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Zaman U, Rehman KU, Khan SU, Badshah S, Hosny KM, Alghamdi MA, Hmid HK, Alissa M, Bukhary DM, Abdelrahman EA. Production, optimization, and purification of alkaline thermotolerant protease from newly isolated Phalaris minor seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123544. [PMID: 36754264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to purify and perform a preliminary analysis on a thermostable serine alkaline protease from a recently identified P. minor. The enzyme was purified 2.7-fold with a 12.4 % recovery using Sephadex G-100 chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, and ammonium sulphate precipitation. The isolated enzyme has a specific activity of 473 U/mg. The purified protease had a molecular mass of 29 kDa, and just one band was seen, which matched the band obtained using SDS-PAGE. High thermostability was demonstrated by the enzymes, which had half-lives of 31.79 and 6.0 min (a 5.3-fold improvement), enthalpies of denaturation (ΔH°) of 119.53 and 119.35 KJ mol-1, entropies of denaturation (ΔS°) of 32.96 and 41.11 J/mol·K, and free energies of denaturation (ΔG°) of 108.87 and 105.58 KJ mol-1 for the protease enzyme. Studies on the folding and stability of alkaline proteases are important since their use in biotechnology requires that they operate in settings of extreme pH and temperature. According to the kinetic and thermodynamic properties, the protease produced by P. minor is superior to that produced by other sources and previously described plants, and it might find utility in a variety of industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University KPK, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Syed Badshah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Khaled M Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majd A Alghamdi
- Department of Medical Analysis, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem K Hmid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cairo Center for Laboratories, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deena M Bukhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab A Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
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2
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Zaman U, Khan SU, Alem SFM, Rehman KU, Almehizia AA, Naglah AM, Al-Wasidi AS, Refat MS, Saeed S, Zaki MEA. Purification and thermodynamic characterization of acid protease with novel properties from Melilotus indicus leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123217. [PMID: 36634806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A thermostable acid protease from M. indicus leaves was purified 10-fold using a 4-step protocol. We were able to isolate a purified protease fraction with a molecular weight of 50 kDa and exhibited maximal protease activity at pH 4.0 and 40 °C. Structural analysis revealed that the protease is monomeric and non-glycosylated. The addition of epoxy monocarboxylic acid, iodoacetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide significantly reduced protease activity while dramatically increasing the inhibition of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+. The activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction (33.33 kJ mol-1) and activation energy (Ed = 105 kJ mol-1), the standard enthalpy variation of reversible protease unfolding (2.58 kJ/mol) were calculated after activity measurements at various temperatures. Thermal inactivation of the pure enzyme followed first-order kinetics. The half-life (t1/2) of the pure enzyme at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C was 385, 231, and 154 min, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (entropy and enthalpy) suggested that the protease was highly thermostable. This is the first report on the thermodynamic parameters of proteases produced by M. indicus. The novel protease appears to be particularly thermostable and may be important for industrial applications based on these thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University KPK, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | | | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Naglah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma S Al-Wasidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumbul Saeed
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Li X, Sen K, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Shi B. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the microbial diversity on salt-preserved goatskins assessed by culturing and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-022-00107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWet-salted skin, as a special artificial high-salt environment, is rich in protein, fat, collagen and other nutrient substrates, and is a rich resource of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms. However, knowledge gaps regarding the microbial community structure and inter taxa associations of wet-salted skin are large. In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics and community structure of microorganisms present on wet-salted goatskins were investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and culturable technique. Alpha diversity analysis based on Sobs, Chao, Ace and Shannon indices revealed that microbial diversity on the wet-salted goatskins exhibited a trend of ‘down → up → down → flat’ with time. During preservation, genera belonging to the bacteria domain such as Acinetobacter, Weissella and Streptococcus were slowly dying out, whereas those belonging to halophilic archaea such as Natrialba and Haloterrigena were gradually flourishing. Moreover, to resist high-salt stress, microorganisms on the wet-salted goatskin gradually migrated from the outside to the inside, eventually leading to the microbial diversity inside the skin being the same as or even higher than that on the skin surface. Venn diagram analysis revealed that the strains of some genera, including Psychrobacter, Salimicrobium, Salinicola, Ornithinibacillus, Halomonas, Bacillus and Chromohalobacter, were distributed throughout the interior and exterior of the wet-salted goatskin and existed during various periods. Accordingly, 45 protease-producing halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms were isolated and screened from the wet-salted goatskin using the gradient dilution plate method. Importantly, 16S rRNA genes of some bacteria exhibited less than 99.5% similarity to valid published species, indicating that they likely are novel species and have a good potential for application.
Graphical Abstract
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Sharma S, Kumar S, Kaur R, Kaur R. Multipotential Alkaline Protease From a Novel Pyxidicoccus sp. 252: Ecofriendly Replacement to Various Chemical Processes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722719. [PMID: 34707581 PMCID: PMC8542989 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated alkaline protease-producing myxobacterium was isolated from soil. The strain was identified as Pyxidicoccus sp. S252 on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The extracellular alkaline proteases produced by isolate S252 (PyCP) was optimally active in the pH range of 11.0–12.0 and temperature range of 40–50°C The zymogram of PyCP showed six caseinolytic protease bands. The proteases were stable in the pH range of 8.0–10.0 and temperature range of 40–50°C. The activity of PyCP was enhanced in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Tween-20, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (hydrogen peroxide), whereas in Triton X-100, glycerol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and Co2+, it was stable. PyCP showed a potential in various applications. The addition of PyCP in the commercial detergent enhanced the wash performance of the detergent by efficiently removing the stains of tomato ketchup and coffee. PyCP efficiently hydrolyzed the gelatin layer on X-ray film to release the embedded silver. PyCP also showed potent dehairing of goat skin and also efficiently deproteinized sea shell waste indicating its application in chitin extraction. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that Pyxidicoccus sp. S252 proteases have the potential to be used as an ecofriendly replacement of chemicals in several industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department Cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Identification of a Novel Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Bacillus megaterium-TK1 for the Detergent and Leather Industry. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120472. [PMID: 33339223 PMCID: PMC7765983 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the current investigation, we describe the characteristic features of a novel Bacillus megaterium bacterium-derived protease with excellent thermostable enzyme activity under stringent alkaline conditions. The protease is highly compatible with various detergents and thus appears to be an eco-friendly additive for a variety of industrial applications. Abstract An increased need by the green industry for enzymes that can be exploited for eco-friendly industrial applications led us to isolate and identify a unique protease obtained from a proteolytic Bacillus megaterium-TK1 strain from a seawater source. The extracellular thermostable serine protease was processed by multiple chromatography steps. The isolated protease displayed a relative molecular weight (MW) of 33 kDa (confirmed by zymography), optimal enzyme performance at pH 8.0, and maximum enzyme performance at 70 °C with 100% substrate specificity towards casein. The proteolytic action was blocked by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine hydrolase inactivator. Protease performance was augmented by several bivalent metal cations. The protease tolerance was studied under stringent conditions with different industrial dispersants and found to be stable with Surf Excel, Tide, or Rin detergents. Moreover, this protease could clean blood-stained fabrics and showed dehairing activity for cow skin with significantly reduced pollution loads. Our results suggest that this serine protease is a promising additive for various eco-friendly usages in both the detergent and leather industries.
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A novel thiol-dependent serine protease from Neocosmospora sp. N1. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02246. [PMID: 31440596 PMCID: PMC6699422 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline proteases have several industrial applications. In the present study, newly isolated Neocosmospora sp. N1 was screened as hyper producer of serine protease. A multimeric protease of the fungus was purified to homogeneity till 96.78 fold purification with 22.51% recovery. The homogeneity of purified enzyme was checked by native PAGE and its molecular weight was found to be 198.03 kDa by MALDI-TOF. On SDS-PAGE analysis, enzyme was found to be a hetero oligomer of 17.66 kDa and 20.89 kDa subunits. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity with casein as substrate at 60 °C and pH 8.5. The Km and Vmax values were found to be 0.015 mg/ml and 454.45 U/ml, respectively. The enzyme was completely inhibited by PMSF, while the activity was 40% enhanced using β-mercaptoethanol, suggesting that it is a thiol-dependent serine protease. The purified protease was active over an alkaline pH range from 7 to 12 and temperatures from 20 °C to 60 °C. The enzyme exhibited excellent stability, almost 100% towards organic solvents such as toluene, benzene and hexane, surfactants such as Triton X-100, Tween-20, Tween-80 and SDS, as well as commercial detergents. The significant properties of purified enzyme assure that it could be a potential candidate for commercial purposes.
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Gurumallesh P, Alagu K, Ramakrishnan B, Muthusamy S. A systematic reconsideration on proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:254-267. [PMID: 30664968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a group of large complex enzyme molecules that perform highly focused proteolysis functions. A vast quantity of the protease enzymes is predominantly sourced from microbial fermentation process, although proteases tend to natively present in plant, animals and humans. Proteases possess a pervasive importance in medical and pharmaceutical sector, because of its enriched specificity towards biomolecules. They are also actively encompassed in regulating certain physiological pathways. A distinct territory of human disorders is treated by substrate specific proteases. Enormous numbers of catalytic activities in habitual metabolism process of a living organism are protease dependent. Pilot scale researches and product development in industrial biotechnology sectors are wholly based on any one of the protease enzymes. The applications of the protease enzymes and its economic benefits of being an eco-friendly material are far-reaching. This review presents a brief overview on the classification and sources of various types of proteases. We describe the essential evidences of role of protease in different sectors. The proteases could be a potential relieves to harmful synthetic chemicals in distinctive industrial processes and thus gains global perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorani Gurumallesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kamalini Alagu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Baskar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
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8
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Thermodynamics of a Ca2+ dependent, highly thermostable and detergent compatible purified alkaline serine protease from Nocardiopsis xinjiangensis strain OM-6. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:565-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Yildirim V, Baltaci MO, Ozgencli I, Sisecioglu M, Adiguzel A, Adiguzel G. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable serine alkaline protease from Aeribacillus pallidus C10: a potential additive for detergents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:468-477. [PMID: 28097910 PMCID: PMC6010106 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1261131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular thermostable alkaline serine protease enzyme from Aeribacillus pallidus C10 (GenBank No: KC333049), was purified 4.85 and 17. 32-fold with a yield of 26.9 and 19.56%, respectively, through DE52 anion exchange and Probond affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was determined through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), with approximately 38.35 kDa. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 9 and at temperature 60 °C. It was determined that the enzyme had remained stable at the range of pH 7.0-10.0, and that it had preserved more than 80% of its activity at a broad temperature range (20-80 °C). The enzyme activity was found to retain more than 70% and 55% in the presence of organic solvents and commercial detergents, respectively. In addition, it was observed that the enzyme activity had increased in the presence of 5% SDS. KM and Vmax values were calculated as 0.197 mg/mL and 7.29 μmol.mL-1.min-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Yildirim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozkan Baltaci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Ozgencli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Melda Sisecioglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Adiguzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Adiguzel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Uttatree S, Kobtrakool K, Ketsuk A, Kaenngam W, Thakolprajak P, Charoenpanich J. A novel metal-tolerant, solvent and surfactant stable protease from a new strain of Bacillus megaterium. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Pilon FM, Silva CDR, Visôtto LE, Barros RDA, da Silva Júnior NR, Campos WG, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Purification and characterization of trypsin produced by gut bacteria from Anticarsia gemmatalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:e21407. [PMID: 28762531 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purification of active trypsin in the digestive process of insects is essential for the development of potent protease inhibitors (PIs) as an emerging pest control technology and research into insect adaptations to dietary PIs. An important aspect is the presence of proteolytic microorganisms, which contribute to host nutrition. Here, we purified trypsins produced by bacteria Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Staphylococcus xylosus isolated from the midgut of Anticarsia gemmatalis. The trypsins had a molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa. The enzymes showed increased activity at 40°C, and they were active at pH values 7.5-10. Aprotinin, bis-benzamidine, and soybean Kunitz inhibitor (SKTI) significantly inhibited trypsin activity. The l-1-tosyl-amido-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK), pepstatin A, E-64, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and calcium ions did not affect the enzyme activity at the concentrations tested. We infer the purified trypsins do not require calcium ions, by which they differ from the trypsins of other microorganisms and the soluble and insoluble trypsins characterized from A. gemmatalis. These data suggest the existence of different isoforms of trypsin in the velvetbean caterpillar midguts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciny Martins Pilon
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila da Rocha Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil
| | - Liliane Evangelista Visôtto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Neilier Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wellington Garcia Campos
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Sharma KM, Kumar R, Panwar S, Kumar A. Microbial alkaline proteases: Optimization of production parameters and their properties. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:115-126. [PMID: 30647648 PMCID: PMC6296574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading proteins into small peptides and amino acids. They account for nearly 60% of the total industrial enzyme market. Proteases are extensively exploited commercially, in food, pharmaceutical, leather and detergent industry. Given their potential use, there has been renewed interest in the discovery of proteases with novel properties and a constant thrust to optimize the enzyme production. This review summarizes a fraction of the enormous reports available on various aspects of alkaline proteases. Diverse sources for isolation of alkaline protease producing microorganisms are reported. The various nutritional and environmental parameters affecting the production of alkaline proteases in submerged and solid state fermentation are described. The enzymatic and physicochemical properties of alkaline proteases from several microorganisms are discussed which can help to identify enzymes with high activity and stability over extreme pH and temperature, so that they can be developed for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanupriya Miglani Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Surbhi Panwar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123029, Haryana, India
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Isolation and characterization of a broad pH- and temperature-active, solvent and surfactant stable protease from a new strain of Bacillus subtilis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Anandharaj M, Sivasankari B, Siddharthan N, Rani RP, Sivakumar S. Production, Purification, and Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Metallo-Protease from Novel Bacillus alkalitelluris TWI3 Isolated from Tannery Waste. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1666-86. [PMID: 26749296 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease enzymes in tannery industries have enormous applications. Seeking a potential candidate for efficient protease production has emerged in recent years. In our study, we sought to isolate proteolytic bacteria from tannery waste dumping site in Tamilnadu, India. Novel proteolytic Bacillus alkalitelluris TWI3 was isolated and tested for protease production. Maximum protease production was achieved using lactose and skim milk as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, and optimum growth temperature was found to be 40 °C at pH 8. Protease enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation method and anion exchange chromatography. Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography yielded an overall 4.92-fold and 7.19-fold purification, respectively. The 42.6-kDa TWI3 protease was characterized as alkaline metallo-protease and stable up to 60 °C and pH 10. Ca(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+) ions activated the protease, while Hg(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(2+) greatly inhibited it. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited TWI3 protease and was activated by Ca(2+), which confirmed that TWI3 protease is a metallo-protease. Moreover, this protease is capable of dehairing goat skin and also removed several cloth stains, which makes it more suitable for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Anandharaj
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Balayogan Sivasankari
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Nagarajan Siddharthan
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rizwana Parveen Rani
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramaniyan Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamilnadu, India
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Extremophilic Proteases: Developments of Their Special Functions, Potential Resources and Biotechnological Applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILES: 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13521-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Yilmaz B, Baltaci MO, Sisecioglu M, Adiguzel A. Thermotolerant alkaline protease enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis A10: purification, characterization, effects of surfactants and organic solvents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1241-7. [PMID: 26634394 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1118687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the extracellular thermostable alkaline protease out of A10 strain was purified 1.38-fold with 9.44% efficiency through the ammonium sulfate precipitation-dialysis and DE52 anion exchange chromatography methods. The molecular weight of the enzyme in question along with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was determined to be approximately 40.55 kDa, whereas the optimum pH and temperature ratings were identified as 9.0 and 70 °C, respectively. It was seen that the enzyme had remained stable between pH 7.5-10.5 range, protecting more than 90% of its activity in the wake of 1 h incubation at 60-70 °C. It was also observed that the enzyme enhanced its activity in the presence of Mg(2+), Mn(2+), K(+), while Fe(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Ag(+ )and Co(2+ ) decreased the activity. Ca(2+), however, did not cause any change in the activity. The enzyme was seen to have been totally inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, therefore, proved to be a serine alkaline protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Yilmaz
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Faculty of Science, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozkan Baltaci
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Faculty of Science, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Melda Sisecioglu
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Faculty of Science, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Adiguzel
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Faculty of Science, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
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17
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Maruthiah T, Somanath B, Immanuel G, Palavesam A. Deproteinization potential and antioxidant property of haloalkalophilic organic solvent tolerant protease from marine Bacillus sp. APCMST-RS3 using marine shell wastes. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 8:124-132. [PMID: 28352581 PMCID: PMC4980707 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current increase in the vast amount of marine crustacean shell waste produced by the fish processing industries has led to the need to find new methods for its disposal. Hence, the present study was carried out via marine shell wastes as substrate for protease production. The maximum production (4000.65 U/ml) from Bacillus sp. APCMST-RS3 was noticed in 3:1% shrimp and oyster shell powder (SOSP) as substrate. Purified protease showed 53.22% and 22.66% enzyme yield; 3.48 and 8.49 fold purity with 40 kDa molecular weight; whereas, its Km and Vmax values were 0.6666 g/l, 1111.11 U/ml. This enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 9 and 60 °C temperature. Also, it retained maximum protease activity in the presence of NaCl (2.5 M), surfactants (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80 and SDS) and metal ions (MnCl2, CaCl2, HgCl2 and BaCl2) and solvents. The candidate bacterium effectively deproteinized (84.35%) shrimp shell and its antioxidant potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai Maruthiah
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, 629 502 Kanyakumari District, Tamil nadu, India
| | - Beena Somanath
- Department of Zoology, Rani Anna Government College for Women, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627 012 Tamil nadu, India
| | - Grasian Immanuel
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, 629 502 Kanyakumari District, Tamil nadu, India
| | - Arunachalam Palavesam
- Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627 012 Tamil nadu, India
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18
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Guleria S, Walia A, Chauhan A, Shirkot CK. Purification and characterization of detergent stable alkaline protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SP1 isolated from apple rhizosphere. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:138-52. [PMID: 26375163 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A thermostable extracellular alkaline protease producing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SP1 was isolated from apple rhizosphere having multifarious plant growth promoting activities. Strain SP1 was purified to 6.48-fold using four-step purification protocol and characterized in detail for its robustness and ecofriendly application in leather and detergent industries. Structural analysis revealed that the protease was monomeric and had a molecular weight of 43 kDa. It exhibited optimum activity at 60°C in alkaline environment (pH 8.0) and stable in the presence of surfactants and oxidizing agents. Enzyme was thermostable at 50°C and retained more than 70% activity after 30 min incubation. It has shown stain removal property and dehairing of goat skin without chemical assistance and hydrolyzing fibrous proteins. This protease showed Km of 0.125 mg ml(-1) and V(max) of 12820 μg ml(-1) indicating its excellent affinity and catalytic role. Thermal inactivation of the pure enzyme followed first-order kinetics. The half life of the pure enzyme at 50, 60, and 65°C was 77, 19.80, and 13.33 min, respectively. The activation energy was 37.19 KJ mol(-1). The results suggest that the B. amyloliquefaciens SP1 has a potential application in different industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Guleria
- Department of Basic Sciences (Microbiology Section), Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, (H.P.), India
| | - Abhishek Walia
- Department of Microbiology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Basic Sciences (Microbiology Section), Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, (H.P.), India
| | - Chand Karan Shirkot
- Department of Basic Sciences (Microbiology Section), Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, (H.P.), India
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19
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Maruthiah T, Immanuel G, Palavesam A. Purification and Characterization of Halophilic Organic Solvent Tolerant Protease from Marine Bacillus sp. APCMST-RS7 and Its Antioxidant Potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari A, Patil U. Optimal production and characterization of alkaline protease from newly isolated halotolerant Jeotgalicoccus sp. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gong JS, Wang Y, Zhang DD, Zhang RX, Su C, Li H, Zhang XM, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Biochemical characterization of an extreme alkaline and surfactant-stable keratinase derived from a newly isolated actinomycete Streptomyces aureofaciens K13. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces aureofaciensK13 keratinase exhibited distinct properties and showed significant potential in the detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Rong-Xian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Chang Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
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22
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Kotb E. The biotechnological potential of subtilisin-like fibrinolytic enzyme from a newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum KSK-II in blood destaining and antimicrobials. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:316-24. [PMID: 25504817 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial oxidative- and SDS-stable fibrinolytic alkaline protease designated as KSK-II was produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KSK-II isolated from kishk, a traditional Egyptian food. Maximum enzyme productivity was obtained in medium containing 1% lactose and 0.5% soybean flour as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Purification of enzyme increased its specific activity to 1,140-fold with a recovery of 33% and molecular weight of 43.6 kDa. Enzyme activity was totally lost in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and was restored after addition of Fe(2+) suggesting that KSK-II is a metalloprotease and Fe(2+) acts as cofactor. Enzyme hydrolyzed not only the natural proteins but also synthetic substrates, particularly Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA. KSK-II can hydrolyze the Lys-X easier than Arg-X; thus, it was considered as a subtilisin-family protease. Its apparent Km , Vmax , and Kcat were 0.41 mM, 6.4 µmol mg(-1) min(-1) , and 28.0 s(-1) , respectively. KSK-II is industrially important from the perspectives of its maximal activity at 50°C (stable up to 70°C), ability to function at alkaline pH (10.0), stability at broad pH ranges (7.5-12.0) in addition to its stability toward SDS, H2 O2 , organic solvents, and detergents. We emphasize for the first time the potential of fibrinolytic activity for alkaline proteases used in detergents especially in blood destaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Research Laboratory of Bacteriology, Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, 44519
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23
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Production and characterization of haloalkaline protease from ascidian-associated Virgibacillus halodenitrificans RSK CAS1 using marine wastes. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Annamalai N, Rajeswari MV, Balasubramanian T. Extraction, purification and application of thermostable and halostable alkaline protease from Bacillus alveayuensis CAS 5 using marine wastes. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Iqbal I, Aftab MN, Afzal M, Ur-Rehman A, Aftab S, Zafar A, Ud-Din Z, Khuharo AR, Iqbal J, Ul-Haq I. Purification and characterization of cloned alkaline protease gene ofGeobacillus stearothermophilus. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 55:160-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irfana Iqbal
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; GC University; Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammed Afzal
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kuwait University; Kuwait
| | - Asad Ur-Rehman
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; GC University; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Saima Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; GC University; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; GC University; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud-Din
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; GC University; Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Jawad Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology; Quaid-e-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul-Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; GC University; Lahore Pakistan
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26
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Purification and characterization of solvent stable, alkaline protease from Bacillus firmus CAS 7 by microbial conversion of marine wastes and molecular mechanism underlying solvent stability. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Thermostable alkaline protease from Thermomyces lanuginosus: optimization, purification and characterization. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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28
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Thaz CJ, Jayaraman G. Stability and Detergent Compatibility of a Predominantly β-Sheet Serine Protease from Halotolerant B. aquimaris VITP4 Strain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:687-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Ruiu L. Brevibacillus laterosporus, a Pathogen of Invertebrates and a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Species. INSECTS 2013; 4:476-92. [PMID: 26462431 PMCID: PMC4553477 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus, a bacterium characterized by the production of a unique canoe-shaped lamellar body attached to one side of the spore, is a natural inhabitant of water, soil and insects. Its biopesticidal potential has been reported against insects in different orders including Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and against nematodes and mollusks. In addition to its pathogenicity against invertebrates, different B. laterosporus strains show a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity including activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. A wide variety of molecules, including proteins and antibiotics, have been associated with the observed pathogenicity and mode of action. Before being considered as a biological control agent against plant pathogens, the antifungal and antibacterial properties of certain B. laterosporus strains have found medical interest, associated with the production of antibiotics with therapeutic effects. The recent whole genome sequencing of this species revealed its potential to produce polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and toxins. Another field of growing interest is the use of this bacterium for bioremediation of contaminated sites by exploiting its biodegradation properties. The aim of the present review is to gather and discuss all recent findings on this emerging entomopathogen, giving a wider picture of its complex and broad-spectrum biocontrol activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ruiu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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30
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Characterization, cloning, and heterologous expression of a subtilisin-like serine protease gene VlPr1 from Verticillium lecanii. J Microbiol 2012; 50:939-46. [PMID: 23274980 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii is a well-known biocontrol agent. V. lecanii produces subtilisin-like serine protease (Pr1), which is important in the biological control activity of some insect pests by degrading insect cuticles. In this study, a subtilisin-like serine protease gene VlPr1 was cloned from the fungus and the VlPr1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. The VlPr1 gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) interrupted by three short introns, and encodes a protein of 379 amino acids. Protein sequence analysis revealed high homology with subtilisin serine proteases. The molecular mass of the protease was 38 kDa, and the serine protease exhibited its maximal activity at 40°C and pH 9.0. Protease activity was also affected by Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) concentration. The protease showed inhibitory activity against several plant pathogens, especially towards Fusarium moniliforme.
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31
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Salwan R, Kasana RC. Purification and Characterization of an Extracellular Low Temperature-Active and Alkaline Stable Peptidase from Psychrotrophic Acinetobacter sp. MN 12 MTCC (10786). Indian J Microbiol 2012; 53:63-9. [PMID: 24426080 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular low temperature-active alkaline stable peptidase from Acinetobacter sp. MN 12 was purified to homogeneity with a purification fold of 9.8. The enzyme exhibited specific activity of 6,540 U/mg protein, with an apparent molecular weight of 35 kDa. The purified enzyme was active over broad range of temperature from 4 to 60 °C with optimum activity at 40 °C. The enzyme retained more than 75 % of activity over a broad range of pH (7.0-11.0) with optimum activity at pH 9.0. The purified peptidase was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, giving an indication of serine type. The K m and V max for casein and gelatin were 0.3529, 2.03 mg/ml and 294.11, 384.61 μg/ml/min respectively. The peptidase was compatible with surfactants, oxidizing agents and commercial detergents, and effectively removed dried blood stains on cotton fabrics at low temperature ranging from 15 to 35 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Salwan
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061 India
| | - Ramesh Chand Kasana
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061 India
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32
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Vijayaraghavan P, Vijayan A, Arun A, Jenisha JK, Vincent SGP. Cow dung: a potential biomass substrate for the production of detergent-stable dehairing protease by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis strain VV. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:76. [PMID: 23961375 PMCID: PMC3725921 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cow dung, a cheap and easily available source of energy, was used as the substrate for the production of alkaline protease by solid-state fermentation using the Bacillus subtilis strain VV. In order to achieve the maximum yield of this enzyme, the following optimum process parameters are needed: fermentation period (72 h), pH (10.0), moisture content (140%), inoculum (25%), temperature (30–40°C), carbon source (2% (w/w) maltose) and nitrogen source (1% (w/w) urea). The protease was stable over a broad temperature range (30–50°C) and pH (8.0-10.0), with maximum activity at 50°C and pH 10.0. Among the divalent ions tested, Ca2+ (0.01 M) increased enzyme activity. The purified protease, after being subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was found to have a molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The enzyme was solvent-and surfactant-stable and showed activity even after 24 h incubation along with various commercially available detergents. This enzyme possessed dehairing properties for animal hide after 16 h of incubation at room temperature. From these results it is evident that cow dung is a potential substrate for the production of a detergent-stable, dehairing protease by B. subtilis. This enzyme has a lot of potential applications in the detergent and leather-processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam-629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu India
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33
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Optimization, purification and characterization of novel thermostable, haloalkaline, solvent stable protease from Bacillus halodurans CAS6 using marine shellfish wastes: a potential additive for detergent and antioxidant synthesis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:873-83. [PMID: 22983319 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A protease producing marine bacterium, Bacillus halodurans CAS6 isolated from marine sediments, was found to produce higher enzyme by utilizing shrimp shell powder. Optimum culture conditions for protease production were 50 °C, pH 9.0, 30 % NaCl and 1 % shrimp shell powder (SSP) and the protease purified with a specific activity of 509.84 U/mg. The enzyme retained 100 % of its original activity even at 70 °C, pH 10.0 and 30 % NaCl for 1 h. The purified protease exhibited higher stability when treated with ionic, non-ionic (72-94 %) and commercial detergents (76-88 %), and organic solvents (88-126 %). Significant blood stain removal activity was found with the enzyme in washing experiments. The culture supernatant supplemented with 1 % SSP showed 93.67 ± 2.52 % scavenging activity and FT-IR analysis of the reaction mixture confirmed the presence of antioxidants such as cyclohexane and cyclic depsipeptide with aliphatic amino groups. These remarkable qualities found with this enzyme produced by Bacillus halodurans CAS6 could make this as an ideal candidate to develop the industrial process for bioconversion of marine wastes and antioxidant synthesis.
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34
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Dasu VV, Sen S, Dutta K, Mandal B. Characterization of a Novel Surfactant and Organic Solvent Stable High-alkaline Protease from New Bacillus pseudofirmus SVB1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2011.769.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Bajaj BK, Sharma P. An alkali-thermotolerant extracellular protease from a newly isolated Streptomyces sp. DP2. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:725-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Bezawada J, Yan S, John RP, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Recovery of Bacillus licheniformis Alkaline Protease from Supernatant of Fermented Wastewater Sludge Using Ultrafiltration and Its Characterization. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:238549. [PMID: 21876816 PMCID: PMC3160599 DOI: 10.4061/2011/238549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on recovery of alkaline protease from B. licheniformis ATCC 21424 fermented wastewater sludge was carried out by centrifugation and ultrafiltration. Optimization of ultrafiltration parameters (transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed flux) was carried out with 10 kDa membrane. TMP of 90 kPa and feed flux of 714 L/h/m2 gave highest recovery (83%) of the enzyme from the centrifuged supernatant. The recovered enzyme had given maximum activity at temperature of 60°C and at pH 10. It was stable between pH 8 to 10 and retained 97% activity at 60°C after 180 min of incubation. Enzyme activity was significantly augmented by metal ions like Ca2+ and Mn2+. Protease inhibitors like phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFPs) completely inhibited the enzyme activity. The partially purified protease showed excellent stability and compatibility with various commercial detergents. The detergent (Sunlight) removed the blood stains effectively along with the enzyme as additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Bezawada
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, QC, Canada G1K 9A9
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37
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Guo X, Cheng W, Zhang Y, Yang F, Zhou H. Contribution of endopeptidases to the formation of nonprotein nitrogen during ensiling of alfalfa. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Purification and partial characterization of a detergent and oxidizing agent stable alkaline protease from a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis VSG-4 of tropical soil. J Microbiol 2011; 49:455-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Kasana RC, Salwan R, Yadav SK. Microbial proteases: Detection, production, and genetic improvement. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:262-76. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.577029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Neveu J, Regeard C, DuBow MS. Isolation and characterization of two serine proteases from metagenomic libraries of the Gobi and Death Valley deserts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:635-44. [PMID: 21494865 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The screening of environmental DNA metagenome libraries for functional activities can provide an important source of new molecules and enzymes. In this study, we identified 17 potential protease-producing clones from two metagenomic libraries derived from samples of surface sand from the Gobi and Death Valley deserts. Two of the proteases, DV1 and M30, were purified and biochemically examined. These two proteases displayed a molecular mass of 41.5 kDa and 45.7 kDa, respectively, on SDS polyacrylamide gels. Alignments with known protease sequences showed less than 55% amino acid sequence identity. These two serine proteases appear to belong to the subtilisin (S8A) family and displayed several unique biochemical properties. Protease DV1 had an optimum pH of 8 and an optimal activity at 55°C, while protease M30 had an optimum pH >11 and optimal activity at 40°C. The properties of these enzymes make them potentially useful for biotechnological applications and again demonstrate that metagenomic approaches can be useful, especially when coupled with the study of novel environments such as deserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Neveu
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bât. 409, Orsay 91405, France
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of serine protease from thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus. J Microbiol 2011; 49:121-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-9355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rai SK, Mukherjee AK. Ecological significance and some biotechnological application of an organic solvent stable alkaline serine protease from Bacillus subtilis strain DM-04. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:2642-2645. [PMID: 19136254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An organic solvent stable, alkaline serine protease (Bsubap-I) with molecular mass of 33.1 kDa, purified from Bacillus subtilis DM-04 showed optimum activity at temperature and pH range of 37-45 degrees C and 10.0-10.5, respectively. The enzyme activity of Bsubap-I was significantly enhanced in presence of Fe(2+). The thermal resistance and stability and of Bsubap-I in presence of surfactants, detergents, and organic solvents, and its dehairing activity supported its candidature for application in laundry detergent formulations, ultrafiltration membrane cleaning, peptide synthesis and in leather industry. The broad substrate specificity and differential antibacterial property of Bsubap-I suggested the natural ecological role of this enzyme for the producing bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Rai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India
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Characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease produced by marine Streptomyces fungicidicus MML1614. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 32:791-800. [PMID: 19234861 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Totally 191 different marine actinomycetes were isolated from 256 different marine samples collected from the Bay of Bengal and its associated Pulicat lake and Pichavaram mangrove, India. Among them, 157 produced caseinase, 113 produced gelatinase and 108 produced both the protease enzymes. An isolate coded as MML1614 was selected for further study as it exhibited high proteolytic activity. The MML1614 was identified as Streptomyces fungicidicus based on polyphasic taxonomical approach including 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The culture conditions were standardized for the growth and protease production in S. fungicidicus MML1614. The protease was isolated from a 6-day-old culture filtrate of S. fungicidicus MML1614 and partially purified up to 4.5-fold. The protease was optimally active at pH 9 and 40 degrees C and it was stable up to pH 11 and 60 degrees C. PMSF and NaCl inhibited the enzyme activity up to 22 and 11%, respectively. The partially purified protease removed the blood stain more effectively when combined with different detergents than the detergents alone.
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