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Mullally CA, Fahriani M, Mowlaboccus S, Coombs GW. Non- faecium non- faecalis enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012123. [PMID: 38466110 PMCID: PMC11237509 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mullally
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Tang H, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhu L. D-Ring Modifications of Tetracyclines Determine Their Ability to Induce Resistance Genes in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1338-1348. [PMID: 38157442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The widespread utilization of tetracyclines (TCs) in agriculture and medicine has led to the borderless spread of tetracycline resistance in humans, animals, and the environment, posing huge risks to both the ecosystem and human society. Changes in the functional group modifications resulted in a higher bacteriostatic efficacy of the new generation of TCs, but their effect on the emergence and evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is not yet known. To this end, four TCs from three generations were chosen to compare their structural effects on influencing the evolution of ARGs in soil microbial communities. The findings revealed that low-generation TCs, such as tetracycline and oxytetracycline, exhibited a greater propensity to stimulate the production and proliferation of ARGs than did high-generation tigecycline. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that modifications of the D-ring functional group determined the binding capacity of TCs to the substrate-binding pocket of transcriptional regulators and efflux pumps mainly involved in drug resistance. This can be further evidenced by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantification and intracellular antibiotic accumulation assessment. This study sheds light on the mechanism of the structural effect of antibiotic-induced ARG production from the perspective of compound-protein binding, therefore providing theoretical support for controlling the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Tang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zishu Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Pandova M, Kizheva Y, Tsenova M, Rusinova M, Borisova T, Hristova P. Pathogenic Potential and Antibiotic Susceptibility: A Comprehensive Study of Enterococci from Different Ecological Settings. Pathogens 2023; 13:36. [PMID: 38251343 PMCID: PMC10818344 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathway and the lifestyle of known enterococcus species are too complicated. The aim of the present study is to trace the path of pathogenicity of enterococci isolated from seven habitats (Cornu aspersum intestine; Bulgarian yoghurt; goat and cow feta cheese-mature and young, respectively; Arabian street food-doner kebab; cow milk; and human breast milk) by comparing their pathogenic potential. In total, 72 enterococcal strains were isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF, sequencing, and PCR. Hemolytic and gelatinase activity were biochemically determined. PCR was carried out for detection of virulence factors (cylB, esp, gls24, nucl, psaA, agg, gelE, and ace) and antibiotic resistance (erm, ermB, blaZ, vanA, aphA, mefA, gyrA, catpIP501, and aac6'-aph2″). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was assigned according to EUCAST. Eleven representatives of the genus Enterococcus were identified: E. mundtii, E. casseliflavus, E. gilvus, E. pseudoavium, E. pallens, E. malodoratus, E. devriesei, E. gallinarum, E. durans, E. faecium, and E. faecalis. Twenty-two strains expressed α-hemolysis. Thirteen strains had the cylB gene. Only two strains expressed α-hemolysis and possessed the cylB gene simultaneously. Positive amplification for gelE was found in 35% of the isolates, but phenotypic gelatinase activity was observed only in three strains. All isolates showed varying antibiotic resistance. Only E. faecalis BM15 showed multiple resistance (AMP-HLSR-RP). Correlation between genotypic and phenotypic macrolide resistance was revealed for two E. faecalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pandova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Yoana Kizheva
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Margarita Tsenova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Mariya Rusinova
- Human Milk Bank Bulgaria, 1309 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Petya Hristova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
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Endres CM, Moreira E, de Freitas AB, Castel APD, Graciano F, Mann MB, Frazzon APG, Mayer FQ, Frazzon J. Evaluation of Enterotoxins and Antimicrobial Resistance in Microorganisms Isolated from Raw Sheep Milk and Cheese: Ensuring the Microbiological Safety of These Products in Southern Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1618. [PMID: 37375120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the microbiological quality of animal products, such as raw sheep's milk and cheese, to ensure food safety. In Brazil, there is currently no legislation governing the quality of sheep's milk and its derivatives. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate: (i) the hygienic-sanitary quality of raw sheep's milk and cheese produced in southern Brazil; (ii) the presence of enterotoxins and Staphylococcus spp. in these products; and (iii) the susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus spp. to antimicrobial drugs and the presence of resistance genes. A total of 35 samples of sheep's milk and cheese were examined. The microbiological quality and presence of enterotoxins were accessed using Petrifilm and VIDAS SET2 methods, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using VITEK 2 equipment and the disc diffusion method. The presence of resistance genes tet(L), sul1, sul2, ermB, tetM, AAC(6)', tetW, and strA were evaluated through PCR. In total, 39 Staphylococcus spp. were obtained. The resistance genes tetM, ermB, strA, tetL, sul1, AAC(6)', and sul2 were detected in 82%, 59%, 36%, 28%, 23%, 3%, and 3% of isolates, respectively. The findings revealed that both raw sheep's milk and cheese contained Staphylococcus spp. that exhibited resistance to antimicrobial drugs and harbored resistance genes. These results underscore the immediate need for specific legislation in Brazil to regulate the production and sale of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creciana M Endres
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
- SENAI/SC University Center, UniSENAI-Campus Blumenau, Blumenau 89036-256, SC, Brazil
| | - Eliana Moreira
- SENAI/SC University Center, UniSENAI-Campus Chapecó, Chapecó 89813-000, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Graciano
- Senior Field Application Specialist-Industry, BioMérieux Brasil SA, Indianópolis 04028-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele B Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Frazzon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Q Mayer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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Yi L, Chen S, Li G, Ren J, Zhou R, Zeng K. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance pathogens in online fresh-cut fruit from Chongqing, China and controlling Enterococcus faecalis by bacteriocin GF-15. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sanford PA, Woolston BM. Expanding the genetic engineering toolbox for the metabolically flexible acetogen Eubacterium limosum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6650221. [PMID: 35881468 PMCID: PMC9559302 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetogenic bacteria are an increasingly popular choice for producing fuels and chemicals from single carbon (C1) substrates. Eubacterium limosum is a promising acetogen with several native advantages, including the ability to catabolize a wide repertoire of C1 feedstocks and the ability to grow well on agar plates. However, despite its promise as a strain for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, there are insufficient engineering tools and molecular biology knowledge to leverage its native strengths for these applications. To capitalize on the natural advantages of this organism, here we extended its limited engineering toolbox. We evaluated the copy number of three common plasmid origins of replication and devised a method of controlling copy number and heterologous gene expression level by modulating antibiotic concentration. We further quantitatively assessed the strength and regulatory tightness of a panel of promoters, developing a series of well-characterized vectors for gene expression at varying levels. In addition, we developed a black/white colorimetric genetic reporter assay and leveraged the high oxygen tolerance of E. limosum to develop a simple and rapid transformation protocol that enables benchtop transformation. Finally, we developed two new antibiotic selection markers—doubling the number available for this organism. These developments will enable enhanced metabolic engineering and synthetic biology work with E. limosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Sanford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 223 Cullinane, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ekore DO, Onanga R, Nguema PPM, Lozano C, Kumulungui BS. The Antibiotics Used in Livestock and Their Impact on Resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae on Farms in Gabon. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:224. [PMID: 35203826 PMCID: PMC8868485 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major concern around the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotics used in livestock and their impact on resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae on farms in Gabon. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the farms. Samples were collected from farms (n = 20) tested for Enterococcus by culture and isolation and were identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. The 20 farms included laying hens (6), swine (6), sheep (4) and cattle farms (4). Tetracycline was the most used antibiotic family (91%) and the most used prophylactic method (47%) for the treatment of animals. A total of 555 samples were collected and 515 (93%) Enterococcus spp. isolates of the genus were obtained. The prevalence of E. faecium and E. hirae were 10% and 8%, respectively. The isolates from E. faecium and E. hirae we found were related to clinical and human isolates in the NCBI database. E. faecium and E. hirae isolates showed a high resistance to tetracycline (69% and 65%) and rifampicin (39% and 56%). The tet(M) gene was detected in 65 tetracycline-resistant isolates with a large majority in hens (78% (21/27) and 86% (12/14) in E. faecium and E. hirae, respectively). The consumption of antibiotics favours the emergence of antibiotic resistance in animals in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désiré Otsaghe Ekore
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
- Ecole Doctorale Régional d’Afrique Central, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Pierre Phillipe Mbehang Nguema
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropical, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Chloé Lozano
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Brice Serge Kumulungui
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
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COSTA LETÍCIADAF, FALCÃO DAIANEA, GRASSOTTI TIELAT, CHRISTIANO FRANCIELED, FRAZZON JEVERSON, FRAZZON ANAPAULAG. Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from food in South Brazil: Comparing pre- and post-RDC 20/2011. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201765. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Hobson C, Chan AN, Wright GD. The Antibiotic Resistome: A Guide for the Discovery of Natural Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3464-3494. [PMID: 33606500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of life-saving antibiotics has long been plagued by the ability of pathogenic bacteria to acquire and develop an array of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The sum of these resistance mechanisms, the antibiotic resistome, is a formidable threat to antibiotic discovery, development, and use. The study and understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the resistome provide the basis for traditional approaches to combat resistance, including semisynthetic modification of naturally occurring antibiotic scaffolds, the development of adjuvant therapies that overcome resistance mechanisms, and the total synthesis of new antibiotics and their analogues. Using two major classes of antibiotics, the aminoglycosides and tetracyclines as case studies, we review the success and limitations of these strategies when used to combat the many forms of resistance that have emerged toward natural product-based antibiotics specifically. Furthermore, we discuss the use of the resistome as a guide for the genomics-driven discovery of novel antimicrobials, which are essential to combat the growing number of emerging pathogens that are resistant to even the newest approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Andrew N Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Oliveira de Araujo G, Huff R, Favarini MO, Mann MB, Peters FB, Frazzon J, Guedes Frazzon AP. Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes ( Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats ( Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:606377. [PMID: 33426025 PMCID: PMC7793794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.606377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms present in various environments and within the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Notably, fecal enterococci are suitable indicators for monitoring antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Resistant bacterial strains recovered from the fecal samples of wild animals can highlight important aspects of environmental disturbances. In this report, we investigated antimicrobial susceptibility as well as resistance and virulence genes in fecal enterococci isolated from wild Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (n = 5) and Geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) (n = 4) in the Brazilian Pampa biome. Enterococci were isolated from eight out of nine fecal samples and Enterococcus faecalis was identified in both animals. However, E. faecium and E. durans were only detected in Pampas foxes, while E. hirae was only detected in Geoffroy's cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis showed resistance to rifampicin (94%), erythromycin (72.6%), ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin (40%), streptomycin (38%), and tetracycline (26%). The high frequency of multidrug-resistant enterococci (66%) isolated in this study is a matter of concern since these are wild animals with no history of therapeutic antibiotic exposure. The tetM/tetL and msrC/ermB genes were detected in most tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci, respectively. The gelE, ace, agg, esp, and clyA virulence genes were also detected in enterococci. In conclusion, our data suggest that habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic activities in the Pampa biome may contribute to high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in the gut communities of wild Pampas foxes and Geoffroy's cats. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in the Pampa biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Oliveira de Araujo
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosana Huff
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Ochoa Favarini
- Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores- "Pró-Carnívoros", Atibaia, Brazil
| | - Michele Bertoni Mann
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Araújo AJG, Grassotti TT, Frazzon APG. Characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from a fish farming environment in southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:954-961. [PMID: 33053131 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.232503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study is to characterize the resistance and virulence profile of enterococci isolated from aquaculture excavated ponds and masonry tanks (6 samples) in southern Brazil. Samples were cultured in selective medium, 10 colonies were randomly selected from each sample, which were identified by MALDI-TOF and tested against 13 antimicrobials. The presence of resistance (tetL, tetM, tetS, ermB and msrC) and virulence (ace, esp, agg, cylA and gelE) genes were determined by PCR. A total of 79 enterococci were identified, and Entecococcus faecalis (44.3%) and E. casseliflavus (36.7%) were the most prevalent species isolated. Sixty-five strains (82.3%) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, whereas 27 (34.2%) strains were multiresistant. The overall percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates were: 58.2% to rifampicin, 40.5% to fluoroquinolones, 36.7% to erythromycin and 30.4% to tetracycline. The tetL and tetM genes were found in 57.7% of the tetracycline-resistant strains; and msrC in 31.01% of erythromycin-resistant strains. The most frequently detected virulence factors were ace and gelE genes. Although limited to a single farm, these data suggest that aquaculture may be a reservoir of resistant and virulent enterococci. This study is the first step towards enhancing our understandingof distribution, resistance and virulence profile in enterococci isolated from fish farming environments in the south Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J G Araújo
- Univerisidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente- PPGMAA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - T T Grassotti
- Univerisidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente- PPGMAA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - A P G Frazzon
- Univerisidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente- PPGMAA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Univerisidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde - ICBS, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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12
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Berber D, Türkmenoğlu İ, Sesal NC. Antibacterial Potential of Six Lichen Species against Enterococcus durans from Leather Industry : Evaluation of acetone extracts obtained from several lichen species as alternative natural antibacterial agents. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1595/205651320x15942856494595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial resistant bacteria are a significant problem in the hide or skin soaking process due to their destructive properties on finished leather. Lichens may be a solution to overcome this resistance problem. Enterococcus durans (99.86%) was isolated from soak liquor samples.
For screening of possible antibacterial effects of lichen acetone extracts, six lichen species (Hypogymnia tubulosa, H. physodes, Evernia divaricata, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia sulcata and Usnea sp.) were examined by nine-fold dilution against E. durans.
H. tubulosa, H. physodes and E. divaricata extracts showed antibacterial effects at the concentrations of 240 μg ml−1, 120 μg ml−1 and 60 μg ml−1 whereas the extracts of P. furfuracea had an antibacterial
effect at 240 μg ml−1 and 120 μg ml−1. On the other hand, P. sulcata had no antibacterial effect. The most successful lichen extract was determined to be Usnea sp. at the concentrations of 240 μg ml−1, 120 μg ml−1,
60 μg ml−1, 30 μg ml−1 and 15 μg ml−1. In conclusion, lichen extracts seem to have potential antibacterial efficacies against E. durans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Berber
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İpek Türkmenoğlu
- Biology Department, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Marmara University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nüzhet Cenk Sesal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang Y, Xu J, Kong L, Li B, Li H, Huang WE, Zheng C. Raman-activated sorting of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human gut microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2613-2624. [PMID: 32114713 PMCID: PMC7383503 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic‐resistant genes (ARGs) in human gut microbiota have significant impact on human health. While high throughput metagenomic sequencing reveals genotypes of microbial communities, the functionality, phenotype and heterogeneity of human gut microbiota are still elusive. In this study, we applied Raman microscopy and deuterium isotope probing (Raman–DIP) to detect metabolic active ARB (MA‐ARB) in situ at the single‐cell level in human gut microbiota from two healthy adults. We analysed the relative abundances of MA‐ARB under different concentrations of amoxicillin, cephalexin, tetracycline, florfenicol and vancomycin. To establish the link between phenotypes and genotypes of the MA‐ARB, Raman‐activated cell sorting (RACS) was used to sort MA‐ARB from human gut microbiota, and mini‐metagenomic DNA of the sorted bacteria was amplified, sequenced and analysed. The sorted MA‐ARB and their associated ARGs were identified. Our results suggest a strong relation between ARB in human gut microbiota and personal medical history. This study demonstrates that the toolkit of Raman–DIP, RACS and DNA sequencing can be useful to unravel both phenotypes and genotypes of ARB in human gut microbiota at the single‐cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Lingchao Kong
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bei Li
- The State Key Lab of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, CAS, 130033, Changchun, China.,HOOKE Instruments Ltd., 130033, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Li
- HOOKE Instruments Ltd., 130033, Changchun, China
| | - Wei E Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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14
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Silvetti T, Morandi S, Brasca M. Does Enterococcus faecalis from Traditional Raw Milk Cheeses Serve as a Reservoir of Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenic Traits? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:359-367. [PMID: 30741557 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is not only a prevalent species among dairy microbial community but also a well-documented opportunistic pathogen. Food safety should exclude the possibility of consumer exposure to its virulence traits through consumption of dairy products. In this study, an integrated approach based on both phenotypic and genotypic methods was applied to investigate the incidence of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity potential in 40 E. faecalis isolated from 10 Italian raw milk cheeses over a 13-year period (1997-2009). Among the 14 tested antibiotics, resistance to tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin was observed, whereas vancomycin-resistant enterococci were not found. A high incidence (90% of strains) of the tet(M) gene emerged, whereas tet(K), tet(S), tet(L), int, and ermB genes were occasionally amplified (12.5%, 10%, 7.5%, 2.5% and 30%, respectively). No strain was positive for vancomycin-resistant determinants. Among the seven virulence determinants considered, the asa1, gelE, esp, and efaA genes were harbored. No other gene encoding for either different virulence factors (cylA, hyl, and ace) or amino acid decarboxylase activity (hdc, tdc, and odc) was detected. Consequently, E. faecalis isolated from raw milk cheeses does not represent a substantial reservoir of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors if compared with clinical strains. However, this species occasionally harbors detrimental traits; thus, the possibility that it could be a route for transmission of pathogenic genes through dairy products should never be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
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15
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Lunde TM, Roberts AP, Al-Haroni M. Determination of copy number and circularization ratio of Tn 916-Tn 1545 family of conjugative transposons in oral streptococci by droplet digital PCR. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 11:1552060. [PMID: 30598735 PMCID: PMC6292373 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1552060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tn916 and Tn1545 are paradigms of a large family of related, broad host range, conjugative transposons that are widely distributed in bacteria and contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Variation in the copy number (CN) of Tn916-Tn1545 elements and the circularization ratio (CR) may play an important role in propagation of ARGs carried by these elements. Objectives and Design: In this study, the CN and CR of Tn916-Tn1545 elements in oral streptococci were determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). In addition, we investigated the influence of tetracycline on the CR of Tn916-Tn1545 elements. Results: The ddPCR assay designed in this study is a reliable way to rapidly determine CN and CR of Tn916-Tn1545 elements. Conclusions: Our data also suggest that Tn916-Tn1545 elements are generally stable without selective pressure in the clinical oral Streptococcus strains investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Munthali Lunde
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Adam P Roberts
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Haroni
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Huescas CGY, Pereira RI, Prichula J, Azevedo PA, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Frequency of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) in non-clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 79:460-465. [PMID: 30304253 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.183375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fidelity of the genomes is defended by mechanism known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems. Three Type II CRISPR systems (CRISPR1- cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas) have been identified in enterococci isolates from clinical and environmental samples. The aim of this study was to observe the distribution of CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas in non-clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from food and fecal samples, including wild marine animals. The presence of CRISPRs was evaluated by PCR in 120 enterococci strains, 67 E. faecalis and 53 E. faecium. It is the first report of the presence of the CRISPRs system in E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated from wild marine animal fecal samples. The results showed that in non-clinical strains, the CRISPRs were more frequently detected in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. And the frequencies of CRISPR1-cas and CRISPR2 were higher (60%) in E. faecalis strains isolated from animal feces, compared to food samples. Both strains showed low frequencies of CRISPR3-cas (8.95% and 1.88%). In conclusion, the differences in the habitats of enterococcal species may be related with the results observe in distribution of CRISPRs systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Y Huescas
- Programa de Pós-graduacao em Microbiologia Agricola e do Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 216, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - R I Pereira
- Laboraorio de Gram-positive, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Sarmento Leite, 245, sala 204, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J Prichula
- Laboraorio de Gram-positive, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Sarmento Leite, 245, sala 204, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - P A Azevedo
- Laboraorio de Gram-positive, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Sarmento Leite, 245, sala 204, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J Frazzon
- Instituto de Ciencias e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 443.212, Campus do Vale, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - A P G Frazzon
- Programa de Pós-graduacao em Microbiologia Agricola e do Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 216, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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17
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Grassotti TT, de Angelis Zvoboda D, da Fontoura Xavier Costa L, de Araújo AJG, Pereira RI, Soares RO, Wagner PGC, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Enterococcus spp. Isolates From Fecal Samples of Wild and Captive Black Capuchin Monkeys (S apajus nigritus) in South Brazil. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2366. [PMID: 30356681 PMCID: PMC6189294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment, human, and animals play an important role in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are members of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and represent important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. Until today, few studies have examined antibiotic susceptibility in enterococci isolated from primates. Therefore, the present study investigated species distribution, antibiotic susceptibility, and resistance genes in enterococci isolated from wild and captive black capuchins monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) in Rio Grande do Sul, South Brazil. A total of 24 swabs/fecal samples were collected, including 19 from wild monkeys living in two forest fragments [São Sebastião do Caí (SSC) and Santa Cruz do Sul (SCS)], and five in captive [Parque Zoológico da Fundação Zoobotânica (ZOO)], between August 2016 and November 2017. Fifteen colonies were randomly selected from each sample. Enterococci were identified by MALDI-TOF, tested for susceptibility to 12 antibiotics; and screened for tet(S), tet(M), tet(L), msrC, and erm(B) genes by PCR. Two-hundred ninety-six enterococci were isolated (SSC n = 137; SCS n = 86; ZOO n = 73) and differences in Enterococcus species distribution were detected on three monkey groups, with low abundance in SCS (1 - D = 0.2), followed by ZOO (1 - D = 0.68), and SSC (1 - D = 0.73). The enterococci frequently recovered include the following: Enterococcus faecalis (42.6%), E. hirae (29.1%), and E. faecium (15.9%). Antibiotic-nonsusceptible was observed in 202 (67.9%) strains. The rate of non-susceptibility to rifampicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin was 46%, 26%, 22% and 19%, 13%, 0.3%, and 0.3%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, and linezolid. Forty-three (14.52%) isolates were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR), and the highest number of MDR enterococci were E. faecium recovered from wild monkeys living close to a hospital and water treatment plant. Elevated rates of antibiotic resistance genes msrC and tet(L) were isolates from ZOO. In conclusion, differences in the frequency of enterococci species, antibiotic-nonsusceptible and antibiotic resistance genes in all groups of monkeys were identified. These data suggest that anthropogenic activities could have an impact in the resistome of primate gut enterococci communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiela Trapp Grassotti
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dejoara de Angelis Zvoboda
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia da Fontoura Xavier Costa
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jorge Gomes de Araújo
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Inhoque Pereira
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Oliveira Soares
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Costa GA, Rossatto FCP, Medeiros AW, Correa APF, Brandelli A, Frazzon APG, Motta ADESDA. Evaluation antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the antimicrobial peptide P34 against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:73-84. [PMID: 29424388 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820160131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion ability of bacteria to abiotic surfaces has important implications in food industries, because these organisms can survive for long periods through the biofilm formation. They can be transferred from one place to another in the industry causing contamination of the food processing environment. In this study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the antimicrobial peptide P34, characterized as a bacteriocin-like substance (BLS P34) were tested against planktonic and sessile cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from foods. The BLS P34 showed inhibitory effect against all planktonic cells of E. faecalis. The inhibition of biofilm formation and the eradication of pre-formed biofilm were evaluated with the crystal violet assay and with the reduction of 3-bromide [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium. The BLS P34 promoted a reduction of percentage of adhered microbial cells on the surface, not being able to perform the complete elimination of biofilm formation. The metabolic activity of S. aureus biofilms decreased considerably between 41-95%. However, E. faecalis cells showed up metabolically stimulated. The BLS P34 has the potential antibiofilm for the species S. aureus. Studies suggest more detailed approaches to a better understanding of the interactions between the antimicrobial and bacterial cells within the biofilm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica A Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C P Rossatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline W Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Correa
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Frazzon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda DE S DA Motta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Haubert L, Kroning IS, Iglesias MA, da Silva WP. First report of the Staphylococcus aureus isolate from subclinical bovine mastitis in the South of Brazil harboring resistance gene dfrG and transposon family Tn 916-1545. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:242-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Tong J, Lu X, Zhang J, Sui Q, Wang R, Chen M, Wei Y. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in enterococci and genomic DNA during anaerobic digestion of pharmaceutical waste sludge with different pretreatments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 235:316-324. [PMID: 28371770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical waste sludge harbors large amounts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and it is necessary to study the reduction of ARGs and MGEs during sludge treatment. Therefore, the antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes of enterococci, and the ARGs and MGEs in genomic DNA were investigated during anaerobic digestion (AD) with microwave (MW), thermal hydrolysis (TH) and ozone pretreatment. Results showed that sludge pretreatment increased the occurrence of the resistance phenotypes and genotypes of enterococci. During AD, the resistance of enterococci to macrolides decreased, except for in the MW-pretreated sludge. Horizontal gene transfer and co-occurrence of ermB and tetM in enterococci resulted in increased tetracycline resistance of enterococci throughout the sludge treatment. MGEs such as intI1, ISCR1 and Tn916/1545 had a significant effect on the distribution of ARGs. AD with pretreatment, especially TH pretreatment, resulted in greater ARGs and MGEs reduction and improved methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - XueTing Lu
- Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - JunYa Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qianwen Sui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meixue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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Prichula J, Pereira RI, Wachholz GR, Cardoso LA, Tolfo NCC, Santestevan NA, Medeiros AW, Tavares M, Frazzon J, d'Azevedo PA, Frazzon APG. Resistance to antimicrobial agents among enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species in the southern coast of Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:51-57. [PMID: 26952995 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate species distribution, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and presence of resistance genes in enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species, including seabirds (n=12), sea turtles (n=8), and mammals (n=3) found alive or dead in southern coast of Brazil. Enterococci were classified based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and the presence of tet(S), tet(M), tet(L), mrsC, and erm(B) genes by PCR. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were the most common species. Single (37.09%), double (25.80%), and multiple (16.12%) antibiotic resistance patterns were observed. Resistance to rifampicin occurred most frequently. The msrC, tet(M), and/or tet(L) genes were detected in 60.15%, 73.07%, and 23.07% of the resistant strains, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of antibiotic resistant strains in these species could be related to food web interactions and aquatic pollutants or linked to environmental resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janira Prichula
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Inhoque Pereira
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Raffo Wachholz
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Almansa Cardoso
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Neidimar Cezar Correa Tolfo
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara Aguiar Santestevan
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Weber Medeiros
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (CECLIMAR), Institute of Biosciences, UFRGS. Av. Tramandaí, 976, 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 - Campus do Vale - Prédio 443.212, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Santestevan NA, de Angelis Zvoboda D, Prichula J, Pereira RI, Wachholz GR, Cardoso LA, de Moura TM, Medeiros AW, de Amorin DB, Tavares M, d'Azevedo PA, Franco AC, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor gene profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolates from wild Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) and Arctocephalus tropicalis (Subantarctic fur seal). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1935-46. [PMID: 26347323 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts in humans and animals. Epidemiological data suggest that enterococci are important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant genes that may be transmitted from other bacterial species The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in enterococci recovered from fecal samples of wild Arctocephalus australis and A. tropicalis found dead along the South Coast of Brazil. From a total of 43 wild fur seals, eleven were selected for this study. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations were used to classify Enterococcus species. Strains were tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics, presence of ace, gelE, asa, cylA, tet(L), tet(M) and erm(B) genes by PCR, and genetic variability using RAPD-PCR. Among the 50 enterococci isolated, 40% were Enterococcus faecalis, 40% E. hirae, 12% E. casseliflavus and 8 % other enterococcal species. Resistance profiles were observed to erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of virulence genes was ace (68%), gelE (54%), asa (22%) and cylA (4%). In erythromycin- and tetracycline strains, erm(B) and tet(M) were detected, respectively. The RAPD-PCR demonstrated a close phylogenetic relationship between the enterococci isolated from A. australis and A. tropicalis. In conclusion, different enterococcus species showing antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinates were isolated from fecal samples of fur seals. Antibiotic resistant strains in these animals could be related within food chain and aquatic pollutants or linked to environmental resistome, and demonstrates the potential importance of these animals as reservoirs and disseminators of such determinants in marine environmental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Aguiar Santestevan
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dejoara de Angelis Zvoboda
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Inhoque Pereira
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Raffo Wachholz
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Almansa Cardoso
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiane Martin de Moura
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Weber Medeiros
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Derek Blaese de Amorin
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (Ceclimar), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Tramandaí, 976, ZIP. 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (Ceclimar), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Tramandaí, 976, ZIP. 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Franco
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 - Campus do Vale - Prédio 443.212, ZIP. 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Furlaneto-Maia L, Rocha KR, Siqueira VLD, Furlaneto MC. Comparison between automated system and PCR-based method for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of clinical Enterococcus spp. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:97-103. [PMID: 24626409 PMCID: PMC4085851 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are increasingly responsible for nosocomial infections
worldwide. This study was undertaken to compare the identification and
susceptibility profile using an automated MicrosScan system, PCR-based assay and
disk diffusion assay of Enterococcus spp. We evaluated 30
clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp. Isolates were identified
by MicrosScan system and PCR-based assay. The detection of antibiotic resistance
genes (vancomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline and erythromycin) was also
determined by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibilities to vancomycin (30 µg),
gentamicin (120 µg), tetracycline (30 µg) and erythromycin (15 µg) were tested
by the automated system and disk diffusion method, and were interpreted
according to the criteria recommended in CLSI guidelines. Concerning
Enterococcus identification the general agreement between
data obtained by the PCR method and by the automatic system was 90.0% (27/30).
For all isolates of E. faecium and E. faecalis
we observed 100% agreement. Resistance frequencies were higher in E.
faecium than E. faecalis. The resistance rates
obtained were higher for erythromycin (86.7%), vancomycin (80.0%), tetracycline
(43.35) and gentamicin (33.3%). The correlation between disk diffusion and
automation revealed an agreement for the majority of the antibiotics with
category agreement rates of > 80%. The PCR-based assay, the
van(A) gene was detected in 100% of vancomycin resistant
enterococci. This assay is simple to conduct and reliable in the identification
of clinically relevant enterococci. The data obtained reinforced the need for an
improvement of the automated system to identify some enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Furlaneto-Maia
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kátia Real Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, State University at Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Department of Microbiology, State University at Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Dias Siqueira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, State University at Maringa, Paraná, Brazil, Department of Clinical Analysis, State University at Maringa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Furlaneto
- Department of Microbiology, State University at Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Department of Microbiology, State University at Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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dos Santos KMO, Vieira ADS, Rocha CRC, do Nascimento JCF, de Souza Lopes AC, Bruno LM, Carvalho JDG, de Melo Franco BDG, Todorov SD. Brazilian artisanal cheeses as a source of beneficial Enterococcus faecium strains: characterization of the bacteriocinogenic potential. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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25
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Jiang X, Shi L. Distribution of tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance genes in aerobic bacteria isolated from cooked meat products in Guangzhou, China. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Moraes P, Perin L, Todorov S, Silva A, Franco B, Nero L. Bacteriocinogenic and virulence potential of Enterococcus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:318-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Moraes
- Departamento de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa; MG; Brazil
| | - L.M. Perin
- Departamento de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa; MG; Brazil
| | - S.D. Todorov
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - A. Silva
- Departamento de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa; MG; Brazil
| | - B.D.G.M. Franco
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - L.A. Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa; MG; Brazil
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27
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Characterization of tetracycline resistance genes in tetracycline-resistant Enterobacteriaceae obtained from a coliform collection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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