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Farjo M, Koelle K, Martin MA, Gibson LL, Walden KKO, Rendon G, Fields CJ, Alnaji FG, Gallagher N, Luo CH, Mostafa HH, Manabe YC, Pekosz A, Smith RL, McManus DD, Brooke CB. Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0161823. [PMID: 38174928 PMCID: PMC10805032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01618-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 depends in part upon the evolutionary dynamics within individual hosts with varying immune histories. To characterize the within-host evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, we sequenced saliva and nasal samples collected daily from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals early during infection. We show that longitudinal sampling facilitates high-confidence genetic variant detection and reveals evolutionary dynamics missed by less-frequent sampling strategies. Within-host dynamics in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals appeared largely stochastic; however, in rare cases, minor genetic variants emerged to frequencies sufficient for forward transmission. Finally, we detected significant genetic compartmentalization of viral variants between saliva and nasal swab sample sites in many individuals. Altogether, these data provide a high-resolution profile of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.IMPORTANCEWe detail the within-host evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection in 31 individuals using daily longitudinal sampling. We characterized patterns of mutational accumulation for unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, and observed that temporal variant dynamics in both groups were largely stochastic. Comparison of paired nasal and saliva samples also revealed significant genetic compartmentalization between tissue environments in multiple individuals. Our results demonstrate how selection, genetic drift, and spatial compartmentalization all play important roles in shaping the within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 populations during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Farjo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael A. Martin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura L. Gibson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly K. O. Walden
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gloria Rendon
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J. Fields
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Fadi G. Alnaji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas Gallagher
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chun Huai Luo
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - David D. McManus
- Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher B. Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Chaung K, Baharav TZ, Henderson G, Zheludev IN, Wang PL, Salzman J. SPLASH: A statistical, reference-free genomic algorithm unifies biological discovery. Cell 2023; 186:5440-5456.e26. [PMID: 38065078 PMCID: PMC10861363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Today's genomics workflows typically require alignment to a reference sequence, which limits discovery. We introduce a unifying paradigm, SPLASH (Statistically Primary aLignment Agnostic Sequence Homing), which directly analyzes raw sequencing data, using a statistical test to detect a signature of regulation: sample-specific sequence variation. SPLASH detects many types of variation and can be efficiently run at scale. We show that SPLASH identifies complex mutation patterns in SARS-CoV-2, discovers regulated RNA isoforms at the single-cell level, detects the vast sequence diversity of adaptive immune receptors, and uncovers biology in non-model organisms undocumented in their reference genomes: geographic and seasonal variation and diatom association in eelgrass, an oceanic plant impacted by climate change, and tissue-specific transcripts in octopus. SPLASH is a unifying approach to genomic analysis that enables expansive discovery without metadata or references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Chaung
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tavor Z Baharav
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - George Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ivan N Zheludev
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter L Wang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Salzman
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Statistics (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Chaung K, Baharav TZ, Henderson G, Zheludev IN, Wang PL, Salzman J. [WITHDRAWN] SPLASH: a statistical, reference-free genomic algorithm unifies biological discovery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.17.549408. [PMID: 37503014 PMCID: PMC10370119 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The authors have withdrawn this manuscript due to a duplicate posting of manuscript number BIORXIV/2022/497555. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author. The correct preprint can be found at doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.24.497555.
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Zol-Hanlon M, Bineva-Todd G, Marchesi A, Skehel M, Mahoney KE, Roustan C, Borg A, Di Vagno L, Kjær S, Wrobel AG, Benton DJ, Nawrath P, Flitsch SL, Joshi D, González-Ramírez A, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Wall EC, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Malaker SA, Schumann B. O-Linked Sialoglycans Modulate the Proteolysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Likely Contribute to the Mutational Trajectory in Variants of Concern. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:393-404. [PMID: 36968546 PMCID: PMC10037455 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a polybasic cleavage motif for the protease furin in SARS-CoV-2 spike has been established as a major factor for human viral transmission. The region N-terminal to that motif is extensively mutated in variants of concern (VOCs). Besides furin, spikes from these variants appear to rely on other proteases for maturation, including TMPRSS2. Glycans near the cleavage site have raised questions about proteolytic processing and the consequences of variant-borne mutations. Here, we identify that sialic acid-containing O-linked glycans on Thr678 of SARS-CoV-2 spike influence furin and TMPRSS2 cleavage and posit O-linked glycosylation as a likely driving force for the emergence of VOC mutations. We provide direct evidence that the glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T1 primes glycosylation at Thr678 in the living cell, an event that is suppressed by mutations in the VOCs Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. We found that the sole incorporation of N-acetylgalactosamine did not impact furin activity in synthetic O-glycopeptides, but the presence of sialic acid reduced the furin rate by up to 65%. Similarly, O-glycosylation with a sialylated trisaccharide had a negative impact on TMPRSS2 cleavage. With a chemistry-centered approach, we substantiate O-glycosylation as a major determinant of spike maturation and propose disruption of O-glycosylation as a substantial driving force for VOC evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Chemical
Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Mia Zol-Hanlon
- Chemical
Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Signalling
and Structural Biology Lab, The Francis
Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Ganka Bineva-Todd
- Chemical
Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Marchesi
- Chemical
Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Skehel
- Proteomics
Science Technology Platform, The Francis
Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Keira E. Mahoney
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, 06511 New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Chloë Roustan
- Structural
Biology Science Technology Platform, The
Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel Borg
- Structural
Biology Science Technology Platform, The
Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Di Vagno
- Chemical
Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Proteomics
Science Technology Platform, The Francis
Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Svend Kjær
- Structural
Biology Science Technology Platform, The
Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni G. Wrobel
- Structural
Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J. Benton
- Structural
Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Nawrath
- Structural
Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of
Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dhira Joshi
- Chemical
Biology Science Technology Platform, The
Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katalin A. Wilkinson
- Tuberculosis
Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome
Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Tuberculosis
Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome
Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emma C. Wall
- The Francis
Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- University
College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, W1T 7DN London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute
of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Copenhagen
Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fundación
ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stacy A. Malaker
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, 06511 New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Chemical
Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
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Broni E, Miller WA. Computational Analysis Predicts Correlations among Amino Acids in SARS-CoV-2 Proteomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:512. [PMID: 36831052 PMCID: PMC9953644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious global challenge requiring urgent and permanent therapeutic solutions. These solutions can only be engineered if the patterns and rate of mutations of the virus can be elucidated. Predicting mutations and the structure of proteins based on these mutations have become necessary for early drug and vaccine design purposes in anticipation of future viral mutations. The amino acid composition (AAC) of proteomes and individual viral proteins provide avenues for exploitation since AACs have been previously used to predict structure, shape and evolutionary rates. Herein, the frequency of amino acid residues found in 1637 complete proteomes belonging to 11 SARS-CoV-2 variants/lineages were analyzed. Leucine is the most abundant amino acid residue in the SARS-CoV-2 with an average AAC of 9.658% while tryptophan had the least abundance of 1.11%. The AAC and ranking of lysine and glycine varied in the proteome. For some variants, glycine had higher frequency and AAC than lysine and vice versa in other variants. Tryptophan was also observed to be the most intolerant to mutation in the various proteomes for the variants used. A correlogram revealed a very strong correlation of 0.999992 between B.1.525 (Eta) and B.1.526 (Iota) variants. Furthermore, isoleucine and threonine were observed to have a very strong negative correlation of -0.912, while cysteine and isoleucine had a very strong positive correlation of 0.835 at p < 0.001. Shapiro-Wilk normality test revealed that AAC values for all the amino acid residues except methionine showed no evidence of non-normality at p < 0.05. Thus, AACs of SARS-CoV-2 variants can be predicted using probability and z-scores. AACs may be beneficial in classifying viral strains, predicting viral disease types, members of protein families, protein interactions and for diagnostic purposes. They may also be used as a feature along with other crucial factors in machine-learning based algorithms to predict viral mutations. These mutation-predicting algorithms may help in developing effective therapeutics and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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6
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Vu MN, Lokugamage KG, Plante JA, Scharton D, Bailey AO, Sotcheff S, Swetnam DM, Johnson BA, Schindewolf C, Alvarado RE, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Debbink K, Weaver SC, Walker DH, Russell WK, Routh AL, Plante KS, Menachery VD. QTQTN motif upstream of the furin-cleavage site plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205690119. [PMID: 35881779 PMCID: PMC9371735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205690119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The furin cleavage site (FCS), an unusual feature in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, has been spotlighted as a factor key to facilitating infection and pathogenesis by increasing spike processing. Similarly, the QTQTN motif directly upstream of the FCS is also an unusual feature for group 2B coronaviruses (CoVs). The QTQTN deletion has consistently been observed in in vitro cultured virus stocks and some clinical isolates. To determine whether the QTQTN motif is critical to SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis, we generated a mutant deleting the QTQTN motif (ΔQTQTN). Here, we report that the QTQTN deletion attenuates viral replication in respiratory cells in vitro and attenuates disease in vivo. The deletion results in a shortened, more rigid peptide loop that contains the FCS and is less accessible to host proteases, such as TMPRSS2. Thus, the deletion reduced the efficiency of spike processing and attenuates SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the QTQTN motif also contains residues that are glycosylated, and disruption of its glycosylation also attenuates virus replication in a TMPRSS2-dependent manner. Together, our results reveal that three aspects of the S1/S2 cleavage site-the FCS, loop length, and glycosylation-are required for efficient SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Kumari G. Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Dionna Scharton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Aaron O. Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Stephanea Sotcheff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Daniele M. Swetnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Bryan A. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Craig Schindewolf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - R. Elias Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21211
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Andrew L. Routh
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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