide useful guidance for the application and interpretation of ELISA as a tool for bPTB disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jurado-Martos
- CICAP-Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Tarradas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Belén Huerta Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Asymptomatic Zoo Herbivores in Poland. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061022. [PMID: 36978563 PMCID: PMC10044416 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are significant issues in zoo animals, influencing animal welfare, conservation efforts, and the zoonotic potential of pathogens. Although tuberculosis is recognised to be highly dangerous, paratuberculosis can also lead to animal losses and is potentially dangerous for humans. The aim of the current study was to confirm whether Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections are currently present in zoos in Poland. Faeces samples (n = 131) were collected from different animal species from eight zoos in Poland. The faeces were decontaminated and inoculated into Herrold’s Egg Yolk Media. The species was determined using commercial DNA testing. The IS900 was checked using RT-PCR. The culture was positive in seven samples: five with M. avium, one with Mycobacterium fortiatum, and one without any identified Mycobacterium species. RT-PCR confirmed MAP genetic material in nine animals. Our findings represent the first confirmation of MAP in bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus), indicating that it is present in Polish zoological gardens. Fortunately, the disease can be monitored more easily due to recent legislation (the Animal Health Law).
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Lack of Exposure to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Chilean Cervids, and Evidence of a New Mycobacterium-Like Sequence. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:680-684. [PMID: 35512300 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Screening of serum and fecal samples from huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) and pudu (Pudu puda) from southern Chile for Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) found all but four samples Mycobacterium-negative. The positive sequences showed only 92-93% similarity with MAP and were from remote Isla Riesco populations.
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Lin HC, Chu C, Su Y, Lai JM. Evaluation of using comparative intradermal tuberculin test to diagnose bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in Taiwan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Development and Validation of a Novel ELISA for the Specific Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Based on a Chimeric Polyprotein. Vet Med Int 2022; 2021:7336848. [PMID: 35003619 PMCID: PMC8731269 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7336848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The optimization of detection tests specific for MAP is crucial to improve PTB control. In this work, we aimed to develop and validate a diagnostic tool based on an ELISA to specifically detect anti-MAP antibodies from bovine serum samples. For that purpose, we designed a recombinant polyprotein containing four specific antigens from MAP and optimized the ELISA. The validation consisted of the assessment of 10 sera from PTB-infected and healthy bovines with different OD values. The diagnostic performance of the polyprotein-ELISA was evaluated by testing 130 bovine serum samples (47 healthy, 48 MAP-infected, and 35 M. bovis-infected bovines). The ELISA using the polyprotein yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.9912 (95% CI, 0.9758–1.007; P < 0.0001). Moreover, for this ELISA, the cut-off selected from the ROC curve based on the point with a sensitivity of 95.56% (95% CI, 0.8485–0.9946) and specificity of 97.92 (95% CI, 0.8893–0.9995) was 0.3328. Similar results were obtained with an ELISA using the commercial Paratuberculosis Protoplasmatic Antigen (PPA). However, the ELISA with the polyprotein antigen showed a better performance against sera from animals infected with Mycobacterium bovis compared to the ELISA with PPA: lower cross-reactivity (2.85% versus 25.71%). These results demonstrate a very low cross-reactivity of the polyprotein with antibodies present in serum samples from animals infected with M. bovis. The designed polyprotein and the validated ELISA could be very useful for the specific identification of MAP-infected animals in herds.
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Didkowska A, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Klich D, Prolejko K, Orłowska B, Anusz K. The Risk of False-Positive Serological Results for Paratuberculosis in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081054. [PMID: 34451518 PMCID: PMC8399313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and paratuberculosis (paraTB) continue to cause significant economic losses in cattle breeding; in addition, their etiological agents have zoonotic potential. Although the diagnostics of both diseases are still being improved, problems still remain, such as the potential for cross-reactivity to the antigens used in tests. The aim of the present study was to confirm whether animals known to harbor Mycobacterium bovis antibodies are at increased risk of yielding positive results in paraTB serotesting and, additionally, to verify the accuracy of three commonly used methods for confirming M. bovis infection: ELISA, the tuberculin skin test (TST), and the presence of gross lesions. Material was collected from 98 dairy cattle suspected of BTB due to TST-positive results. During postmortem examination, gross lesions were assessed visually. Blood, lymph nodes, and TB-suspected organs were collected. Serum was obtained from the collected blood and tested serologically for TB and paraTB. The tissues underwent standard microbiological testing for M. tuberculosis complex. Among the 98 TST-positive individuals, tuberculous gross lesions were detected in 57 (58.1%), MTBC were isolated in 83 (84.7%), and the ELISA test was positive for 21 (21.4%). None of the lesions characteristic for paraTB were detected. The chance of obtaining a positive TB result by ELISA was seven times higher using the ELISA-paraTB method; hence, there is a significant risk of obtaining false-positive serological results for paraTB in M. bovis-infected cattle. However, the hypothesis that infection of M. bovis or prior TST performance may have boosted the host immune response and therefore increased the sensitivity of the paraTB-ELISA cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Daniel Klich
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kinga Prolejko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
| | - Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (B.O.); (K.A.)
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