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Probert WS, Glenn-Finer R, Espinosa A, Yen C, Stockman L, Harriman K, Hacker JK. Molecular Epidemiology of Measles in California, United States-2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1015-1023. [PMID: 33528506 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the United States (US) experienced the highest number of measles importations and cases in the postelimination era. More than a quarter of imported cases entered the US through California. Measles surveillance efforts in California resulted in the identification of 26 importations, 6 outbreaks, and 72 cases in 2019. Only genotype B3 and D8 measles strains were detected. Genotype-specific differences were noted in the incidence of vaccine failures, hospitalizations, and severe complications among cases. A targeted whole genome sequencing approach provided higher-resolution discrimination between epidemiologically linked and sporadically introduced strains than conventional N450 sequencing. Our report underscores the importance of ensuring appropriate measles vaccination status, especially prior to international travel to measles-endemic regions, and highlights the value of a strong measles surveillance system in minimizing outbreaks and preserving measles elimination status in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Probert
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rosie Glenn-Finer
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Alex Espinosa
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Yen
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Lauren Stockman
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Harriman
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Jill K Hacker
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
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2
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Villa TG, Abril AG, Sánchez S, de Miguel T, Sánchez-Pérez A. Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:443-464. [PMID: 32989475 PMCID: PMC7521576 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses, in general, exhibit high mutation rates; this is mainly due to the low fidelity displayed by the RNA-dependent polymerases required for their replication that lack the proofreading machinery to correct misincorporated nucleotides and produce high mutation rates. This lack of replication fidelity, together with the fact that RNA viruses can undergo spontaneous mutations, results in genetic variants displaying different viral morphogenesis, as well as variation on their surface glycoproteins that affect viral antigenicity. This diverse viral population, routinely containing a variety of mutants, is known as a viral ‘quasispecies’. The mutability of their virions allows for fast evolution of RNA viruses that develop antiviral resistance and overcome vaccines much more rapidly than DNA viruses. This also translates into the fact that pathogenic RNA viruses, that cause many diseases and deaths in humans, represent the major viral group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and are responsible for worldwide pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana G Abril
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T de Miguel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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3
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Bianchi S, Canuti M, Ciceri G, Gori M, Colzani D, Dura M, Pennati BM, Baggieri M, Magurano F, Tanzi E, Amendola A. Molecular Epidemiology of B3 and D8 Measles Viruses through Hemagglutinin Phylogenetic History. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124435. [PMID: 32580384 PMCID: PMC7352894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 24 known measles genotypes, only D8 and B3 are responsible for outbreaks in the last years in Europe, Asia, and America. In this study the H gene of 92 strains circulating between 2015 and 2019 in Lombardy, Northern Italy, and 1273 H sequences available in GenBank were analyzed in order to evaluate the genetic variability and to assess the conservation of the immunodominant sites. Overall, in Lombardy we observed the presence of four different B3 and three different D8 clusters, each one of them including sequences derived from viruses found in both vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. Worldwide, the residue 400 within the H protein, a position located within the main immune epitope, is mutated in all circulating strains that belong to the two globally endemic genotypes, B3 and D8. Our data demonstrate the usefulness of measles virus (MV) H gene sequencing. Indeed, the monitoring the H protein epitopes of circulating strains could be included in the measles laboratory surveillance activities in order to improve and optimize strategies for measles control, as countries go towards elimination phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Giulia Ciceri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria Gori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Daniela Colzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Dura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Beatrice Marina Pennati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Melissa Baggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
- Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (D.C.); (M.D.); (B.M.P.); (A.A.)
- Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Javelle E, Colson P, Parola P, Raoult D. Measles, the need for a paradigm shift. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:897-915. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Almansour I, Alhagri M. MMRdb: Measles, mumps, and rubella viruses database and analysis resource. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103982. [PMID: 31352145 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Measles, mumps, and rubella viruses are well known human pathogens that cause mild to severe illnesses. Despite the existence of MMR vaccines since 1971, outbreaks have been largely documented even in highly vaccinated populations. There is a pressing need to develop a resource to monitor genetic and antigenic variations among these viruses. Here, we introduced MMRdb, a web central database and analysis resource for measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Users can search viruses at gene level and obtain sequence information based on gene product, geographic location, year, or host. The MMRdb also catalogs experimentally verified B cells and T cells antigenic epitopes data. A set of computation tools such as multiple sequence alignment, Geo Chart, and sequence similarity BLAST search has been implemented in a user-friendly database. The main features of this database will assist researchers in monitoring genetics and antigenic variations, tracking geographic spread with regards of sequence information, and facilitate the development of diagnostics, vaccines, and immunotherapeutics. Database URL: http://mmrdb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Almansour
- Epidemic Diseases Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mazen Alhagri
- Deanship of Information and Communication Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Ciceri G, Canuti M, Bianchi S, Gori M, Piralla A, Colzani D, Libretti M, Frati ER, Baggieri M, Lai A, Rovida F, Zehender G, Baldanti F, Magurano F, Tanzi E, Amendola A. Genetic variability of the measles virus hemagglutinin gene in B3 genotype strains circulating in Northern Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103943. [PMID: 31255832 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing the whole measles virus hemagglutinin (H) gene, in conjunction with a 450-nucleotide region of the nucleoprotein gene (N-450), is helpful for the identification of new genotypes and as an auxiliary in outbreak characterization. In addition, it is essential to be able to predict the antigenic changes of the H protein to gain a better monitoring of the response to the vaccine. In this study, we obtained the full-length H gene sequences from 19 measles virus (MV) strains belonging to two B3 genotype variants circulating in Lombardy (Northern Italy) between July 2015 and February 2016 and evaluated the variability of the whole MV-H gene. Furthermore, we compared the obtained H amino acid sequences to all MV sequences available in the GenBank database (n = 1152 in total) and analyzed the amino acid substitutions in the H protein within clades where the Italian strains were included. We identified a higher variability in the H gene compared to the N-450 region and our results support previous studies, highlighting that the H gene is more informative for characterizing the MV B3 genotype than the N-450 sequence. Some of the amino acid substitutions were fixed in the viral population and, remarkably, some of the amino acid substitutions were typically present only in the Italian sequences. Accumulating further molecular information about MV-H gene will be necessary to enable in-depth analyses of the variability of this gene in the vaccinated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ciceri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - S Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Gori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, via Taramelli, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - D Colzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Libretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - E R Frati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - M Baggieri
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - A Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via Gian Battista Grassi, 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - F Rovida
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, via Taramelli, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - G Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via Gian Battista Grassi, 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - F Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, via Taramelli, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - F Magurano
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - E Tanzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - A Amendola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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7
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Antigenic Drift Defines a New D4 Subgenotype of Measles Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00209-17. [PMID: 28356529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus hemagglutinin (MeV-H) protein is the main target of protective neutralizing antibodies. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize known major antigenic sites in MeV-H, we identified a D4 genotype variant that escapes neutralization by MAbs targeting the neutralizing epitope (NE) antigenic site. By site-directed mutagenesis, L249P was identified as the critical mutation disrupting the NE in this genotype D4 variant. Forty-two available D4 genotype gene sequences were subsequently analyzed and divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of the L249P MeV-H mutation. Further analysis of the MeV-N gene sequences of these 2 groups confirmed that they represent clearly definable, sequence-divergent D4 subgenotypes, which we named subgenotypes D4.1 and D4.2. The subgenotype D4.1 MeVs were isolated predominantly in Kenya and Ethiopia, whereas the MAb-resistant subgenotype D4.2 MeVs were isolated predominantly in France and Great Britain, countries with higher vaccine coverage rates. Interestingly, D4.2 subgenotype viruses showed a trend toward diminished susceptibility to neutralization by human sera pooled from approximately 60 to 80 North American donors. Escape from MAb neutralization may be a powerful epidemiological surveillance tool to monitor the evolution of new MeV subgenotypes.IMPORTANCE Measles virus is a paradigmatic RNA virus, as the antigenic composition of the vaccination has not needed to be updated since its discovery. The vaccine confers protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies that interfere with the function of the hemagglutinin protein. Viral strains are indistinguishable serologically, although characteristic nucleotide sequences differentiate 24 genotypes. In this work, we describe a distant evolutionary branch within genotype D4. Designated subgenotype D4.2, this virus is distinguishable by neutralization with vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies that target the neutralizing epitope (NE). The subgenotype D4.2 viruses have a higher predominance in countries with intermediary levels of vaccine coverage. Our studies demonstrate that subgenotype D4.2 lacks epitopes associated with half of the known antigenic sites, which significantly impacts our understanding of measles virus evolution.
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8
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Muñoz-Alía MA, Casasnovas JM, Celma ML, Carabaña J, Liton PB, Fernandez-Muñoz R. Measles Virus Hemagglutinin epitopes immunogenic in natural infection and vaccination are targeted by broad or genotype-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res 2017; 236:30-43. [PMID: 28465158 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) remains a leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in children. Protection against MV is associated with neutralizing antibodies that preferentially recognize the viral hemagglutinin (MV-H), and to a lesser extent, the fusion protein (MV-F). Although MV is serologically monotypic, 24 genotypes have been identified. Here we report three neutralization epitopes conserved in the more prevalent circulating MV genotypes, two located in the MV-H receptor binding site (RBS) (antigenic site III) and a third in MV-H/MV-F interphase (antigenic site Ia) which are essential for MV multiplication. In contrast, two MV-H neutralization epitopes, showed a genotype-specific neutralization escape due to a single amino acid change, that we mapped in the "noose" antigenic site, or an enhanced neutralization epitope (antigenic site IIa). The monoclonal antibody (mAb) neutralization potency correlated with its binding affinity and was mainly driven by kinetic dissociation rate (koff). We developed an immunoassay for mAb binding to MV-H in its native hetero-oligomeric structure with MV-F on the surface of a MV productive steady-state persistently infected (p.i.) human cell lines, and a competitive-binding assay with serum from individuals with past infection by different MV genotypes. Binding assays revealed that a broad neutralization epitope, in RBS antigenic site, a genotype specific neutralization epitopes, in noose and IIa sites, were immunogenic in natural infection and vaccination and may elicit long-lasting humoral immunity that might contribute to explain MV immunogenic stability. These results support the design of improved measles vaccines, broad-spectrum prophylactic or therapeutic antibodies and MV-used in oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Carabaña
- Virology Unit, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Kulkarni RD, Ajantha G, Kiran AR, Pravinchandra K. Global Eradication of Measles: Are We Poised? Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:10-16. [PMID: 28303812 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Fatemi Nasab GS, Salimi V, Abbasi S, Adjami Nezhad Fard F, Mokhtari Azad T. Comparison of neutralizing antibody titers against outbreak-associated measles genotypes (D4, H1 and B3) in Iran. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw089. [PMID: 27777263 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the accessibility of a promising vaccine, outbreaks of the measles virus (MV) take place even in well-vaccinated populations. D4, H1 and B3 genotypes have been detected regularly in different regions of Iran. These observations highlight the necessity of evaluating the protective efficacy of the vaccine against currently circulating MV genotypes during the elimination phase. A focus reduction neutralization test has been developed to measure the neutralizing antibodies against different genotypes of MV, such as H1, D4, B3 and vaccine strain (A), in children after second doses of measles vaccine. The geometric mean titer (GMT) rates of the sera against D4, H1, B3 and A genotypes were 95.9, 90.5, 32.0 and 76.1, respectively. Low GMTs of antibody against the B3 genotype compared with the other genotypes were indicated. Based on the current study results, the MV antibody titers in the sera of vaccinated cases are sufficient to neutralize all circulating genotypes in Iran; however, neutralizing antibody titers were lower for the B3 genotype than for the H1, D4 and A genotypes. The heterogeneous nature of MV, for instance the nucleotide sequence diversity between different strains, necessitates the evaluation of the protective efficacy of the vaccine against measles B3 genotype in countries where this virus has been the most commonly identified circulating genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Sadat Fatemi Nasab
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Simin Abbasi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adjami Nezhad Fard
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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Measles Virus Hemagglutinin Protein Epitopes: The Basis of Antigenic Stability. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080216. [PMID: 27490564 PMCID: PMC4997578 DOI: 10.3390/v8080216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally eliminating measles using available vaccines is biologically feasible because the measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) protein is antigenically stable. The H protein is responsible for receptor binding, and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies. The immunodominant epitope, known as the hemagglutinating and noose epitope, is located near the receptor-binding site (RBS). The RBS also contains an immunodominant epitope. Loss of receptor binding correlates with an escape from the neutralization by antibodies that target the epitope at RBS. Another neutralizing epitope is located near RBS and is shielded by an N-linked sugar in certain genotype strains. However, human sera from vaccinees and measles patients neutralized all MV strains with similar efficiencies, regardless of the N-linked sugar modification or mutations at these epitopes. Two other major epitopes exist at a distance from RBS. One has an unstructured flexible domain with a linear neutralizing epitope. When MV-H forms a tetramer (dimer of dimers), these epitopes may form the dimer-dimer interface, and one of the two epitopes may also interact with the F protein. The neutralization mechanisms of antibodies that recognize these epitopes may involve inhibiting the H-F interaction or blocking the fusion cascade after MV-H binds to its receptors.
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12
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Abstract
Measles is an infectious disease in humans caused by the measles virus (MeV). Before the introduction of an effective measles vaccine, virtually everyone experienced measles during childhood. Symptoms of measles include fever and maculopapular skin rash accompanied by cough, coryza and/or conjunctivitis. MeV causes immunosuppression, and severe sequelae of measles include pneumonia, gastroenteritis, blindness, measles inclusion body encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Case confirmation depends on clinical presentation and results of laboratory tests, including the detection of anti-MeV IgM antibodies and/or viral RNA. All current measles vaccines contain a live attenuated strain of MeV, and great progress has been made to increase global vaccination coverage to drive down the incidence of measles. However, endemic transmission continues in many parts of the world. Measles remains a considerable cause of childhood mortality worldwide, with estimates that >100,000 fatal cases occur each year. Case fatality ratio estimates vary from <0.01% in industrialized countries to >5% in developing countries. All six WHO regions have set goals to eliminate endemic transmission of MeV by achieving and maintaining high levels of vaccination coverage accompanied by a sensitive surveillance system. Because of the availability of a highly effective and relatively inexpensive vaccine, the monotypic nature of the virus and the lack of an animal reservoir, measles is considered a candidate for eradication.
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13
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Xu W, Zhang MX, Qin EQ, Yan YC, Li FY, Xu Z, Tian X, Fan R, Tu B, Chen WW, Zhao M. Molecular Characterization of Wild Type Measles Virus from Adult Patients in Northern China, 2014. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 45:36-42. [PMID: 26899955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we studied the N and H genes from wild type measles viruses (MeVs) isolated during the 2013-2014 outbreak. METHODS Clinical samples were collected, and the genotyping, phylogenetic analysis were performed. RESULTS The vaccination rate of the study population was 4%. Genotype H1a was the predominant genotype. Wild type viruses were classified into clusters A and B, C and may have different origins. N-450 sequences from wild type viruses were highly homologous with, and likely evolved from MeVs circulating in Tianjing and Henan in 2012. MVs/Shenyang.CHN/18.14/3 could have evolved from MeVs from Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, and Tianjin. Our data suggested that one or more of the same viruses circulated between Beijing, Shenyang, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Berlin. CONCLUSIONS Important factors contributing to outbreaks could include weak vaccination coverage, poor vaccination strategies, and migration of adult workers between cities, countries, and from rural areas to urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - En-Qiang Qin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - Feng-Yi Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China.
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Piccirilli G, Lazzarotto T, Chiereghin A, Serra L, Gabrielli L, Lanari M. Spotlight on measles in Italy: why outbreaks of a vaccine-preventable infection continue in the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:355-62. [PMID: 25612664 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1003808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Measles is a serious infectious disease that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Remarkable progress has been made through measles vaccination in reducing the number of people dying from measles. In the last years, concerns about the safety of vaccines have led to decline in immunization coverage rates and new outbreaks of measles in many European countries, including Italy. We believe that it is important to reinforce the message that measles vaccine is safe and highly effective through appropriate information campaigns and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Piccirilli
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology, St. Orsola-Malpighi General Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Muñoz-Alía MÁ, Fernández-Muñoz R, Casasnovas JM, Porras-Mansilla R, Serrano-Pardo Á, Pagán I, Ordobás M, Ramírez R, Celma ML. Measles virus genetic evolution throughout an imported epidemic outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. Virus Res 2014; 196:122-7. [PMID: 25445338 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus circulates endemically in African and Asian large urban populations, causing outbreaks worldwide in populations with up-to-95% immune protection. We studied the natural genetic variability of genotype B3.1 in a population with 95% vaccine coverage throughout an imported six month measles outbreak. From first pass viral isolates of 47 patients we performed direct sequencing of genomic cDNA. Whilst no variation from index case sequence occurred in the Nucleocapsid gene hyper-variable carboxy end, in the Hemagglutinin gene, main target for neutralizing antibodies, we observed gradual nucleotide divergence from index case along the outbreak (0% to 0.380%, average 0.138%) with the emergence of transient and persistent non-synonymous and synonymous mutations. Little or no variation was observed between the index and last outbreak cases in Phosphoprotein, Nucleocapsid, Matrix and Fusion genes. Most of the H non-synonymous mutations were mapped on the protein surface near antigenic and receptors binding sites. We estimated a MV-Hemagglutinin nucleotide substitution rate of 7.28 × 10-6 substitutions/site/day by a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. The dN/dS analysis did not suggest significant immune or other selective pressures on the H gene during the outbreak. These results emphasize the usefulness of MV-H sequence analysis in measles epidemiological surveillance and elimination programs, and in detection of potentially emergence of measles virus neutralization-resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Muñoz-Alía
- Virology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Measles, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Virology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Measles, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Casasnovas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas. CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Porras-Mansilla
- Virology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Measles, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Serrano-Pardo
- Virology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Measles, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and ETSI Agrónomos, Campus Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ordobás
- Epidemiology Service, Madrid Health Ministry, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ramírez
- Epidemiology Service, Madrid Health Ministry, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Celma
- Virology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Measles, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Liu C, Mao N, Ji Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Li C, Tang W, Feng D, Wang C, Zheng L, Lei Y, Ling H, Zhao C, Ma Y, He J, Wang Y, Li P, Guan R, Zhou S, Zhou J, Wang S, Zhang H, Zheng H, Liu L, Ma H, Guan J, Lu P, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Xiong Y, Ba Z, Chen H, Yang X, Bo F, Ma Y, Liang Y, Lei Y, Gu S, Liu W, Chen M, Featherstone D, Jee Y, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Xu W. Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin genes of wild-type measles virus circulating in china, 1993-2009. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73374. [PMID: 24073194 PMCID: PMC3779233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China experienced several large measles outbreaks in the past two decades, and a series of enhanced control measures were implemented to achieve the goal of measles elimination. Molecular epidemiologic surveillance of wild-type measles viruses (MeV) provides valuable information about the viral transmission patterns. Since 1993, virologic surveillnace has confirmed that a single endemic genotype H1 viruses have been predominantly circulating in China. A component of molecular surveillance is to monitor the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (H) gene of MeV, the major target for virus neutralizing antibodies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analysis of the sequences of the complete H gene from 56 representative wild-type MeV strains circulating in China during 1993-2009 showed that the H gene sequences were clustered into 2 groups, cluster 1 and cluster 2. Cluster1 strains were the most frequently detected cluster and had a widespread distribution in China after 2000. The predicted amino acid sequences of the H protein were relatively conserved at most of the functionally significant amino acid positions. However, most of the genotype H1 cluster1 viruses had an amino acid substitution (Ser240Asn), which removed a predicted N-linked glycosylation site. In addition, the substitution of Pro397Leu in the hemagglutinin noose epitope (HNE) was identified in 23 of 56 strains. The evolutionary rate of the H gene of the genotype H1 viruses was estimated to be approximately 0.76×10(-3) substitutions per site per year, and the ratio of dN to dS (dN/dS) was <1 indicating the absence of selective pressure. CONCLUSIONS Although H genes of the genotype H1 strains were conserved and not subjected to selective pressure, several amino acid substitutions were observed in functionally important positions. Therefore the antigenic and genetic properties of H genes of wild-type MeVs should be monitored as part of routine molecular surveillance for measles in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Xu
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Naiying Mao
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Ji
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, China
| | - Daxing Feng
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Changyin Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yue Lei
- Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin City, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing City, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing City, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jilan He
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Liaoning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xian City, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Ronghui Guan
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xian City, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Shujie Zhou
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Leng Liu
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Hemuti Ma
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumchi City, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumchi City, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Peishan Lu
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shunde Zhou
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhuoma Ba
- Qinghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xining City, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Xiuhui Yang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fang Bo
- Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yake Lei
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Suyi Gu
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing City, China
| | - David Featherstone
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - William J. Bellini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Sarute N, Calderón MG, Pérez R, La Torre J, Hernández M, Francia L, Panzera Y. The fusion protein signal-peptide-coding region of canine distemper virus: a useful tool for phylogenetic reconstruction and lineage identification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63595. [PMID: 23675493 PMCID: PMC3652846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV; Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus) is the etiologic agent of a multisystemic infectious disease affecting all terrestrial carnivore families with high incidence and mortality in domestic dogs. Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (H) gene has been widely employed to characterize field strains, permitting the identification of nine CDV lineages worldwide. Recently, it has been established that the sequences of the fusion protein signal-peptide (Fsp) coding region are extremely variable, suggesting that analysis of its sequence might be useful for strain characterization studies. However, the divergence of Fsp sequences among worldwide strains and its phylogenetic resolution has not yet been evaluated. We constructed datasets containing the Fsp-coding region and H gene sequences of the same strains belonging to eight CDV lineages. Both datasets were used to evaluate their phylogenetic resolution. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that both datasets clustered the same strains into eight different branches, corresponding to CDV lineages. The inter-lineage amino acid divergence was fourfold greater for the Fsp peptide than for the H protein. The likelihood mapping revealed that both datasets display strong phylogenetic signals in the region of well-resolved topologies. These features indicate that Fsp-coding region sequence analysis is suitable for evolutionary studies as it allows for straightforward identification of CDV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Sarute
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marina Gallo Calderón
- Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José La Torre
- Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lourdes Francia
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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18
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Functional and structural characterization of neutralizing epitopes of measles virus hemagglutinin protein. J Virol 2012; 87:666-75. [PMID: 23115278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02033-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccination programs have dramatically reduced the number of measles-related deaths globally. Although all the available data suggest that measles eradication is biologically feasible, a structural and biochemical basis for the single serotype nature of measles virus (MV) remains to be provided. The hemagglutinin (H) protein, which binds to two discrete proteinaceous receptors, is the major neutralizing target. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing distinct epitopes on the H protein were characterized using recombinant MVs encoding the H gene from different MV genotypes. The effects of various mutations on neutralization by MAbs and virus fitness were also analyzed, identifying the location of five epitopes on the H protein structure. Our data in the present study demonstrated that the H protein of MV possesses at least two conserved effective neutralizing epitopes. One, which is a previously recognized epitope, is located near the receptor-binding site (RBS), and thus MAbs that recognize this epitope blocked the receptor binding of the H protein, whereas the other epitope is located at the position distant from the RBS. Thus, a MAb that recognizes this epitope did not inhibit the receptor binding of the H protein, rather interfered with the hemagglutinin-fusion (H-F) interaction. This epitope was suggested to play a key role for formation of a higher order of an H-F protein oligomeric structure. Our data also identified one nonconserved effective neutralizing epitope. The epitope has been masked by an N-linked sugar modification in some genotype MV strains. These data would contribute to our understanding of the antigenicity of MV and support the global elimination program of measles.
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Lentiviral vectors displaying modified measles virus gp overcome pre-existing immunity in in vivo-like transduction of human T and B cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1699-712. [PMID: 22617109 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into quiescent T and B cells is important for gene therapy and immunotherapy approaches. Previously, we generated lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with Edmonston (Ed) measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) glycoproteins (H/F-LVs), which allowed efficient transduction of quiescent human T and B cells. However, a major obstacle in the use of H/F-LVs in vivo is that most of the human population is vaccinated against measles. As the MV humoral immune response is exclusively directed against the H protein of MV, we mutated the two dominant epitopes in H, Noose, and NE. LVs pseudotyped with these mutant H-glycoproteins escaped inactivation by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) but were still neutralized by human serum. Consequently, we took advantage of newly emerged MV-D genotypes that were less sensitive to MV vaccination due to a different glycosylation pattern. The mutation responsible was introduced into the H/F-LVs, already mutated for Noose and NE epitopes. We found that these mutant H/F-LVs could efficiently transduce quiescent lymphocytes in the presence of high concentrations of MV antibody-positive human serum. Finally, upon incubation with total blood, mimicking the in vivo situation, the mutant H/F-LVs escaped MV antibody neutralization, where the original H/F-LVs failed. Thus, these novel H/F-LVs offer perspectives for in vivo lymphocyte-based gene therapy and immunotherapy.
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