1
|
Sharma R, Gibb AA, Barnts K, Elrod JW, Puri S. Alternative oxidase promotes high iron tolerance in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0215723. [PMID: 37929974 PMCID: PMC10714975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The yeast C. albicans exhibits metabolic flexibility for adaptability to host niches with varying availability of nutrients including essential metals like iron. For example, blood is iron deplete, while the oral cavity and the intestinal lumen are considered iron replete. We show here that C. albicans can tolerate very high levels of environmental iron, despite an increase in high iron-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) that it mitigates with the help of a unique oxidase, known as alternative oxidase (AOX). High iron induces AOX1/2 that limits mitochondrial accumulation of ROS. Genetic elimination of AOX1/2 resulted in diminished virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis in high iron mice. Since human mitochondria lack AOX protein, it represents a unique target for treatment of fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A. Gibb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelcie Barnts
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W. Elrod
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva DM, de Souza VHM, Moral RDA, Delalibera Júnior I, Mascarin GM. Production of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia by Submerged Liquid Fermentation and Bioactivity against Tetranychus urticae and Heterodera glycines through Seed Inoculation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:511. [PMID: 35628766 PMCID: PMC9145524 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pochoniachlamydosporia and Purpureocilliumlilacinum are fungal bioagents used for the sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes. However, their production through submerged liquid fermentation and their use in seed treatment have been underexplored. Therefore, our goal was to assess the effect of different liquid media on the growth of 40 isolates of P. lilacinum and two of P. chlamydosporia. The most promising isolates tested were assessed for plant growth promotion and the control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Most isolates produced > 108 blastospores mL−1 and some isolates produced more than 104 microsclerotia mL−1. Microsclerotia of selected isolates were used to inoculate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in greenhouse trials. All fungal isolates reduced the T. urticae fecundity in inoculated plants through seed treatment, while P. chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 and P. lilacinum ESALQ2593 decreased cyst nematode population. Purpureocillium lilacinum was more frequently detected in soil, whereas P. chlamydosporia colonized all plant parts. Pochonia chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 improved the root development of bean plants. These findings demonstrate the possibility of producing submerged propagules of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum by liquid culture, and greenhouse trials support the applicability of fungal microsclerotia in seed treatment to control P. vulgaris pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Milanez Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Victor Hugo Moura de Souza
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Lawrence Weaver Rd., Cambridge CB30 LE, UK;
| | - Rafael de Andrade Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, KM 127.5, Jaguariúna 13918-110, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Romero-Aguilar L, Cárdenas-Monroy C, Garrido-Bazán V, Aguirre J, Guerra-Sánchez G, Pardo JP. On the use of n-octyl gallate and salicylhydroxamic acid to study the alternative oxidase role. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108603. [PMID: 32986977 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen without the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme has been proposed to participate in the regulation of cell growth, sporulation, yeast-mycelium transition, resistance to reactive oxygen species, infection, and production of secondary metabolites. Two approaches have been used to evaluate AOX function: incubation of cells for long periods of time with AOX inhibitors or deletion of AOX gene. However, AOX inhibitors might have different targets. To test non-specific effects of n-octyl gallate (nOg) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on fungal physiology we measured the growth and respiratory capacity of two fungal strains lacking (Ustilago maydis-Δaox and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and three species containing the AOX gene (U. maydis WT, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Aspergillus nidulans). For U. maydis, a strong inhibition of growth and respiratory capacity by SHAM was observed, regardless of the presence of AOX. Similarly, A. nidulans mycelial growth was inhibited by low concentrations of nOg independently of AOX expression. In contrast, these inhibitors had no effect or had a minor effect on S. cerevisiae and D. hansenii growth. These results show that nOg and SHAM have AOX independent effects which vary in different microorganisms, indicating that studies based on long-term incubation of cells with these inhibitors should be considered as inconclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Romero-Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Christian Cárdenas-Monroy
- Ciencia Forense, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Garrido-Bazán
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesus Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Guerra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología de Hongos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N., Miguel Hidalgo, 11350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barsottini MRO, Copsey A, Young L, Baroni RM, Cordeiro AT, Pereira GAG, Moore AL. Biochemical characterization and inhibition of the alternative oxidase enzyme from the fungal phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. Commun Biol 2020; 3:263. [PMID: 32451394 PMCID: PMC7248098 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is a fungal pathogen and causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cocoa, a threat to the chocolate industry and to the economic and social security in cocoa-planting countries. The membrane-bound enzyme alternative oxidase (MpAOX) is crucial for pathogen survival; however a lack of information on the biochemical properties of MpAOX hinders the development of novel fungicides. In this study, we purified and characterised recombinant MpAOX in dose-response assays with activators and inhibitors, followed by a kinetic characterization both in an aqueous environment and in physiologically-relevant proteoliposomes. We present structure-activity relationships of AOX inhibitors such as colletochlorin B and analogues which, aided by an MpAOX structural model, indicates key residues for protein-inhibitor interaction. We also discuss the importance of the correct hydrophobic environment for MpAOX enzymatic activity. We envisage that such results will guide the future development of AOX-targeting antifungal agents against M. perniciosa, an important outcome for the chocolate industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario R O Barsottini
- Genomics and bioEnergy Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Biochemistry & Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Alice Copsey
- Biochemistry & Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Luke Young
- Biochemistry & Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Renata M Baroni
- Genomics and bioEnergy Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Artur T Cordeiro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Genomics and bioEnergy Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Anthony L Moore
- Biochemistry & Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin Z, Wu J, Jamieson PA, Zhang C. Alternative Oxidase Is Involved in the Pathogenicity, Development, and Oxygen Stress Response of Botrytis cinerea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1679-1688. [PMID: 31479404 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-19-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a ubiquinol terminal oxidase that is involved in fungal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, we analyzed the roles of AOX in Botrytis cinerea by generating BcAOX deletion mutants. The mutants exhibited defects in mycelial growth, sporulation, spore germination, and virulence. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the mutants to quinone outside inhibitor fungicides and oxidative stress were increased. All phenotypic variations could be restored in the complemented strain. In summary, these results showed that BcAOX is involved in the regulation for vegetative development, adaptation to environmental stress, and virulence of B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zesong Lin
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jianyan Wu
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Pierce A Jamieson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
| | - Chuanqing Zhang
- Department of Crop Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adaption to stress via Pbs2 during Metarhizium rileyi conidia and microsclerotia development. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:107. [PMID: 29971586 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway plays important role in Metarhizium rileyi microsclerotia (MS) development. To investigate how M. rileyi transduce growth stress and regulate MS development via mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) Pbs2, phenotypic characterization of the yeast Pbs2 homolog were performed. Expression of pbs2 peaked when MS formation occurred day 3 in liquid amended medium. Compared with wild-type and complemented strains, deletion mutant of pbs2 (Δpbs2) delayed dimorphic switch and vegetative growth, displayed sensitivities to various stress, and significantly reduced conidial (98%) and MS (40%) yields. Furthermore, transcription analysis showed that other genes of HOG signaling pathway were down-regulated in Δpbs2 mutants. Insect bioassays revealed that Δpbs2 mutants had decreased virulence levels in topical (24%) and injection (53%) bioassays. This study confirmed that Pbs2 play important roles in colony morphology, conidiation, stresses response and MS development in M. rileyi.
Collapse
|
7
|
An efficient gene disruption method using a positive–negative split-selection marker and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation for Nomuraea rileyi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Cárdenas-Monroy CA, Pohlmann T, Piñón-Zárate G, Matus-Ortega G, Guerra G, Feldbrügge M, Pardo JP. The mitochondrial alternative oxidase Aox1 is needed to cope with respiratory stress but dispensable for pathogenic development in Ustilago maydis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173389. [PMID: 28273139 PMCID: PMC5342259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial alternative oxidase is an important enzyme that allows respiratory activity and the functioning of the Krebs cycle upon disturbance of the respiration chain. It works as a security valve in transferring excessive electrons to oxygen, thereby preventing potential damage by the generation of harmful radicals. A clear biological function, besides the stress response, has so far convincingly only been shown for plants that use the alternative oxidase to generate heat to distribute volatiles. In fungi it was described that the alternative oxidase is needed for pathogenicity. Here, we investigate expression and function of the alternative oxidase at different stages of the life cycle of the corn pathogen Ustilago maydis (Aox1). Interestingly, expression of Aox1 is specifically induced during the stationary phase suggesting a role at high cell density when nutrients become limiting. Studying deletion strains as well as overexpressing strains revealed that Aox1 is dispensable for normal growth, for cell morphology, for response to temperature stress as well as for filamentous growth and plant pathogenicity. However, during conditions eliciting respiratory stress yeast-like growth as well as hyphal growth is strongly affected. We conclude that Aox1 is dispensable for the normal biology of the fungus but specifically needed to cope with respiratory stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Pohlmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriela Piñón-Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Genaro Matus-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guadalupe Guerra
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song Z, Lin Y, Du F, Yin Y, Wang Z. Statistical optimisation of process variables and large-scale production of Metarhizium rileyi (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) microsclerotia in submerged fermentation. Mycology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1279688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Du
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Song Z, Li R, Shao C, Yin Y. Siderophore Biosynthesis but Not Reductive Iron Assimilation Is Essential for the Dimorphic Fungus Nomuraea rileyi Conidiation, Dimorphism Transition, Resistance to Oxidative Stress, Pigmented Microsclerotium Formation, and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:931. [PMID: 27379061 PMCID: PMC4909778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable factor for the dimorphic insect pathogenic Nomuraea rileyi to form persistent microsclerotia which can replace conidia or blastospores for commercial mass production. There are two high affinity iron acquisition pathways in N. rileyi, siderophore-assisted iron mobilization and reductive iron assimilation systems. Transcription of the two iron uptake pathways related genes is induced under iron-limiting conditions. Stage-specific iron uptake-related genes expression during microsclerotia development shows siderophore-mediated iron acquisition genes are rigorously upregulated specifically during the formation and mature period while reductive iron assimilation related genes just display a higher expression at the late maturation period. Abrogation of reductive iron assimilation, by the deletion of the high affinity iron permease (NrFtrA), has no visible effect on microsclerotia biogenesis in N. rileyi. In sharp contrast, N. rileyi L-ornithine-N5-monooxygenase (NrSidA), required for synthesis of all siderophores, is absolutely necessary for the development of pigmented microsclerotia. In agreement with the lower intracellular iron contents of microsclerotia in ΔNrSidA strains, not only the pigments, but both the number and the biomass are also noticeably reduced. Certain concentration of ROS is required for promoting microsclerotia biogenesis. Combined with expression pattern analysis of related genes and quantitative of intracellular iron or extracellular siderophore in WT and mutants, these data demonstrate the lack of adequate intracellular iron caused by the loss of the siderophore results in the deficiency of ROS detoxication. Furthermore, ΔNrSidA strains show significantly increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Besides, NrSidA, but not NrFtrA, play a crucial role in vegetative growth under iron-limiting conditions, conidiation, and dimorphic switching. Remarkably, the slower growth of the ΔNrSidA strains in vivo due to a reduced capacity for iron acquisition leads to the loss of virulence in Spodoptera litura while the ΔNrFtrA mutants behaved as WT during infection. Together, these results prove siderophore-assisted iron mobilization is the major pathway of cellular iron uptake and essential for conidiation, dimorphism transition, oxidative stress resistance, pigmented microsclerotium formation and full virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Xuee Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Ren Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Changwen Shao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|