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Stenberg H, Malmberg M, Hayer J. Screening for atypical porcine pestivirus in Swedish boar semen used for artificial insemination and a characterisation of the seminal RNA microbiome including the virome. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:219. [PMID: 37864222 PMCID: PMC10588136 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to characterise the RNA microbiome, including the virome of extended semen from Swedish breeding boars, with particular focus on Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). This neurotropic virus, associated with congenital tremor type A-II in piglets, was recently demonstrated to induce the disease through insemination with semen from infected boars. RESULTS From 124 Artificial Insemination (AI) doses from Swedish breeding boars, APPV was detected in one dose in addition to a sparse seminal RNA virome, characterised by retroviruses, phages, and some fecal-associated contaminants. The detected seminal microbiome was large and characterized by Gram-negative bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria, mainly consisting of apathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. The proportion of bacteria with a pathogenic potential was low, and no antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected in the datasets. CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicate a good health status among Swedish breeding boars. The detection of APPV in semen raises the question of whether routine screening for APPV in breeding boars should be instigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Stenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliette Hayer
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Han Z, Song Y, Xiao J, Zhao X, Lu H, Zhang K, Jia S, Zhou J, Li J, Si F, Sun Q, Zhu S, Wang D, Yan D, Xu W, Fu X, Zhang Y. Monsavirus in monkey rectal swab and throat swab specimens in China: Proposal for Posaliviridae as a new family in Picornavirales. Virus Res 2021; 303:198501. [PMID: 34252491 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Posa-like viruses have been detected in the fecal samples of several host species and are considered unclassified members of Picornavirales. Here, we identified genomic fragments of novel posa-like viruses (monsaviruses) in monkey specimens through next generation sequencing and obtained 11 full-length genomes. This monsavirus shared 88.5-89.2% nucleotide similarity with the Tottori-HG1 strain (GenBank accession LC123275). In total, 713 nucleotide polymorphism sites were identified, indicating their persistent evolution during circulation. The genomic organization and phylogenetic relationship of monsavirus were determined. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the conserved replication block of Hel-Pro-RdRp and core RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain-based analysis of posa-like viruses showed significant separation compared with other known families. Further, posa-like virus genomes possessed the classical replication block of picornavirus in the 5' part of genome and picorna-like capsid domains at the structural coding region of 3' part of genome. Based on these results, we proposed the new family Posaliviridae, within Picornavirales. Four genera, which showed 68.6-75.5% amino acid distances but similar genomic organization including the conserved replication block of Hel-Pro-RdRp, the same order of the genomic coding region, and picorna-like capsid domains, were identified. The flexible genomic organization strategy and a large evolutionary scale of Posaliviridae was explicit. This study provides novel information on monsaviruses and important taxonomic data for the family Posaliviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhi Han
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Senquan Jia
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, PR China
| | - Jienan Zhou
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, PR China
| | - Junhan Li
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Fenfen Si
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Qiang Sun
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory for poliomyelitis, WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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Nantel-Fortier N, Gauthier M, L'Homme Y, Fravalo P, Brassard J. Treatments of porcine fecal samples affect high-throughput virome sequencing results. J Virol Methods 2020; 289:114045. [PMID: 33333107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The porcine enteric microbiota is currently extensively studied, taking advantage of developments in high-throughput sequencing technologies. However, the viral part of the microbiota, the virome, is being lightly explored, and the impact of the pretreatments used before sequencing the viruses is barely considered. In this study, the impacts of filtration, RNase and DNase treatments on virus reads recovery and diversity after sequencing on a MiSeq platform were assessed on fecal samples individually taken at <3, 5, 12 and 20 weeks from two piglets. None of the four pretreatment series affected the virus read averages or influenced diversity, but the samples with the higher proportion of reads corresponding to an entry in the "nt" database were those receiving the least number of pretreatments. The enzymatic pretreatments affected the detection of the single-stranded RNA viruses of Aichivirus C, porcine astrovirus, Sapovirus and posavirus, which is worrisome, as these viruses can be involved in swine diarrhea. If enzymatic pretreatments are used when sequencing using a high-throughput method, it may impact single-stranded RNA virus recovery, but not the overall virome diversity. Therefore, filtrated samples may be the better option, reducing the amount of bacterial genetic material while preserving the virus reads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nantel-Fortier
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infections Disease Research Center (CRIPA-FRQNT), University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Gauthier
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvan L'Homme
- Swine and Poultry Infections Disease Research Center (CRIPA-FRQNT), University of Montreal, Canada; CEGEP Garneau, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infections Disease Research Center (CRIPA-FRQNT), University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Brassard
- Swine and Poultry Infections Disease Research Center (CRIPA-FRQNT), University of Montreal, Canada; Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Han Z, Xiao J, Song Y, Hong M, Dai G, Lu H, Zhang M, Liang Y, Yan D, Zhu S, Xu W, Zhang Y. The Husavirus Posa-Like Viruses in China, and a New Group of Picornavirales. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090995. [PMID: 32906743 PMCID: PMC7551994 DOI: 10.3390/v12090995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel posa-like viral genomes were first identified in swine fecal samples using metagenomics and were designated as unclassified viruses in the order Picornavirales. In the present study, nine husavirus strains were identified in China. Their genomes share 94.1–99.9% similarity, and alignment of these nine husavirus strains identified 697 nucleotide polymorphism sites across their full-length genomes. These nine strains were directly clustered with the Husavirus 1 lineage, and their genomic arrangement showed similar characteristics. These posa-like viruses have undergone a complex evolutionary process, and have a wide geographic distribution, complex host spectrum, deep phylogenetic divergence, and diverse genomic organizations. The clade of posa-like viruses forms a single group, which is evolutionarily distinct from other known families and could represent a distinct family within the Picornavirales. The genomic arrangement of Picornavirales and the new posa-like viruses are different, whereas the posa-like viruses have genomic modules similar to the families Dicistroviridae and Marnaviridae. The present study provides valuable genetic evidence of husaviruses in China, and clarifies the phylogenetic dynamics and the evolutionary characteristics of Picornavirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhi Han
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China; (M.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Guolong Dai
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China; (M.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Man Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Yueling Liang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and NHC Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.H.); (J.X.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58900183; Fax: +86-10-58900184
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Chung HC, Nguyen VG, Huynh TML, Do HQ, Vo DC, Park YH, Park BK. Molecular-based investigation and genetic characterization of porcine stool-associated RNA virus (posavirus) lineages 1 to 3 in pigs in South Korea from 2017 to 2019. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:286-292. [PMID: 31869594 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent results on the detection and genetic characterization of stool-associated RNA viruses from different species have increased the knowledge about the extreme genetic diversity of picornaviruses. This study aimed to investigate the presence of unclassified porcine stool-associated RNA viruses (posaviruses) in South Korea and to elucidate the molecular evolution of the viruses. By RT-PCR, posaviruses 1 and 3 were exclusively found in fecal samples and consistently detected in three consecutive years in six of eight provinces, with 148/697 (21.2%) and 33/84 (39.3%) positive samples and farms, respectively. Every age group but the older age groups (finisher, sow) had significantly higher positive rates of posavirus 1 than posavirus 3. An analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences by likelihood mapping and maximum-likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that stool-associated RNA viruses formed four supergroups that were well separated from all recognized families of the order Picornavirales. Five genomes of Korean posaviruses generated in this study were phylogenetically grouped with posavirus 1 and posavirus 3 and were predicted to have the typical genome organization of picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hai-Quynh Do
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dinh-Chuong Vo
- Devision of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Malik YS, Verma AK, Kumar N, Touil N, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Bora DP, Dhama K, Ghosh S, Hemida MG, Abdel-Moneim AS, Bányai K, Vlasova AN, Kobayashi N, Singh RK. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches for Viral Etiologies of Diarrhea: From the Lab to the Field. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1957. [PMID: 31608017 PMCID: PMC6758846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of correct diagnostic approaches play a decisive role in timely containment of infectious diseases spread and mitigation of public health risks. Nevertheless, there is a need to update the diagnostics regularly to capture the new, emergent, and highly divergent viruses. Acute gastroenteritis of viral origin has been identified as a significant cause of mortality across the globe, with the more serious consequences seen at the extremes of age groups (young and elderly) and immune-compromised individuals. Therefore, significant advancements and efforts have been put in the development of enteric virus diagnostics to meet the WHO ASSURED criteria as a benchmark over the years. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are the basic assays that provided the platform for development of several efficient diagnostics such as real-time RT-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), polymerase spiral reaction (PSR), biosensors, microarrays and next generation sequencing. Herein, we describe and discuss the applications of these advanced technologies in context to enteric virus detection by delineating their features, advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Atul Kumar Verma
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, India
| | - Nadia Touil
- Laboratoire de Biosécurité et de Recherche, Hôpital Militaire d’Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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