1
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Huang X, Xue Z, Zhang D, Lee HJ. Pinpointing Fat Molecules: Advances in Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy for Lipid Metabolism. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7945-7958. [PMID: 38700460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zexin Xue
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Delong Zhang
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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2
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Shang Y, Jin Q, Li G, Yan H, Yu M, Hu Z. Functional study of two ER localized sterol C-14 reductases in Aspergillus oryzae. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:136. [PMID: 38682096 PMCID: PMC11045682 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important component of fungal cell membrane. Ergosterol biosynthesis involves sterol C-14 reductase, a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, which has been well studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, little studies about this important enzyme in Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, two sterol C-14 reductases named AoErg24A and AoErg24B were identified in A. oryzae using bioinformatics analysis. Through phylogenetic tree, expression pattern, subcellular localization, and yeast functional complementation analyses, we discovered that both AoErg24A and AoErg24B are conserved and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both enzymes can partially restore the temperature sensitivity phenotype of a S. cerevisiae erg24 weak mutant. Overexpression of AoErg24A in A. oryzae increased 1.6 times of ergosterol content, while overexpression of AoErg24B led to a slight decrease of ergosterol. Both genes affect the sporulation of A. oryzae. These results uncovered that the two genes function differently in ergosterol biosynthesis. Thus, this study further enhances our understanding of ergosterol biosynthesis in A. oryzae and lays a good foundation for A. oryzae to be used in industrial ergosterol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Qi Jin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Ganghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002 China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Mingquan Yu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
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3
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Guo W, Song Y, Chen H, Li X. Dietary potential of the symbiotic fungus Penicillium herquei for the larvae of a nonsocial fungus-cultivating weevil Euops chinensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0153723. [PMID: 38445862 PMCID: PMC11022562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01537-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect taxa cultivate fungi for food. Compared to well-known fungus cultivation in social insects, our knowledge on fungus cultivation in nonsocial insects is still limited. Here, we studied the nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar, Penicillium herquei, for the larvae of its nonsocial insect farmer, Euops chinensis, a specialist on Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica. Overall, fungal hyphae and leaf rolls contained significantly higher carbon (C), stable isotopes of C (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N) but significantly lower C/N ratios compared to unrolled leaves, whereas insect bodies contained significantly higher N contents but lower C and C/N ratios compared to other types of samples. The MixSIAR model indicated that fungal hyphae contributed a larger proportion (0.626-0.797) to the diet of E. chinensis larvae than leaf materials. The levels of ergosterol, six essential amino acids, seven nonessential amino acids, and three B vitamins tested in fungal hyphae and/or leaf rolls were significantly higher than in unrolled leaves and/or larvae. The P. herquei genome contains the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the essential amino acids valine and threonine, nine nonessential amino acids, and vitamins B2 and B3, whereas some genes associated with five essential and one nonessential amino acid were lost in the P. herquei genome. These suggest that P. herquei is capable of providing the E. chinensis larvae food with ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins. P. herquei appears to be able to synthesize or concentrate these nutrients considering that they were specifically concentrated in fungal hyphae. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food has occurred across divergent insect lineages such as social ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles, as well as some seldom-reported solitary insects. Although the fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, the dietary potential of fungal cultivars for their hosts (especially for those nonsocial insects) is largely unknown. Our research on the mutualistic system Euops chinensis-Penicillium herquei represents an example of the diverse nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar P. herquei in the diet of the larvae of its solitary host, E. chinensis. These results demonstrate that P. herquei has the potential to synthesize or concentrate ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins and benefits the larvae of E. chinensis. Our findings would shed light on poorly understood fungal cultivation mutualisms in nonsocial insects and underscore the nutritional importance of fungal cultivars in fungal cultivation mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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4
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Ji L, Tan L, Shang Z, Li W, Mo X, Yang S, Yu G. Discovery of New Antimicrobial Metabolites in the Coculture of Medicinal Mushrooms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5247-5257. [PMID: 38425052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioactivity screening revealed that the antifungal activities of EtOAc extracts from coculture broths of Trametes versicolor SY630 with either Vanderbylia robiniophila SY341 or Ganoderma gibbosum SY1001 were significantly improved compared to that of monocultures. Activity-guided isolation led to the discovery of five aromatic compounds (1-5) from the coculture broth of T. versicolor SY630 and V. robiniophila SY341 and two sphingolipids (6 and 7) from the coculture broth of T. versicolor SY630 and G. gibbosum SY1001. Tramevandins A-C (1-3) and 17-ene-1-deoxyPS (6) are new compounds, while 1-deoxyPS (7) is a new natural product. Notably, compound 2 represents a novel scaffold, wherein the highly modified p-terphenyl bears a benzyl substituent. The absolute configurations of those new compounds were elucidated by X-ray diffraction, ECD calculations, and analysis of physicochemical constants. Compounds 1, 2, and 5-7 exhibited different degrees of antimicrobial activity, and the antifungal activities of compounds 6 and 7 against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are comparable to those of fluconazole, nystatin, and sphingosine, respectively. Transcriptome analysis, propidium iodide staining, ergosterol quantification, and feeding assays showed that the isolated sphingolipids can extensively downregulate the late biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol in C. albicans, representing a promising mechanism to combat antibiotic-resistant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaomeng Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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5
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Weng M, Zhang D, Wang H, Yang C, Lin H, Pan Y, Lin Y. Long non-coding RNAs and their potential function in response to postharvest senescence of Sparassis latifolia during cold storage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:747. [PMID: 38185662 PMCID: PMC10772075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play crucial roles in response to aging processes. However, how lncRNAs regulate postharvest senescence of Sparassis latifolia (S. latifolia) with oriented polypropylene (OPP) film packing during cold storage remains unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-seq using the fruiting bodies of S. latifolia stored at 4 ℃ for 0, 8, 16 and 24 days after harvest, and profiled the lncRNA and mRNA transcriptome, respectively. In total, 1003 putative lncRNAs were identified, and there were 495, 483 and 162 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, and 3680, 3941 and 1870 differentially expressed mRNAs after 8, 16 and 24 days of storage, respectively, compared to 0 day of storage. Target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs were found to significantly associate with carbon and energy metabolism, response to abiotic stimulus, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, and protein synthesis and transcription. In addition, DE-lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks in response to aging stress were also constructed. Taken together, these results confirm the regulatory role of lncRNAs in postharvest senescence of S. latifolia and will facilitate for improving preservation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Weng
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Hongyi Lin
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yanquan Lin
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
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6
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Contreras-Martínez OI, Angulo-Ortíz A, Santafé-Patiño G, Aviña-Padilla K, Velasco-Pareja MC, Yasnot MF. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Candida tropicalis in Response to Isoespintanol Treatment. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1199. [PMID: 38132799 PMCID: PMC10744401 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis, an opportunistic pathogen, ranks among the primary culprits of invasive candidiasis, a condition notorious for its resistance to conventional antifungal drugs. The urgency to combat these drug-resistant infections has spurred the quest for novel therapeutic compounds, with a particular focus on those of natural origin. In this study, we set out to evaluate the impact of isoespintanol (ISO), a monoterpene derived from Oxandra xylopioides, on the transcriptome of C. tropicalis. Leveraging transcriptomics, our research aimed to unravel the intricate transcriptional changes induced by ISO within this pathogen. Our differential gene expression analysis unveiled 186 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to ISO, with a striking 85% of these genes experiencing upregulation. These findings shed light on the multifaceted nature of ISO's influence on C. tropicalis, spanning a spectrum of physiological, structural, and metabolic adaptations. The upregulated DEGs predominantly pertained to crucial processes, including ergosterol biosynthesis, protein folding, response to DNA damage, cell wall integrity, mitochondrial activity modulation, and cellular responses to organic compounds. Simultaneously, 27 genes were observed to be repressed, affecting functions such as cytoplasmic translation, DNA damage checkpoints, membrane proteins, and metabolic pathways like trans-methylation, trans-sulfuration, and trans-propylamine. These results underscore the complexity of ISO's antifungal mechanism, suggesting that it targets multiple vital pathways within C. tropicalis. Such complexity potentially reduces the likelihood of the pathogen developing rapid resistance to ISO, making it an attractive candidate for further exploration as a therapeutic agent. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the transcriptional responses of C. tropicalis to ISO exposure. The identified molecular targets and pathways offer promising avenues for future research and the development of innovative antifungal therapies to combat infections caused by this pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Angulo-Ortíz
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (A.A.-O.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Gilmar Santafé-Patiño
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (A.A.-O.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Katia Aviña-Padilla
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N. Unit Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, Mexico;
| | - María Camila Velasco-Pareja
- Bacteriology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (M.C.V.-P.); (M.F.Y.)
| | - María Fernanda Yasnot
- Bacteriology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (M.C.V.-P.); (M.F.Y.)
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7
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Xie P, Chen J, Wu P, Cai Z. Spatial Lipidomics Reveals Lipid Changes in the Cotyledon and Plumule of Mung Bean Seeds during Germination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19879-19887. [PMID: 38018797 PMCID: PMC10722537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a vital process in plant development involving dynamic biochemical transformations such as lipid metabolism. However, the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of lipids in different seed compartments during germination are poorly understood. In this study, we employed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based lipidomics and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to investigate lipid changes occurring in the cotyledon and plumule of mung bean seeds during germination. Lipidomic data revealed that the germination process reduced the levels of many glycerolipids (e.g., triglyceride) and phosphatidylglycerols (e.g., phosphatidylcholine) while increased the levels of lysophospholipids (e.g., lysophosphatidylcholine) in both the cotyledon and plumule. Sphingolipids (e.g., sphingomyelin) displayed altered levels solely in the plumule. Sterol levels increased in the cotyledon but decreased in the plumule. Further imaging results revealed that MALDI-MSI could serve as a supplement and validate LC-MS data. These findings enhance our understanding of the metabolic processes underlying seedling development, with potential implications for crop improvement and seed quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisi Xie
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety
and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection
Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety
and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection
Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative
Region 999077, China
- College
of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety
and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection
Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative
Region 999077, China
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8
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Li R, Zhao W, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shi H, Wang M. Screening for a Fenpropidin Enantiomer with High Activity and Low Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37908074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Fenpropidin has been extensively used for managing fungal diseases in different crops. There is a lack of literature on the enantioselective bioactivity and toxicity of fenpropidin. This study aims to explore the enantioselective bioactivity and toxicity of fenpropidin. R-Fenpropidin exhibited more potent bioactivity against seven plant pathogens than S-fenpropidin. R-Fenpropidin was more effective than S-fenpropidin in inhibiting sclerotial production, affecting mycelial growth and morphology, increasing cell membrane permeability, and decreasing the ergosterol content of Rhizoctonia solani. R-Fenpropidin exhibited a tighter binding affinity and formed hydrogen bonds with two target proteins. Fenpropidin also has enantioselective toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum, with the toxicity of S-fenpropidin being seven times that of R-fenpropidin. S-Fenpropidin significantly reduced the content of the photosynthetic pigments. The results showed that R-fenpropidin was a highly active enantiomer with low toxicity. This study can provide a basis for the development of enantiomers with high activity and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Nguyen TP, Meng DR, Chang CH, Su PY, Ou CA, Hou PF, Sung HM, Chou CH, Ohme-Takagi M, Huang HJ. Antifungal mechanism of volatile compounds emitted by Actinomycetota Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens from a disease-suppressive soil on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mSphere 2023; 8:e0032423. [PMID: 37750721 PMCID: PMC10597458 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00324-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that in disease-suppressive soils, microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) released from bacteria may inhibit the growth of plant-pathogenic fungi. However, the antifungal activities and molecular responses of fungi to different mVCs remain largely undescribed. In this study, we first evaluated the responses of pathogenic fungi to treatment with mVCs from Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens. Then, we utilized the well-characterized fungal model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study the potential mechanistic effects of the mVCs. Our data showed that exposure to P. ureafaciens mVCs leads to reduced growth of several pathogenic fungi, and in yeast cells, mVC exposure prompts the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Further experiments with S. cerevisiae deletion mutants indicated that Slt2/Mpk1 and Hog1 MAPKs play major roles in the yeast response to P. ureafaciens mVCs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that exposure to mVCs was associated with 1,030 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in yeast. According to gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses, many of these DEGs are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, cell integrity, mitophagy, cellular metabolism, and iron uptake. Genes encoding antimicrobial proteins were also significantly altered in the yeast after exposure to mVCs. These findings suggest that oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are major contributors to the fungal toxicity of mVCs. Furthermore, our data showed that cell wall, antioxidant, and antimicrobial defenses are induced in yeast exposed to mVCs. Thus, our findings expand upon previous research by delineating the transcriptional responses of the fungal model. IMPORTANCE Since the use of bacteria-emitted volatile compounds in phytopathogen control is of considerable interest, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which fungi may adapt to microbial volatile compounds (mVCs). Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens is an isolated bacterium from disease-suppressive soil that belongs to the Actinomycetota phylum. P. ureafaciens mVCs showed a potent antifungal effect on phytopathogens, which may contribute to disease suppression in soil. However, our knowledge about the antifungal mechanism of mVCs is limited. This study has proven that mVCs are toxic to fungi due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. To deal with mVC toxicity, antioxidants and physical defenses are required. Furthermore, iron uptake and CAP proteins are required for antimicrobial defense, which is necessary for fungi to deal with the thread from mVCs. This study provides essential foundational knowledge regarding the molecular responses of fungi to inhibitory mVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - De-Rui Meng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Chang
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-An Ou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Fu Hou
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hung Chou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Alabi PE, Gautier C, Murphy TP, Gu X, Lepas M, Aimanianda V, Sello JK, Ene IV. Small molecules restore azole activity against drug-tolerant and drug-resistant Candida isolates. mBio 2023; 14:e0047923. [PMID: 37326546 PMCID: PMC10470600 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00479-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, fungi cause more than 1.5 billion infections worldwide and have a devastating impact on human health, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or patients in intensive care units. The limited antifungal arsenal and emerging multidrug-resistant species necessitate the development of new therapies. One strategy for combating drug-resistant pathogens is the administration of molecules that restore fungal susceptibility to approved drugs. Accordingly, we carried out a screen to identify small molecules that could restore the susceptibility of pathogenic Candida species to azole antifungals. This screening effort led to the discovery of novel 1,4-benzodiazepines that restore fluconazole susceptibility in resistant isolates of Candida albicans, as evidenced by 100-1,000-fold potentiation of fluconazole activity. This potentiation effect was also observed in azole-tolerant strains of C. albicans and in other pathogenic Candida species. The 1,4-benzodiazepines selectively potentiated different azoles, but not other approved antifungals. A remarkable feature of the potentiation was that the combination of the compounds with fluconazole was fungicidal, whereas fluconazole alone is fungistatic. Interestingly, the potentiators were not toxic to C. albicans in the absence of fluconazole, but inhibited virulence-associated filamentation of the fungus. We found that the combination of the potentiators and fluconazole significantly enhanced host survival in a Galleria mellonella model of systemic fungal infection. Taken together, these observations validate a strategy wherein small molecules can restore the activity of highly used anti-infectives that have lost potency. IMPORTANCE In the last decade, we have been witnessing a higher incidence of fungal infections, due to an expansion of the fungal species capable of causing disease (e.g., Candida auris), as well as increased antifungal drug resistance. Among human fungal pathogens, Candida species are a leading cause of invasive infections and are associated with high mortality rates. Infections by these pathogens are commonly treated with azole antifungals, yet the expansion of drug-resistant isolates has reduced their clinical utility. In this work, we describe the discovery and characterization of small molecules that potentiate fluconazole and restore the susceptibility of azole-resistant and azole-tolerant Candida isolates. Interestingly, the potentiating 1,4-benzodiazepines were not toxic to fungal cells but inhibited their virulence-associated filamentous growth. Furthermore, combinations of the potentiators and fluconazole decreased fungal burdens and enhanced host survival in a Galleria mellonella model of systemic fungal infections. Accordingly, we propose the use of novel antifungal potentiators as a powerful strategy for addressing the growing resistance of fungi to clinically approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Alabi
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cécile Gautier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Fungal Heterogeneity Group, Paris, France
| | - Thomas P. Murphy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Xilin Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Lepas
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Molecular Mycology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Molecular Mycology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jason K. Sello
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Iuliana V. Ene
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Fungal Heterogeneity Group, Paris, France
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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11
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Sardana K, Sharath S, Khurana A, Ghosh S. An update on the myriad antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes and the place of experimental and existential therapeutic agents for Trichophyton complex implicated in tinea corporis and cruris. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:977-991. [PMID: 37606343 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2250555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an epidemic emergence of increased resistance in dermatophytes with to antifungal drugs with ergosterol1 (Erg1) and Erg11 mutations to terbinafine and azoles. Apart from mutations, mechanisms that predict clinical failure include efflux pumps, cellular kinases, heat shock proteins (Hsp), and biofilms. Apart from itraconazole and SUBATM (Super-Bioavailable) itraconazole, measures that can be used in terbinafine failure include efflux-pump inhibitors, Hsp inhibitors and judicious use of antifungal drugs (topical + systemic) combinations. AREAS COVERED A PubMed search was done for the relevant studies and reviews published in the last 22 years using keywords dermatophytes OR Trichophyton, anti-fungal, resistance, mechanism and fungal AND resistance mechanisms. Our aim was to look for literature on prevalent species and we specifically researched studies on Trichophyton genus. We have analyzed varied antifungal drug mechanisms and detailed varied experimental and approved drugs to treat recalcitrant dermatophytosis. EXPERT OPINION Apart from administering drugs with low minimum inhibitory concentration, combinations of oral and topical antifungals (based on synergy data) and new formulations of existing drugs are useful in recalcitrant cases. There is a need for research into resistance mechanism of the existent Trichophyton strains in therapeutic failures in tinea corporis & cruris instead of data derived from laboratory strains which may not mirror clinical failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Savitha Sharath
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Khurana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamik Ghosh
- Rejuvenation Technologies Inc, Harvard Medical School, New York City, NY, USA
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12
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Han Z, Zong Y, Zhang X, Gong D, Wang B, Prusky D, Sionov E, Xue H, Bi Y. Erg4 Is Involved in Ergosterol Biosynthesis, Conidiation and Stress Response in Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050568. [PMID: 37233279 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
erg4 is a key gene for ergosterol biosynthesis in filamentous fungi, but its function in Penicillium expansum remains unknown. Our results showed that P. expansum contains three erg4 genes, including erg4A, erg4B and erg4C. The expression levels of the three genes showed differences in the wild-type (WT) strain, and the expression level of erg4B was the highest, followed by erg4C. Deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C in the WT strain revealed functional redundancy between them. Compared to the WT strain, erg4A, erg4B or erg4C knockout mutants reduced ergosterol levels, with erg4B deletion having the greatest effect. Furthermore, deletion of the three genes reduced sporulation of the strain, and Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants showed defective spore morphology. In addition, Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants were found to be more sensitive to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. However, deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C had no significant effect on colony diameter, spore germination rate, conidiophore structure of P. expansum or pathogenicity to apple fruit. Taken together, erg4A, erg4B and erg4C have redundant functions and are all involved in ergosterol synthesis and sporulation in P. expansum. In addition, erg4B and erg4C contribute to spore morphogenesis, cell wall integrity and response to oxidative stress in P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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13
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Nguyen VH, Wemheuer B, Song W, Bennett H, Webster N, Thomas T. Identification, classification, and functional characterization of novel sponge-associated acidimicrobiial species. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126426. [PMID: 37141831 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are known to harbour an exceptional diversity of uncultured microorganisms, including members of the phylum Actinobacteriota. While members of the actinobacteriotal class Actinomycetia have been studied intensively due to their potential for secondary metabolite production, the sister class of Acidimicrobiia is often more abundant in sponges. However, the taxonomy, functions, and ecological roles of sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia are largely unknown. Here, we reconstructed and characterized 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Acidimicrobiia from three sponge species. These MAGs represented six novel species, belonging to five genera, four families, and two orders, which are all uncharacterized (except the order Acidimicrobiales) and for which we propose nomenclature. These six uncultured species have either only been found in sponges and/or corals and have varying degrees of specificity to their host species. Functional gene profiling indicated that these six species shared a similar potential to non-symbiotic Acidimicrobiia with respect to amino acid biosynthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds. However, sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia differed from their non-symbiotic counterparts by relying predominantly on organic rather than inorganic sources of energy, and their predicted capacity to synthesise bioactive compounds or their precursors implicated in host defence. Additionally, the species possess the genetic capacity to degrade aromatic compounds that are frequently found in sponges. The novel Acidimicrobiia may also potentially mediate host development by modulating Hedgehog signalling and by the production of serotonin, which can affect host body contractions and digestion. These results highlight unique genomic and metabolic features of six new acidimicrobiial species that potentially support a sponge-associated lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Hung Nguyen
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernd Wemheuer
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weizhi Song
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Holly Bennett
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Jin K, Shi X, Liu J, Yu W, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Combinatorial metabolic engineering enables the efficient production of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128819. [PMID: 36868430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) have been demonstrated to have promising therapeutic potential as anticancer and bacteriostasis agents. Herein, via the heterologous expression and optimization of CrAS, CrAO, and AtCPR1, the de novo syntheses of UA and OA were achieved with titers of 7.4 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Subsequently, metabolic flux was redirected by increasing the cytosolic acetyl-CoA level and tuning the copy numbers of ERG1 and CrAS, thereby affording 483.4 mg/L UA and 163.8 mg/L OA. Furthermore, the lipid droplet compartmentalization of CrAO and AtCPR1 alongside the strengthening of the NADPH regeneration system increased the UA and OA titers to 692.3 and 253.4 mg/L in a shake flask and to 1132.9 and 433.9 mg/L in a 3-L fermenter, which is the highest UA titer reported to date. Overall, this study provides a reference for constructing microbial cell factories that can efficiently synthesize terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xun Shi
- Haoxiangni Health Food Co., Ltd, Xinzheng 451100, China
| | - Jiaheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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15
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Wu F, Wang H, Chen Q, Pang X, Jing H, Yin L, Zhang X. Lignin Promotes Mycelial Growth and Accumulation of Polyphenols and Ergosterol in Lentinula edodes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020237. [PMID: 36836351 PMCID: PMC9960748 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that lignin was efficiently degraded by Lentinula edodes (L. edodes). However, the process of lignin degradation and utilization by L. edodes has not been discussed in detail. Therefore, the effects of lignin on L. edodes mycelium growth, chemical compositions, and phenolic profiles were investigated herein. It has been revealed that 0.10% lignin acted as the most effective concentration to accelerate mycelia growth, which yielded the highest biomass of 5.32 ± 0.07 g/L. Furthermore, a 0.10% concentration of lignin promoted the accumulation of phenolic compounds, especially protocatechuic acid, with peak value of 48.5 ± 1.2 μg/g. In contrast, the higher concentration of lignin (0.20%) exerted an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. edodes. Overall, the application of lignin at the optimal concentration of 0.10% could not only enhance the mycelial growth but also accumulate the phenolic acids and raise the nutritional and medical values of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Heqin Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiufeng Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Pang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hao Jing
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Jiang Y, Sun Z, Lu K, Wu Z, Xue H, Zhu L, Li G, Feng Y, Wu M, Lin J, Lian J, Yang L. Manipulation of sterol homeostasis for the production of 24-epi-ergosterol in industrial yeast. Nat Commun 2023; 14:437. [PMID: 36707526 PMCID: PMC9883489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinolide (BL) is the most biologically active compound among natural brassinosteroids. However, the agricultural applications are limited by the extremely low natural abundance and the scarcity of synthetic precursors. Here, we employ synthetic biology to construct a yeast cell factory for scalable production of 24-epi-ergosterol, an un-natural sterol, proposed as a precursor for BL semi-synthesis. First, we construct an artificial pathway by introducing a Δ24(28) sterol reductase from plants (DWF1), followed by enzyme directed evolution, to enable de novo biosynthesis of 24-epi-ergosterol in yeast. Subsequently, we manipulate the sterol homeostasis (overexpression of ARE2, YEH1, and YEH2 with intact ARE1), maintaining a balance between sterol acylation and sterol ester hydrolysis, for the production of 24-epi-ergosterol, whose titer reaches to 2.76 g L-1 using fed-batch fermentation. The sterol homeostasis engineering strategy can be applicable for bulk production of other economically important phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhijiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kexin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hailong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guosi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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17
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Ciamponi FE, Procópio DP, Murad NF, Franco TT, Basso TO, Brandão MM. Multi-omics network model reveals key genes associated with p-coumaric acid stress response in an industrial yeast strain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22466. [PMID: 36577778 PMCID: PMC9797568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of ethanol from lignocellulosic sources presents increasingly difficult issues for the global biofuel scenario, leading to increased production costs of current second-generation (2G) ethanol when compared to first-generation (1G) plants. Among the setbacks encountered in industrial processes, the presence of chemical inhibitors from pre-treatment processes severely hinders the potential of yeasts in producing ethanol at peak efficiency. However, some industrial yeast strains have, either naturally or artificially, higher tolerance levels to these compounds. Such is the case of S. cerevisiae SA-1, a Brazilian fuel ethanol industrial strain that has shown high resistance to inhibitors produced by the pre-treatment of cellulosic complexes. Our study focuses on the characterization of the transcriptomic and physiological impact of an inhibitor of this type, p-coumaric acid (pCA), on this strain under chemostat cultivation via RNAseq and quantitative physiological data. It was found that strain SA-1 tend to increase ethanol yield and production rate while decreasing biomass yield when exposed to pCA, in contrast to pCA-susceptible strains, which tend to decrease their ethanol yield and fermentation efficiency when exposed to this substance. This suggests increased metabolic activity linked to mitochondrial and peroxisomal processes. The transcriptomic analysis also revealed a plethora of differentially expressed genes located in co-expressed clusters that are associated with changes in biological pathways linked to biosynthetic and energetical processes. Furthermore, it was also identified 20 genes that act as interaction hubs for these clusters, while also having association with altered pathways and changes in metabolic outputs, potentially leading to the discovery of novel targets for metabolic engineering toward a more robust industrial yeast strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. E. Ciamponi
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - D. P. Procópio
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - N. F. Murad
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - T. T. Franco
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494School of Chemical Engineering (FEQ), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, SP 13083-852 Brazil
| | - T. O. Basso
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - M. M. Brandão
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
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18
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unravels the Response Mechanisms of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense to a Biocontrol Agent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315432. [PMID: 36499750 PMCID: PMC9735772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (FOC TR4), is one of the most serious fungal diseases in the banana-producing regions in east Asia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-2 could significantly inhibit the growth of FOC TR4. Strain Gxun-2 strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of FOC TR4 on dual culture plates and caused hyphal wrinkles, ruptures, and deformities on in vitro cultures. Banana seedlings under pot experiment treatment with Gxun-2 in a greenhouse resulted in an 84.21% reduction in the disease. Comparative transcriptome analysis was applied to reveal the response and resistance of FOC TR4 to Gxun-2 stress. The RNA-seq analysis of FOC TR4 during dual-culture with P. aeruginosa Gxun-2 revealed 3075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with the control. Among the genes, 1158 genes were up-regulated, and 1917 genes were down-regulated. Further analysis of gene function and the pathway of DEGs revealed that genes related to the cell membrane, cell wall formation, peroxidase, ABC transporter, and autophagy were up-regulated, while down-regulated DEGs were enriched in the sphingolipid metabolism and chitinase. These results indicated that FOC TR4 upregulates a large number of genes in order to maintain cell functions. The results of qRT-PCR conducted on a subset of 13 genes were consistent with the results of RNA-seq data. Thus, this study serves as a valuable resource regarding the mechanisms of fungal pathogen resistance to biocontrol agents.
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Singh G. In silico Prediction and Pharmacokinetic Studies on Glucosinolates as a Potential Drug and Key Inhibitor Molecule for Lanosterol-14α- demethylase: A Fungal Membrane Biosynthesis Enzyme. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e150622206033. [PMID: 35708080 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220615142933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucosinolates (β-thioglucoside-N-hydroxysulfates) are a water-soluble organic anion with sulfur- and nitrogen-containing glycosides which are found in abundance in Cruciferous plants. Ergosterol (ERG13) lanosterol-14α-demethylase protein has been targeted for inhibition studies as a key regulator enzyme of fungal membrane biosynthesis. OBJECTIVES To understand the molecular mechanism of inhibition of Ergosterol (ERG13) lanosterol- 14α-demethylase by various phytochemicals from brassicales, i.e., glucosinolates and their potential role as putative drug molecules. METHODS In this study, in silico analyses were performed to predict the molecular basis of various glucosinolates as a potential inhibitor of lanosterol-14α-demethylase protein, which is a key regulator of fungal membrane biosynthesis and its pharmacodynamics and toxicity profile. 3d structures of various glucosinolates were retrieved from PubChem, and the target protein, lanosterol-14α-demethylase (Pdb ID- 4lxj), was retrieved from the RCSB protein data bank. Molecular docking and interactions were carried out using the PyRx software using the AutoDOCK toolbar with default parameters. Dru- LiTo, ORISIS web servers were used to predict various drug likeliness predictions and Lipinski's Rule of 5, whereas admetSAR was used for prediction of toxicity, and PASS Program was used to study the antifungal and antimicrobial properties of these compounds. RESULTS This study shows that among the different compounds screened, gluconasturtiin, Glucotropaeolin, and Indolylmethyl-Glucosinolate showed the highest binding energies of -8.7 kcal/mol, -8.5 kcal/mol, and -8.3 kcal/mol with the lanosterol-14α-demethylase, respectively. Further all the compounds follow the Lipinski's rule as well as they are found to be non-carcinogenic and non-cytotoxic in nature. These compounds also show antifungal properties. CONCLUSION This study thus reveals that various glucosinolates interact with the ERG13 enzyme at various amino acid positions, which behaves as a catalytic site, thus indicates the probable mechanism of inactivation, and subsequently, these can be used as potential drug molecules. In vitro studies can be taken to further examine the utility of these compounds as antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, India
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20
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Liu Y, Ren L, Zhao J, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Guan X, Huang S, Wang Q, Wu J, Yu Z, Xu D, Li F, Zhang B. Ergosterol production at elevated temperatures by Upc2-overexpressing Kluyveromyces marxianus using Jerusalem artichoke tubers as feedstock. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127878. [PMID: 36055542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important precursor in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of numerous drugs. In this study, Kluyveromyces marxianus that showed more potential for ergosterol production than some other yeasts was reported. The effects of transcription factors UPC2, MOT3, and ROX1 of K. marxianus on ergosterol synthesis were explored, and a Upc2-overexpressing strain produced 1.78 times more ergosterol (167.33 mg/L) than the wild-type strain (60.04 mg/L). A total of 239.98 mg/L ergosterol was produced when glucose was replaced with fructose to limit ethanol production. Enhanced aeration increased ergosterol titer from 63.09 mg/L to 128.46 mg/L at 42 °C. The ergosterol titer reached 304.37 mg/L in a shake flask at 37 °C, or 1124.38 and 948.32 mg/L at 37 °C and 42 °C, respectively, in a 5 L bioreactor, using Jerusalem artichoke tubers as the sole carbon source. This study establishes a platform for ergosterol biosynthesis using inexpensive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Lili Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yitong Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Xuyang Guan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Sirui Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Zijun Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Dayong Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China.
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21
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Kuwabara N, Ohta-Shimizu M, Fuwa F, Tomitsuka E, Sato S, Nakagawa S. Ergosterol increases 7-dehydrocholesterol, a cholesterol precursor, and decreases cholesterol in human HepG2 cells. Lipids 2022; 57:303-311. [PMID: 36098332 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment approaches for hyperlipidemia rely mainly on reducing the cholesterol level by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), which is involved in the presqualene pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Finding a compound that instead targets the postsqualene pathway could aid in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and synergistically reduce the cholesterol level when used in conjunction with HMGCR inhibitors. Ergosterol is a fungal sterol that is converted to brassicasterol by 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). DHCR7 is also a cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme, and thus ergosterol may cause the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3 , by a competitive effect. In this study, we examined the effect of ergosterol on the postsqualene pathway by quantifying cholesterol precursors and related sterols using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by conducting quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis for human HepG2 hepatoma cells. We found that ergosterol is converted into brassicasterol by the action of DHCR7 from HepG2 cells and that it induced the accumulation of cholesterol precursors (lathosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and desmosterol) and decreased the cholesterol level by altering the mRNA and protein levels of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes (increase of sterol 8,7-isomerase [EBP] and decrease of DHCR7 and 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase [DHCR24]). These results demonstrate that ergosterol inhibits the postsqualene pathway and may be useful for the prevention of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kuwabara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miho Ohta-Shimizu
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiko Fuwa
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eriko Tomitsuka
- Department of Health Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinji Sato
- Department of Functional and Analytical Food Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saori Nakagawa
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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22
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Trautenberg LC, Brankatschk M, Shevchenko A, Wigby S, Reinhardt K. Ecological lipidology. eLife 2022; 11:79288. [PMID: 36069772 PMCID: PMC9451535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids (DLs), particularly sterols and fatty acids, are precursors for endogenous lipids that, unusually for macronutrients, shape cellular and organismal function long after ingestion. These functions – cell membrane structure, intracellular signalling, and hormonal activity – vary with the identity of DLs, and scale up to influence health, survival, and reproductive fitness, thereby affecting evolutionary change. Our Ecological Lipidology approach integrates biochemical mechanisms and molecular cell biology into evolution and nutritional ecology. It exposes our need to understand environmental impacts on lipidomes, the lipid specificity of cell functions, and predicts the evolution of lipid-based diet choices. Broad interdisciplinary implications of Ecological Lipidology include food web alterations, species responses to environmental change, as well as sex differences and lifestyle impacts on human nutrition, and opportunities for DL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart Wigby
- Applied Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Applied Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Song N, Xia H, Yang Q, Zhang X, Yao L, Yang S, Chen X, Dai J. Differential analysis of ergosterol function in response to high salt and sugar stress in Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6657072. [PMID: 35932192 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is an osmotolerant and halotolerant yeast that can participate in fermentation. To understand the mechanisms of salt and sugar tolerance, the transcription levels of Z. rouxii M 2013310 under 180 g/L NaCl stress and 600 g/L glucose stress were measured. The transcriptome analysis showed that 2227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under 180 g/L NaCl stress, 1530 DEGs were identified under 600 g/L glucose stress, and 1278 DEGs were identified under both stress conditions. Then, KEGG enrichment analyses of these genes indicated that 53.3% of the upregulated genes were involved in the ergosterol synthesis pathway. Subsequently, quantitative PCR was used to verify the results, which showed that the genes of the ergosterol synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated under 180 g/L NaCl stress. Finally, further quantitative testing of ergosterol and spotting assays revealed that Z. rouxii M 2013310 increased the amount of ergosterol in response to high salt stress. These results highlighted the functional differences in ergosterol under sugar stress and salt stress, which contributes to our understanding of the tolerance mechanisms of salt and sugar in Z. rouxii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Huili Xia
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, China, 430062
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
| | - Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China.,ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, China, 430062S
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24
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Kessi-Pérez EI, González A, Palacios JL, Martínez C. Yeast as a biological platform for vitamin D production: A promising alternative to help reduce vitamin D deficiency in humans. Yeast 2022; 39:482-492. [PMID: 35581681 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important human hormone, known primarily to be involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, but it is also involved in various non-skeletal processes (molecular, cellular, immune, and neuronal). One of the main health problems nowadays is the vitamin D deficiency of the human population due to lack of sun exposure, with estimates of one billion people worldwide with vitamin D deficiency, and the consequent need for clinical intervention (i.e., prescription of pharmacological vitamin D supplements). An alternative to reduce vitamin D deficiency is to produce good dietary sources of it, a scenario in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to be a promising alternative. This review focuses on the potential use of yeast as a biological platform to produce vitamin D, summarizing both the biology aspects of vitamin D (synthesis, ecology and evolution, metabolism, and bioequivalence) and the work done to produce it in yeast (both for vitamin D2 and for vitamin D3 ), highlighting existing challenges and potential solutions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Kessi-Pérez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adens González
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Palacios
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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25
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Jiang YQ, Lin JP. Recent progress in strategies for steroid production in yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:93. [PMID: 35441962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As essential structural molecules of fungal cell membrane, ergosterol is not only an important component of fungal growth and stress-resistance but also a key precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance. So far, ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast has been elucidated elaborately, and efforts have been made to increase ergosterol production through regulation of ergosterol metabolism and storage. Furthermore, the same intermediates shared by yeasts and animals or plants make the construction of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast a promising approach to synthesize valuable steroids, such as phytosteroids and animal steroid hormones. During these challenging processes, several obstacles have arisen and been combated with great endeavors. This paper reviews recent research progress of yeast metabolic engineering for improving the production of ergosterol and heterologous steroids. The remaining tactics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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26
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Xing YM, Li B, Liu L, Li Y, Yin SX, Yin SC, Chen J, Guo SX. Armillaria mellea Symbiosis Drives Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Changes in Polyporus umbellatus Sclerotia. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:792530. [PMID: 35185819 PMCID: PMC8851056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.792530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotia, the medicinal part of Polyporus umbellatus, play important roles in diuresis and renal protection, with steroids and polysaccharides as the main active ingredients. The sclerotia grow and develop only after symbiosis with Armillaria sp. In this study, a systematic metabolomics based on non-targeted UPLC-MS method was carried out between the infected part of the separated cavity wall of the sclerotia (QR) and the uninfected part (the control group, CK) to find and identify differential metabolites. The biosynthetic pathway of characteristic steroids in sclerotia of P. umbellatus was deduced and the content of ergosterol, polyporusterone A and B in the QR and CK groups were detected with the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, the expression patterns of putative genes associated with steroid biosynthesis pathway were also performed with quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that a total of 258 metabolites originated from fungi with the fragmentation score more than 45 and high resolution mass were identified, based on UPLC-MS metabolomic analysis, and there were 118 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between both groups. The metabolic pathways indicated that steroids, fatty acid and carbohydrate were active and enriched during P. umbellatus sclerotia infected by A. mellea. The content of ergosterol, polyporusterone A and B in the QR group increased by 32.2, 75.0, and 20.0%, in comparison to that of the control group. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that series of enzymes including C-8 sterol isomerase (ERG2), sterol C-24 methyltransferase (ERG6) and sterol 22-desaturase (ERG5), which played important roles in the final steps of ergosterol biosynthesis, all presented up-regulated patterns in the QR group in P. umbellatus. The comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic information will contribute to further study concerning the mechanisms of P. umbellatus sclerotial formation infected by A. mellea in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Xue Yin
- Institute of Fungus Development of Liuba, Qinzheng Zhuling Development Co., Ltd., of Liuba, Hanzhong, China
| | - Shu-Chao Yin
- Institute of Fungus Development of Liuba, Qinzheng Zhuling Development Co., Ltd., of Liuba, Hanzhong, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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27
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Jiao X, Shen B, Li M, Ye L, Yu H. Secretory Production of Tocotrienols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:788-799. [PMID: 35100508 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tocotrienols as important components of vitamin E have attracted increasing attention, with recent progress made in their heterologous biosynthesis, but all as intracellular products. Aiming to further improve the tocotrienol production capacity of engineered yeast and to advance toward industrial fermentation of tocotrienols, we first optimized the synthetic pathway to enhance the tocotrienol yield and then attempted to realize their secretory production by exploring biphasic extractive fermentation conditions and screening for endogenous transporters. Finally, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with tocotrienol yield of 25.57 mg/g dry cell weight was generated, and the tocotrienol titer reached 82.68 mg/L in shake-flask cultures, with 73.66% of the product secreted into the organic phase. For the first time, we have reported that the vitamin E components could be harvested as extracellular products of microbial cell factories, which could largely simplify the downstream process and could be of significance for fermentative production of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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28
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Sun H, Cai X, Yan B, Bai H, Meng D, Mo X, He S, Su G, Jiang C. Multi-Omics Analysis of Lipid Metabolism for a Marine Probiotic Meyerozyma guilliermondii GXDK6 Under High NaCl Stress. Front Genet 2022; 12:798535. [PMID: 35096014 PMCID: PMC8792971 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.798535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating microbial lipid regulation contributes to understanding the lipid-dependent signal transduction process of cells and helps to improve the sensitivity of microorganisms to environmental factors by interfering with lipid metabolism, thus beneficial for constructing advanced cell factories of novel molecular drugs. Integrated omics technology was used to systematically reveal the lipid metabolism mechanism of a marine Meyerozyma guilliermondii GXDK6 under high NaCl stress and test the sensitivity of GXDK6 to antibiotics when its lipid metabolism transformed. The omics data showed that when GXDK6 perceived 10% NaCl stress, the expression of AYR1 and NADPH-dependent 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase was inhibited, which weaken the budding and proliferation of cell membranes. This finding was further validated by decreased 64.39% of OD600 under 10% NaCl stress when compared with salt-free stress. In addition, salt stress promoted a large intracellular accumulation of glycerol, which was also verified by exogenous addition of glycerol. Moreover, NaCl stress remarkably inhibited the expression of drug target proteins (such as lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase), thereby increasing sensitivity to fluconazole. This study provided new insights into the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain and contributed to developing new methods to improve the effectiveness of killing fungi with lower antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinghua Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, China
| | - Huashan Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Duotao Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueyan Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng He
- Guangxi Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Guijiao Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, China
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Du MM, Zhu ZT, Zhang GG, Zhao YQ, Gao B, Tao XY, Liu M, Ren YH, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Hyperproduction of β-Amyrin by Mitigating the Inhibition Effect of Squalene on β-Amyrin Synthase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:229-237. [PMID: 34955018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to enhance β-amyrin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by peroxisome compartmentalization. First, overaccumulated squalene was determined as a key limiting factor for the production of β-amyrin since it could inhibit the activity of β-amyrin synthase GgbAs1. Second, to mitigate the inhibition effect, the enhanced squalene synthesis pathway was compartmentalized into peroxisomes to insulate overaccumulated squalene from GgbAs1, and thus the specific titer of β-amyrin reached 57.8 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW), which was 2.6-fold higher than that of the cytosol engineering strain. Third, by combining peroxisome compartmentalization with the "push-pull-restrain" strategy (ERG1 and GgbAs1 overexpression and ERG7 weakening), the production of β-amyrin was further increased to 81.0 mg/g DCW (347.0 mg/L). Finally, through fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L fermenter, the titer of β-amyrin reached 2.6 g/L, which is the highest reported to date. The study provides a new perspective to engineering yeasts as a platform for triterpene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhan-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ge-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun-Qiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin-Yi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Impairment of carotenoid biosynthesis through CAR1 gene mutation results in CoQ 10, sterols, and phytoene accumulation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:317-327. [PMID: 34910239 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Red yeasts, mainly included in the genera Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidiobolus, and Sporobolomyces, are renowned biocatalysts for the production of a wide range of secondary metabolites of commercial interest, among which lipids, carotenoids, and other isoprenoids. The production of all these compounds is tightly interrelated as they share acetyl-CoA and the mevalonate pathway as common intermediates. Here, T-DNA insertional mutagenesis was applied to the wild type strain C2.5t1 of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa for the isolation of albino mutants with impaired carotenoids biosynthesis. The rationale behind this approach was that a blockage in carotenoid biosynthetic pathway could divert carbon flux toward the production of lipids and/or other molecules deriving from terpenoid precursors. One characterized albino mutant, namely, strain W4, carries a T-DNA insertion in the CAR1 gene coding for phytoene desaturase. When cultured in glycerol-containing medium, W4 strain showed significant decreases in cell density and fatty acids content in respect to the wild type strain. Conversely, it reached significantly higher productions of phytoene, CoQ10, and sterols. These were supported by an increased expression of CAR2 gene that codes for phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase. Thus, in accordance with the starting hypothesis, the impairment of carotenoids biosynthesis can be explored to pursue the biotechnological exploitation of red yeasts for enhanced production of secondary metabolites with several commercial applications. KEY POINTS: • The production of lipids, carotenoids, and other isoprenoids is tightly interrelated. • CAR1 gene mutation results in the overproduction of phytoene, CoQ10, and sterols. • Albino mutants are promising tools for the production of secondary metabolites.
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Gu Y, Jiao X, Ye L, Yu H. Metabolic engineering strategies for de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:110. [PMID: 38650187 PMCID: PMC10992410 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal compounds are of great interest in the pharmaceutical field, with steroidal drugs as the second largest category of medicine in the world. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast, which is a green and safe production route for these valuable steroidal compounds. In this review, we summarize the metabolic engineering strategies developed and employed for improving the de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast based on the regulation mechanisms, and introduce the recent progresses in de novo synthesis of some typical sterols and steroids in yeast. The remaining challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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A squalene-hopene cyclase in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus represents a eukaryotic adaptation to sterol-limited anaerobic environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105225118. [PMID: 34353908 PMCID: PMC8364164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105225118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of sterols requires oxygen. This study identifies a previously unknown evolutionary adaptation in a eukaryote, which enables anaerobic growth in absence of exogenous sterols. A squalene–hopene cyclase, proposed to have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from an acetic acid bacterium, is implicated in a unique ability of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus to synthesize hopanoids and grow in anaerobic, sterol-free media. Expression of this cyclase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that at least one of its hopanoid products acts as sterol surrogate. These observations provide leads for research into the structure and function of eukaryotic membranes and into the development of sterol-independent yeast cell factories for application in anaerobic processes. Biosynthesis of sterols, which are key constituents of canonical eukaryotic membranes, requires molecular oxygen. Anaerobic protists and deep-branching anaerobic fungi are the only eukaryotes in which a mechanism for sterol-independent growth has been elucidated. In these organisms, tetrahymanol, formed through oxygen-independent cyclization of squalene by a squalene–tetrahymanol cyclase, acts as a sterol surrogate. This study confirms an early report [C. J. E. A. Bulder, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 37, 353–358 (1971)] that Schizosaccharomyces japonicus is exceptional among yeasts in growing anaerobically on synthetic media lacking sterols and unsaturated fatty acids. Mass spectrometry of lipid fractions of anaerobically grown Sch. japonicus showed the presence of hopanoids, a class of cyclic triterpenoids not previously detected in yeasts, including hop-22(29)-ene, hop-17(21)-ene, hop-21(22)-ene, and hopan-22-ol. A putative gene in Sch. japonicus showed high similarity to bacterial squalene–hopene cyclase (SHC) genes and in particular to those of Acetobacter species. No orthologs of the putative Sch. japonicus SHC were found in other yeast species. Expression of the Sch. japonicus SHC gene (Sjshc1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enabled hopanoid synthesis and stimulated anaerobic growth in sterol-free media, thus indicating that one or more of the hopanoids produced by SjShc1 could at least partially replace sterols. Use of hopanoids as sterol surrogates represents a previously unknown adaptation of eukaryotic cells to anaerobic growth. The fast anaerobic growth of Sch. japonicus in sterol-free media is an interesting trait for developing robust fungal cell factories for application in anaerobic industrial processes.
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Mooiman C, Bouwknegt J, Dekker WJC, Wiersma SJ, Ortiz-Merino RA, de Hulster E, Pronk JT. Critical parameters and procedures for anaerobic cultivation of yeasts in bioreactors and anaerobic chambers. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:foab035. [PMID: 34100921 PMCID: PMC8216787 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All known facultatively fermentative yeasts require molecular oxygen for growth. Only in a small number of yeast species, these requirements can be circumvented by supplementation of known anaerobic growth factors such as nicotinate, sterols and unsaturated fatty acids. Biosynthetic oxygen requirements of yeasts are typically small and, unless extensive precautions are taken to minimize inadvertent entry of trace amounts of oxygen, easily go unnoticed in small-scale laboratory cultivation systems. This paper discusses critical points in the design of anaerobic yeast cultivation experiments in anaerobic chambers and laboratory bioreactors. Serial transfer or continuous cultivation to dilute growth factors present in anaerobically pre-grown inocula, systematic inclusion of control strains and minimizing the impact of oxygen diffusion through tubing are identified as key elements in experimental design. Basic protocols are presented for anaerobic-chamber and bioreactor experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Mooiman
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jonna Bouwknegt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wijb J C Dekker
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J Wiersma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Raúl A Ortiz-Merino
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Hulster
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Su Q, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang F. The transcriptome analysis on urea response mechanism in the process of ergosterol synthesis by Cordyceps cicadae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10927. [PMID: 34035359 PMCID: PMC8149685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen source is required for the growth of Cordyceps cicadae and involved in the regulation of metabolite synthesis. In order to further investigate the regulatory effects of nitrogen sources on the ergosterol synthesis by C. cicadae. We first confirmed that urea could significantly increase the ergosterol synthesis. The transcriptome analysis showed that compared with biomass cultured in the control fermentation medium (CFM), 1340 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and 312 DEGs were obtained by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation from the biomass cultured in CFM + CO(NH2)2. Urea up-regulated D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene transcription level and down-regulated enolase and L-serine/L-threonine ammonialyase gene transcription level, increased serine synthesis, allosterically activate pyruvate kinase, to promote the synthesis of pyruvate and CH3CO ~ SCOA, the primer of ergosterol; Urea increase the genes transcription related with ergosterol synthesis by up-regulating the steroid regulatory element binding protein gene transcription levels. The transcriptome results were provided by those of qRT-PCR. Collectively, our finding provided valuable insights into the regulatory effect of nitrogen source on the ergosterol synthesis by C. cicadae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Su
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicai Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Production Processing Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China. .,Zhenjiang Yemaikang Food Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaocui Liu
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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Lactate Like Fluconazole Reduces Ergosterol Content in the Plasma Membrane and Synergistically Kills Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105219. [PMID: 34069257 PMCID: PMC8156871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that induces vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), among other diseases. In the vaginal environment, the source of carbon for C. albicans can be either lactic acid or its dissociated form, lactate. It has been shown that lactate, similar to the popular antifungal drug fluconazole (FLC), reduces the expression of the ERG11 gene and hence the amount of ergosterol in the plasma membrane. The Cdr1 transporter that effluxes xenobiotics from C. albicans cells, including FLC, is delocalized from the plasma membrane to a vacuole under the influence of lactate. Despite the overexpression of the CDR1 gene and the increased activity of Cdr1p, C. albicans is fourfold more sensitive to FLC in the presence of lactate than when glucose is the source of carbon. We propose synergistic effects of lactate and FLC in that they block Cdr1 activity by delocalization due to changes in the ergosterol content of the plasma membrane.
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Taghon GJ, Rowe JB, Kapolka NJ, Isom DG. Predictable cholesterol binding sites in GPCRs lack consensus motifs. Structure 2021; 29:499-506.e3. [PMID: 33508215 PMCID: PMC9162085 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A rich diversity of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are used by eukaryotes to sense physical and chemical signals. In humans alone, 800 GPCRs comprise the largest and most therapeutically targeted receptor class. Recent advances in GPCR structural biology have produced hundreds of GPCR structures solved by X-ray diffraction and increasingly, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Many of these structures are stabilized by site-specific cholesterol binding, but it is unclear whether these interactions are a product of recurring cholesterol-binding motifs and if observed patterns of cholesterol binding differ by experimental technique. Here, we comprehensively analyze the location and composition of cholesterol binding sites in the current set of 473 human GPCR structural chains. Our findings establish that cholesterol binds similarly in cryo-EM and X-ray structures and show that 92% of cholesterol molecules on GPCR surfaces reside in predictable locations that lack discernable cholesterol-binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Taghon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 6078A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jacob B Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 6078A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kapolka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 6078A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel G Isom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 6078A, Miami, FL 33136, USA; University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; University of Miami Institute for Data Science and Computing, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Li Y, Dai M, Zhang Y, Lu L. The sterol C-14 reductase Erg24 is responsible for ergosterol biosynthesis and ion homeostasis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1253-1268. [PMID: 33475797 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol, a major lipid present in the fungal cell membrane, is considered as an effective antifungal drug target. A rational strategy for increasing drug reservoir relies on functionally validation of essential enzymes involved in fungal key biological pathway. Current knowledge regarding the essential genes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway is still limited in the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, we characterized two endoplasmic reticulum-localized sterol C-14 reductases encoded by both erg24A and erg24B homologs that are essential for the viability of A. fumigatus despite the fact that neither paralog is essential individually. Loss of one homolog of Erg24 impairs hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence but has no effect on ergosterol biosynthesis. To investigate the functional significance of erg24, a conditional double mutant (Δerg24B niiA::erg24A) was constructed in the Δerg24B background. Strikingly, the conditional erg24 double mutant exhibited severe growth defects and accumulation of sterol intermediate. Moreover, the addition of metal ions and the overexpression of the corresponding ion transporters could rescue the growth defects of the erg24 double mutant in A. fumigatus, implying that the defective phenotype of the erg24 double mutant is tightly associated with dysregulation of ion homeostasis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the critical role of Erg24 in ergosterol biosynthesis and ion homeostasis in A. fumigatus, which may have important implications for antifungal discovery. KEY POINTS: • We characterized two endoplasmic reticulum-localized sterol C-14 reductases Erg24A and Erg24B in A. fumigatus. • Erg24A and Erg24B in combination, but not individually, are required for the viability of A. fumigatus. • Inactivation of Erg24 leads to the disruption of ion homeostasis and affects ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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Zheng Koh DH, Saheki Y. Regulation of Plasma Membrane Sterol Homeostasis by Nonvesicular Lipid Transport. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211042451. [PMID: 37366378 PMCID: PMC10259818 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211042451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sterol contributes to the structural integrity of cellular membranes and plays an important role in the regulation of cell signaling in eukaryotes. It is either produced in the endoplasmic reticulum or taken up from the extracellular environment. In most eukaryotic cells, however, the majority of sterol is enriched in the plasma membrane. Thus, the transport of sterol between the plasma membrane and other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, is crucial for maintaining sterol homeostasis. While vesicular transport that relies on membrane budding and fusion reactions plays an important role in bulk sterol transport, this mode of transport is slow and non-selective. Growing evidence suggests a critical role of nonvesicular transport mediated by evolutionarily conserved families of lipid transfer proteins in more rapid and selective delivery of sterol. Some lipid transfer proteins act primarily at the sites of contacts formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles or the plasma membrane without membrane fusion. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences of sterol biosynthesis and uptake in mammals and yeast and discuss the role of their lipid transfer proteins in maintaining plasma membrane sterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Institute of Resource Development and
Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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da Nóbrega Alves D, Monteiro AFM, Andrade PN, Lazarini JG, Abílio GMF, Guerra FQS, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Rosalen PL, de Castro RD. Docking Prediction, Antifungal Activity, Anti-Biofilm Effects on Candida spp., and Toxicity against Human Cells of Cinnamaldehyde. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245969. [PMID: 33339401 PMCID: PMC7767272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde on Candida spp. In vitro and in situ assays were carried out to test cinnamaldehyde for its anti-Candida effects, antibiofilm activity, effects on fungal micromorphology, antioxidant activity, and toxicity on keratinocytes and human erythrocytes. Statistical analysis was performed considering α = 5%. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of cinnamaldehyde ranged from 18.91 μM to 37.83 μM. MIC values did not change in the presence of 0.8 M sorbitol, whereas an 8-fold increase was observed in the presence of ergosterol, suggesting that cinnamaldehyde may act on the cell membrane, which was subsequently confirmed by docking analysis. The action of cinnamaldehyde likely includes binding to enzymes involved in the formation of the cytoplasmic membrane in yeast cells. Cinnamaldehyde-treated microcultures showed impaired cellular development, with an expression of rare pseudo-hyphae and absence of chlamydoconidia. Cinnamaldehyde reduced biofilm adherence by 64.52% to 33.75% (p < 0.0001) at low concentrations (378.3–151.3 µM). Cinnamaldehyde did not show antioxidant properties. Conclusions: Cinnamaldehyde showed fungicidal activity through a mechanism of action likely related to ergosterol complexation; it was non-cytotoxic to keratinocytes and human erythrocytes and showed no antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle da Nóbrega Alves
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Néris Andrade
- Experimental Pharmacology and Cell Culture Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Josy Goldoni Lazarini
- Department of Bioscience, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP 13414-903, Brazil; (J.G.L.); (P.L.R.)
| | - Gisely Maria Freire Abílio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Chemistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Cheminformatics Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Bioscience, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP 13414-903, Brazil; (J.G.L.); (P.L.R.)
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7742
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Gonzalez-Jimenez I, Lucio J, Amich J, Cuesta I, Sanchez Arroyo R, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Mellado E. A Cyp51B Mutation Contributes to Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040315. [PMID: 33255951 PMCID: PMC7712412 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance has been acknowledged worldwide. The main problem of azole resistance is the limited therapeutic options for patients suffering aspergillosis. Azole resistance mechanisms have been mostly linked to the enzyme Cyp51A, a target of azole drugs, with a wide variety of modifications responsible for the different resistance mechanisms described to date. However, there are increasing reports of A. fumigatus strains showing azole resistance without Cyp51A modifications, and thus, novel resistance mechanisms are being explored. Here, we characterized two isogenic A. fumigatus clinical strains isolated two years apart from the same patient. Both strains were resistant to clinical azoles but showed different azole resistance mechanisms. One strain (CM8940) harbored a previously described G54A mutation in Cyp51A while the other strain (CM9640) had a novel G457S mutation in Cyp51B, the other target of azoles. In addition, this second strain had a F390L mutation in Hmg1. CM9640 showed higher levels of gene expression of cyp51A, cyp51B and hmg1 than the CM8940 strain. The role of the novel mutation found in Cyp51B together with the contribution of a mutation in Hmg1 in azole resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-J.); (J.L.); (L.A.-F.)
| | - Jose Lucio
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-J.); (J.L.); (L.A.-F.)
| | - Jorge Amich
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Bioinformatics Unit, Common Scientific Technical Units, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-J.); (J.L.); (L.A.-F.)
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/CIII/0004/0003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Mellado
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-J.); (J.L.); (L.A.-F.)
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/CIII/0004/0003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Zhang J, Li Q, Liu J, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Astaxanthin overproduction and proteomic analysis of Phaffia rhodozyma under the oxidative stress induced by TiO 2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123525. [PMID: 32447228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of TiO2 on the growth and astaxanthin yield of P. rhodozyma PR106. Subsequently, proteomics method was used to analyze the proteins changes of the strain under TiO2 treatment, to investigate the metabolic mechanism of the active oxygen generator TiO2 promoting the astaxanthin synthesis in P. rhodozyma. The results showed that TiO2 caused oxidative stress response in P. rhodozyma, and astaxanthin yield was 14.74 mg/L, which was 2 times of the control group; while, TiO2 had no effect on biomass and apoptosis of the cells. Proteomics analysis and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) technology initially explored that bud-site selection protein (BUD22), ubiquitin-40s ribosomal protein s31 fusion protein, cell cycle control protein, C-4 methyl sterol oxidase and glutaredoxin were associated with astaxanthin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingru Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, Chin; National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China.
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Squalene-Tetrahymanol Cyclase Expression Enables Sterol-Independent Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00672-20. [PMID: 32561581 PMCID: PMC7440791 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00672-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The laboratory experiments described in this report simulate a proposed horizontal gene transfer event during the evolution of strictly anaerobic fungi. The demonstration that expression of a single heterologous gene sufficed to eliminate anaerobic sterol requirements in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae therefore contributes to our understanding of how sterol-independent eukaryotes evolved in anoxic environments. This report provides a proof of principle for a metabolic engineering strategy to eliminate sterol requirements in yeast strains that are applied in large-scale anaerobic industrial processes. The sterol-independent yeast strains described in this report provide a valuable platform for further studies on the physiological roles and impacts of sterols and sterol surrogates in eukaryotic cells. Biosynthesis of sterols, which are considered essential components of virtually all eukaryotic membranes, requires molecular oxygen. Anaerobic growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae therefore strictly depends on sterol supplementation of synthetic growth media. Neocallimastigomycota are a group of strictly anaerobic fungi which, instead of containing sterols, contain the pentacyclic triterpenoid “sterol surrogate” tetrahymanol, which is formed by cyclization of squalene. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the squalene-tetrahymanol cyclase gene TtTHC1 from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila enables synthesis of tetrahymanol by S. cerevisiae. Moreover, expression of TtTHC1 enabled exponential growth of anaerobic S. cerevisiae cultures in sterol-free synthetic media. After deletion of the ERG1 gene from a TtTHC1-expressing S. cerevisiae strain, native sterol synthesis was abolished and sustained sterol-free growth was demonstrated under anaerobic as well as aerobic conditions. Anaerobic cultures of TtTHC1-expressing S. cerevisiae on sterol-free medium showed lower specific growth rates and biomass yields than ergosterol-supplemented cultures, while their ethanol yield was higher. This study demonstrated that acquisition of a functional squalene-tetrahymanol cyclase gene offers an immediate growth advantage to S. cerevisiae under anaerobic, sterol-limited conditions and provides the basis for a metabolic engineering strategy to eliminate the oxygen requirements associated with sterol synthesis in yeasts. IMPORTANCE The laboratory experiments described in this report simulate a proposed horizontal gene transfer event during the evolution of strictly anaerobic fungi. The demonstration that expression of a single heterologous gene sufficed to eliminate anaerobic sterol requirements in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae therefore contributes to our understanding of how sterol-independent eukaryotes evolved in anoxic environments. This report provides a proof of principle for a metabolic engineering strategy to eliminate sterol requirements in yeast strains that are applied in large-scale anaerobic industrial processes. The sterol-independent yeast strains described in this report provide a valuable platform for further studies on the physiological roles and impacts of sterols and sterol surrogates in eukaryotic cells.
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Yang X, Zhang L, Xiang Y, Du L, Huang X, Liu Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed its response mechanisms to the biological control agent, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12576. [PMID: 32724140 PMCID: PMC7387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control mechanisms of plant diseases have been intensively studied. However, how plant pathogens respond to and resist or alleviate biocontrol agents remains largely unknown. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate how the pathogen of sclerotinia stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, responds and resists to the biocontrol agent, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Results revealed that a total of 2,373 genes were differentially expressed in S. sclerotiorum samples treated with B. amyloliquefaciens fermentation broth (TS) when compared to control samples (CS). Among these genes, 2,017 were upregulated and 356 were downregulated. Further analyses indicated that various genes related to fungal cell wall and cell membrane synthesis, antioxidants, and the autophagy pathway were significantly upregulated, including glucan synthesis, ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, fatty acid synthase, heme-binding peroxidase related to oxidative stress, glutathione S-transferase, ABC transporter, and autophagy-related genes. These results suggest that S. sclerotiorum recruits numerous genes to respond to or resist the biocontrol of B. amyloliquefaciens. Thus, this study serves as a valuable resource regarding the mechanisms of fungal pathogen resistance to biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjia Xiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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An Erg11 lanosterol 14-α-demethylase-Arv1 complex is required for Candida albicans virulence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235746. [PMID: 32678853 PMCID: PMC7367482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Azole resistant fungal infections remain a health problem for the immune compromised. Current therapies are limited due to rises in new resistance mechanisms. Therefore, it is important to identify new drug targets for drug discovery and novel therapeutics. Arv1 (are1 are2required for viability 1) function is highly conserved between multiple pathogenic fungal species. Candida albicans (C. albicans) cells lacking CaArv1 are azole hypersusceptible and lack virulence. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) Scarv1 cells are also azole hypersusceptible, a phenotype reversed by expression of CaArv1, indicating conservation in the molecular mechanism for azole susceptibility. To define the relationship between Arv1 function and azole susceptibility, we undertook a structure/function analysis of ScArv1. We identified several conserved amino acids within the ScArv1 homology domain (ScAhd) required for maintaining normal azole susceptibility. Erg11 lanosterol 14-α-demethylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in sterol biosynthesis and is the direct target of azole antifungals, so we used our ScArv1 mutants in order to explore the relationship between ScArv1 and ScErg11. Specific ScArv1 mutants ectopically expressed from a low copy plasmid were unable to restore normal azole susceptibility to Scarv1 cells and had reduced Erg11 protein levels. Erg11 protein stability depended on its ability to form a heterodimeric complex with Arv1. Complex formation was required for maintaining normal azole susceptibility. Scarv1 cells expressing orthologous CaArv1 mutants also had reduced CaErg11 levels, were unable to form a CaArv1-CaErg11 complex, and were azole hypersusceptible. Scarv1 cells expressing CaArv1 mutants unable to interact with CaErg11 could not sustain proper levels of the azole resistant CaErg11Y132F F145L protein. Caarv1/Caarv1 cells expressing CaArv1 mutants unable to interact with CaErg11 were found to lack virulence using a disseminated candidiasis mouse model. Expressing CaErg11Y132F F145L did not reverse the lack of virulence. We hypothesize that the role of Arv1 in Erg11-dependent azole resistance is to stabilize Erg11 protein level. Arv1 inhibition may represent an avenue for treating azole resistance.
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da Silveira FA, de Oliveira Soares DL, Bang KW, Balbino TR, de Moura Ferreira MA, Diniz RHS, de Lima LA, Brandão MM, Villas-Bôas SG, da Silveira WB. Assessment of ethanol tolerance of Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 selected by adaptive laboratory evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7483-7494. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070795. [PMID: 32679672 PMCID: PMC7397035 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is an essential component of fungal cell membranes that determines the fluidity, permeability and activity of membrane-associated proteins. Ergosterol biosynthesis is a complex and highly energy-consuming pathway that involves the participation of many enzymes. Deficiencies in sterol biosynthesis cause pleiotropic defects that limit cellular proliferation and adaptation to stress. Thereby, fungal ergosterol levels are tightly controlled by the bioavailability of particular metabolites (e.g., sterols, oxygen and iron) and environmental conditions. The regulation of ergosterol synthesis is achieved by overlapping mechanisms that include transcriptional expression, feedback inhibition of enzymes and changes in their subcellular localization. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the sterol regulatory element (SRE)-binding proteins Upc2 and Ecm22, the heme-binding protein Hap1 and the repressor factors Rox1 and Mot3 coordinate ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) gene expression. Here, we summarize the sterol biosynthesis, transport and detoxification systems of S. cerevisiae, as well as its adaptive response to sterol depletion, low oxygen, hyperosmotic stress and iron deficiency. Because of the large number of ERG genes and the crosstalk between different environmental signals and pathways, many aspects of ergosterol regulation are still unknown. The study of sterol metabolism and its regulation is highly relevant due to its wide applications in antifungal treatments, as well as in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Yeast as a promising heterologous host for steroid bioproduction. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:829-843. [PMID: 32661815 PMCID: PMC7358296 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering technologies, yeast has been generally considered as promising hosts for the bioproduction of secondary metabolites. Sterols are essential components of cell membrane, and are the precursors for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, signaling molecules, and defense molecules in the higher eukaryotes, which are of pharmaceutical and agricultural significance. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent engineering efforts of using yeast to synthesize various steroids, and discuss the structural diversity that the current steroid-producing yeast can achieve, the challenge and the potential of using yeast as the bioproduction platform of various steroids from higher eukaryotes.
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Johnston EJ, Moses T, Rosser SJ. The wide-ranging phenotypes of ergosterol biosynthesis mutants, and implications for microbial cell factories. Yeast 2020; 37:27-44. [PMID: 31800968 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast strains have been used extensively as robust microbial cell factories for the production of bulk and fine chemicals, including biofuels (bioethanol), complex pharmaceuticals (antimalarial drug artemisinin and opioid pain killers), flavours, and fragrances (vanillin, nootkatone, and resveratrol). In many cases, it is of benefit to suppress or modify ergosterol biosynthesis during strain engineering, for example, to increase thermotolerance or to increase metabolic flux through an alternate pathway. However, the impact of modifying ergosterol biosynthesis on engineered strains is discussed sparsely in literature, and little attention has been paid to the implications of these modifications on the general health and well-being of yeast. Importantly, yeast with modified sterol content exhibit a wide range of phenotypes, including altered organization and dynamics of plasma membrane, altered susceptibility to chemical treatment, increased tolerance to high temperatures, and reduced tolerance to other stresses such as high ethanol, salt, and solute concentrations. Here, we review the wide-ranging phenotypes of viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with altered sterol content and discuss the implications of these for yeast as microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tessa Moses
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan J Rosser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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