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Li X, Wang X, Zhang D, Huang J, Shi W, Wang J. Historical spread routes of wild walnuts in Central Asia shaped by man-made and nature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1394409. [PMID: 38903444 PMCID: PMC11187337 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1394409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Walnuts have substantial economic value and are of significant interest being a wild-cultivated species. The study has re-sequenced the entire genome of the wild walnut, aligning it with the walnut reference genome, to identify 2,021,717 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These were used to examine the genetics of 130 wild walnut samples collected from three countries. Utilizing structural and principal component analysis, the walnut samples from Central Asia were classified into four populations: Ili ah in Xinjiang (I), Dushanbe region in Tajikistan (II), Sary-Chelek, Arslanbob in Kara-Alma regions of Kyrgyzstan (III), and Kok-Tundy region of Kyrgyzstan (IV). The 4 groups showed large differences in nucleotide diversity, population differentiation, and linkage disequilibrium decay, as well as gene flow among them. The present geographic distribution of these populations does not align with the genetic distribution pattern as the populations of Central Asian wild walnuts have experienced similar population dynamics in the past, i.e., the highest effective population size at ca. 6 Ma, two sharp population declines at 6 and 0.2 Ma, and convergence at ca. 0.2 Ma. The genetic distribution patterns are better explained by human activity, notably through archaeological findings of walnut use and the influence of the Silk Road, rather than by current geographic distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Junhua Huang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Lab of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
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Luo X, Zhou H, Cao D, Yan F, Chen P, Wang J, Woeste K, Chen X, Fei Z, An H, Malvolti M, Ma K, Liu C, Ebrahimi A, Qiao C, Ye H, Li M, Lu Z, Xu J, Cao S, Zhao P. Domestication and selection footprints in Persian walnuts (Juglans regia). PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010513. [PMID: 36477175 PMCID: PMC9728896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans) species are economically important hardwood trees cultivated worldwide for both edible nuts and high-quality wood. Broad-scale assessments of species diversity, evolutionary history, and domestication are needed to improve walnut breeding. In this study, we sequenced 309 walnut accessions from around the world, including 55 Juglans relatives, 98 wild Persian walnuts (J. regia), 70 J. regia landraces, and 86 J. regia cultivars. The phylogenetic tree indicated that J. regia samples (section Dioscaryon) were monophyletic within Juglans. The core areas of genetic diversity of J. regia germplasm were southwestern China and southern Asia near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Himalayas, and the uplift of the Himalayas was speculated to be the main factor leading to the current population dynamics of Persian walnut. The pattern of genomic variation in terms of nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertions/deletions revealed the domestication and selection footprints in Persian walnut. Selective sweep analysis, GWAS, and expression analysis further identified two transcription factors, JrbHLH and JrMYB6, that influence the thickness of the nut diaphragm as loci under selection during domestication. Our results elucidate the domestication and selection footprints in Persian walnuts and provide a valuable resource for the genomics-assisted breeding of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Luo
- College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Da Cao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xin Chen
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, National Germplasm Repository of Walnut and Chestnut, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong An
- Bioinformatics and Analytics Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria Malvolti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Kai Ma
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Chaobin Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aziz Ebrahimi
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (SC); (PZ)
| | - Shangying Cao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (SC); (PZ)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (SC); (PZ)
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yang Y, Xu L, Feng J, Wang J, Tang Y, Pei X, Zhao X. Genetic Diversity of Juglans mandshurica Populations in Northeast China Based on SSR Markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931578. [PMID: 35845684 PMCID: PMC9280368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Juglans mandshurica is a native tree species in Northeast China. Due to habitat destruction and human disturbance, its population size has sharply decreased. Currently, information on molecular markers of J. mandshurica is limited and cannot meet the needs of germplasm resource evaluation and molecular marker-assisted breeding of J. mandshurica. Based on transcriptomic data from three tissues (leaves, bark, and fruit pericarp), we developed expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) for J. mandshurica, and 15 polymorphic EST-SSR primers were initially selected. The average number of alleles (Na), expected heterozygosity (He), and the polymorphic information content (PIC) at different loci were 18.27, 0.670, and 0.797, respectively. Population genetic diversity analysis revealed that the average Na, He, and Shannon information indices (I) for 15 J. mandshurica populations were 6.993, 0.670, and 1.455, respectively. Among them, population Hunchun exhibited the highest genetic diversity (Na = 7.933, He = 0.723, and I = 1.617), while population Heihe exhibited the lowest genetic diversity (Na = 4.200, He = 0.605, and I = 1.158). STRUCTURE analysis, neighbor-joining method cluster analysis, and principal coordinate analysis showed that the 343 individuals of J. mandshurica from 15 populations were clustered into three categories. Category 1 (green) had 147 individuals from eight populations in Qingyuan, Caohekou, Jian, Ningan, Yongji, Baishishan, Helong, and Maoershan; category 2 (blue) had 81 individuals from three populations in Hulin, Boli, and Sanchazi; and category 3 (red) had 115 individuals from four populations in Heihe, Hunchun, Fangzheng, and Liangshui. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variations among and within individuals accounted for 16.22% and 21.10% of the total genetic variation, respectively, indicating that genetic variations within populations were greater than genetic variations among populations. The average genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) between different populations were 0.109 and 4.063, respectively, implying moderate levels of genetic differentiation and gene flow. Based on the genetic diversity characteristics of different populations, we proposed various genetic conservation strategies for J. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuchun Yang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lianfeng Xu
- Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Liaoning Academy of Forest Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Linjiang Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province, Lijiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Tang
- Linjiang Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province, Lijiang, China
| | - Xiaona Pei
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Zhou H, Hu Y, Ebrahimi A, Liu P, Woeste K, Zhao P, Zhang S. Whole genome based insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the Juglandaceae. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:191. [PMID: 34674641 PMCID: PMC8529855 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The walnut family (Juglandaceae) contains commercially important woody trees commonly called walnut, wingnut, pecan and hickory. Phylogenetic relationships and diversification within the Juglandaceae are classic and hot scientific topics that have been elucidated by recent fossil, morphological, molecular, and (paleo) environmental data. Further resolution of relationships among and within genera is still needed and can be achieved by analysis of the variation of chloroplast, mtDNA, and nuclear genomes. RESULTS We reconstructed the backbone phylogenetic relationships of Juglandaceae using organelle and nuclear genome data from 27 species. The divergence time of Juglandaceae was estimated to be 78.7 Mya. The major lineages diversified in warm and dry habitats during the mid-Paleocene and early Eocene. The plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear phylogenetic analyses all revealed three subfamilies, i.e., Juglandoideae, Engelhardioideae, Rhoipteleoideae. Five genera of Juglandoideae were strongly supported. Juglandaceae were estimated to have originated during the late Cretaceous, while Juglandoideae were estimated to have originated during the Paleocene, with evidence for rapid diversification events during several glacial and geological periods. The phylogenetic analyses of organelle sequences and nuclear genome yielded highly supported incongruence positions for J. cinerea, J. hopeiensis, and Platycarya strobilacea. Winged fruit were the ancestral condition in the Juglandoideae, but adaptation to novel dispersal and regeneration regimes after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary led to the independent evolution of zoochory among several genera of the Juglandaceae. CONCLUSIONS A fully resolved, strongly supported, time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Juglandaceae can provide an important framework for studying classification, diversification, biogeography, and comparative genomics of plant lineages. Our addition of new, annotated whole chloroplast genomic sequences and identification of their variability informs the study of their evolution in walnuts (Juglandaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhou
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aziz Ebrahimi
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Peiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuoxin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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5
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Zhou H, Hu Y, Ebrahimi A, Liu P, Woeste K, Zhao P, Zhang S. Whole genome based insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the Juglandaceae. BMC Ecol Evol 2021. [PMID: 34674641 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-495294/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The walnut family (Juglandaceae) contains commercially important woody trees commonly called walnut, wingnut, pecan and hickory. Phylogenetic relationships and diversification within the Juglandaceae are classic and hot scientific topics that have been elucidated by recent fossil, morphological, molecular, and (paleo) environmental data. Further resolution of relationships among and within genera is still needed and can be achieved by analysis of the variation of chloroplast, mtDNA, and nuclear genomes. RESULTS We reconstructed the backbone phylogenetic relationships of Juglandaceae using organelle and nuclear genome data from 27 species. The divergence time of Juglandaceae was estimated to be 78.7 Mya. The major lineages diversified in warm and dry habitats during the mid-Paleocene and early Eocene. The plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear phylogenetic analyses all revealed three subfamilies, i.e., Juglandoideae, Engelhardioideae, Rhoipteleoideae. Five genera of Juglandoideae were strongly supported. Juglandaceae were estimated to have originated during the late Cretaceous, while Juglandoideae were estimated to have originated during the Paleocene, with evidence for rapid diversification events during several glacial and geological periods. The phylogenetic analyses of organelle sequences and nuclear genome yielded highly supported incongruence positions for J. cinerea, J. hopeiensis, and Platycarya strobilacea. Winged fruit were the ancestral condition in the Juglandoideae, but adaptation to novel dispersal and regeneration regimes after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary led to the independent evolution of zoochory among several genera of the Juglandaceae. CONCLUSIONS A fully resolved, strongly supported, time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Juglandaceae can provide an important framework for studying classification, diversification, biogeography, and comparative genomics of plant lineages. Our addition of new, annotated whole chloroplast genomic sequences and identification of their variability informs the study of their evolution in walnuts (Juglandaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhou
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aziz Ebrahimi
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Peiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuoxin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhang L, Guo C, Lu X, Sun X, Liu C, Zhou Q, Deng J. Flower Development of Heterodichogamous Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:541163. [PMID: 33859656 PMCID: PMC8042317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.541163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juglans mandshurica is a monoecious heterodichogamous species with protogynous and protandrous mating strategies that occur at a 1:1 ratio and are randomly distributed in the population. The inconsistent male and female flowering periods of the same mating type result in an imbalance of the ratio of male and female flowers, contributing to the low yield of this species. However, little more is known about its floral development. Following three consecutive years of observations, histological analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, we found that the morphological and anatomical development of the male and female flowers were synchronous. The male floral morphological development of J. mandshurica was divided into seven phases, while that of the female flower was nine. Four stages were shared between the male and female flower's anatomical development. Our findings indicate that there was minimal overlap between sexual functions within the same mating type, guaranteeing synchronization, mutual non-interference, outcrossing, and avoidance of self-fertilization. These results provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of fruit yield and quality through the reasonable allocation of protogynous and protandrous individuals in a population, and for artificial pollination control. Further, these findings lay a foundation for further research on the genetic mechanisms and environmental effects on flower development of heterodichogamous J. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong Guo
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Liaoning Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Jifeng Deng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Brennan AN, McKenna JR, Hoban SM, Jacobs DF. Hybrid Breeding for Restoration of Threatened Forest Trees: Evidence for Incorporating Disease Tolerance in Juglans cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580693. [PMID: 33178247 PMCID: PMC7596304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is a potential tool for incorporating stress tolerance in plants, particularly to pests and diseases, in support of restoration and conservation efforts. Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is a species for which hybridization has only recently begun being explored. This North American hardwood tree is threatened due to Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Ocj), the causal fungus of butternut canker disease (BCD), first observed in 1967. Observational evidence in some wild J. cinerea populations indicates that naturalized hybrids of J. cinerea with Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia) may be more tolerant to BCD than non-admixed J. cinerea, but this has not been formally tested in a controlled trial. We aimed to examine potential BCD tolerance within and between J. cinerea and J. cinerea × J. ailantifolia hybrids and to determine if there is a difference in canker growth between BCD fungal isolates. Five-year-old J. cinerea and hybrid trees were inoculated with two Ocj fungal isolates collected from natural infections found in two different sites in Indiana, United States, and a blank control (agar only). Measurements of both artificially induced and naturally occurring cankers were taken at 8-, 12-, 20-, 24-, and 32-month post-inoculation. Differences in canker presence/absence and size were observed by fungal isolate, which could help explain some of the differences in BCD severity seen between J. cinerea populations. Smaller and fewer cankers and greater genetic gains were seen in hybrid families, demonstrating that hybrids warrant further evaluation as a possible breeding tool for developing BCD-resistant J. cinerea trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Brennan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - James R. McKenna
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Douglass F. Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Douglass F. Jacobs,
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Gene Introgression among Closely Related Species in Sympatric Populations: A Case Study of Three Walnut (Juglans) Species. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gene introgression usually results from natural hybridization occurring among closely related species in sympatric populations. In this study, we discussed two rare and frequent gene flow phenomena between three species of Juglans plants and analyzed the possible causes for the difference. We collected 656 individuals from 40 populations of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), Chinese walnut (J. cathayensis Dode), and Iron walnut (J. sigillata Dode) that were genotyped at 17 expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) loci to analyze the introgressions between J. regia and J. cathayensis, and J. regia and J. sigillata. Our study compared the spatial patterns of expected heterozygosity (HE), allelic richness (Rs), and private allele richness (PAR) so as to vividly infer the biogeographic history of related species of Juglans in the two regions. The results of the PCoA, UPGMA, and STRUCTURE analyses showed that all J. regia and J. sigillata populations clustered into one group, and the J. cathayensis populations clustered into the other group. The results of the historical gene flow analysis indicated that J. regia and J. sigillata have no genetic barriers, and the directional gene flow is mainly from J. regia to J. sigillata. For the three species of Juglans, all the above results indicated that gene flow was common among the same group of Juglans, and only rare and low-level gene flow appeared in distinct groups. Therefore, our study revealed multiple phenomena of gene flow and introgression among closely related species in sympatric populations, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the genetic evolution of the genus Juglans.
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Population Structure, Genetic Diversity, and Gene Introgression of Two Closely Related Walnuts (Juglans regia and J. sigillata) in Southwestern China Revealed by EST-SSR Markers. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The common walnut (Juglans regia L.) and iron walnut (J. sigillata Dode) are well-known economically important species cultivated for their edible nuts, high-quality wood, and medicinal properties and display a sympatric distribution in southwestern China. However, detailed research on the genetic diversity and introgression of these two closely related walnut species, especially in southwestern China, are lacking. In this study, we analyzed a total of 506 individuals from 28 populations of J. regia and J. sigillata using 25 EST-SSR markers to determine if their gene introgression was related to sympatric distribution. In addition, we compared the genetic diversity estimates between them. Our results indicated that all J. regia populations possess slightly higher genetic diversity than J. sigillata populations. The Geostatistical IDW technique (HO, PPL, NA and PrA) revealed that northern Yunnan and Guizhou provinces had high genetic diversity for J. regia while the northwestern Yunnan province had high genetic diversity for J. sigillata. AMOVA analysis revealed that significant genetic variation was mainly distributed within population as 73% in J. regia and 76% in J. sigillata. The genetic differentiation (FST) was 0.307 between the two walnut species (p < 0.0001), which was higher than FST values within populations (J. regia FST = 0.265 and J. sigillata FST = 0.236). However, the STRUCTURE analysis of the J. regia and J. sigillata populations revealed two genetic clusters in which gene introgression exists, therefore, the boundary of separation between these two walnut species is not clear. Moreover, these results were validated by NJ and UPGMA analysis with additional conformation from the PCoA. Based on the SSR data, our results indicate that J. sigillata is an ecotype of J. regia. Taken together, these results reveal novel information on population genetics and provide specific geographical regions containing high genetic diversity of the Juglans species sampled, which will assist in future conservation management.
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Feng X, Zhou H, Zulfiqar S, Luo X, Hu Y, Feng L, Malvolti ME, Woeste K, Zhao P. The Phytogeographic History of Common Walnut in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1399. [PMID: 30298084 PMCID: PMC6160591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important hardwood tree species cultivated worldwide for its high quality wood and edible nuts. It is generally accepted that after the last glaciation J. regia survived and grew in almost completely isolated stands in Asia, and that ancient humans dispersed walnuts across Asia and into new habitats via trade and cultural expansion. The history of common walnut in China is a matter of debate, however. We estimated the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 31 walnut populations sampled across its Chinese range using 22 microsatellite markers (13 neutral and 9 non-neutral). Using historical data and population genetic analysis, including approximate Bayesian analysis (ABC), we reconstructed the demographic history of J. regia in China. The genetic data indicated the likely presence of J. regia in glacial refugia in the Xinjiang province (Northwest China), Northeastern China (Beijing, Shandong, and Changbai Mountains), Central China (Qinling and Baishan Mountains and Xi'an), and Southwestern China (Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces). Based on DIY-ABC analysis, we identified three ancient lineages of J. regia in China. Two lineages (subpopulation A and subpopulation B+C) diverged about 2.79 Mya, while Southwestern China, and Qinling and Baishan Mountains lineages diverged during the Quaternary glaciations (about 1.13 Mya). Remnants of these once-distinct genetic clusters of J. regia may warrant ecological management if they are to be retained as in situ resources. A population size expansion in Northeastern China was detected in the last five centuries. The present distribution of walnut in China resulted from the combined effects of expansion/contraction from multiple refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum and later human exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Saman Zulfiqar
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Maria E. Malvolti
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Terni, Italy
| | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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Zhao P, Zhou HJ, Potter D, Hu YH, Feng XJ, Dang M, Feng L, Zulfiqar S, Liu WZ, Zhao GF, Woeste K. Population genetics, phylogenomics and hybrid speciation of Juglans in China determined from whole chloroplast genomes, transcriptomes, and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 126:250-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Hefty AR, Aukema BH, Venette RC, Coggeshall MV, McKenna JR, Seybold SJ. Reproduction and potential range expansion of walnut twig beetle across the Juglandaceae. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Yang Z, Zhao T, Ma Q, Liang L, Wang G. Comparative Genomics and Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Chloroplast Genome Variation and Interspecific Relationships of Corylus (Betulaceae) Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:927. [PMID: 30038632 PMCID: PMC6046460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Corylus L. is an economically and phylogenetically important genus in the family Betulaceae. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Corylus species have long been controversial for lack of effective molecular markers. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of six Corylus species were assembled and characterized using next-generation sequencing. We compared the genome features, repeat sequences, sequence divergence, and constructed the phylogenetic relationships of the six Corylus species. The results indicated that Corylus cp genomes were typical of the standard double-stranded DNA molecule, ranging from 160,445 base pairs (bp) (C. ferox var. thibetca) to 161,621 bp (C. yunnanensis) in length. Each genome contained a pair of inverted repeats (IRs), a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region. Each of the six cp genomes possessed 113 unique genes arranged in the same order, including 80 protein-coding, 29 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. C. yunnanensis contained the highest number of repeat sequences, and the richest SSRs in six cp genomes were A/T mononucleotides. Comparative analyses of six Corylus cp genomes revealed four hotspot regions (trnH-psbA, rpoB-trnC, trnF-ndhJ, and rpl32-trnL) that could be used as potential molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete chloroplast genomes and 80 protein-coding genes exhibited nearly identical topologies that strongly supported the monophyly of Corylus and simultaneously revealed the generic relationships among Betulaceae. The availability of these genomes can offer valuable genetic information for further taxonomy, phylogeny, and species delimitation in Corylus or even Betulaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guixi Wang
- *Correspondence: Tiantian Zhao, Guixi Wang,
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Hu Y, Woeste KE, Zhao P. Completion of the Chloroplast Genomes of Five Chinese Juglans and Their Contribution to Chloroplast Phylogeny. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1955. [PMID: 28111577 PMCID: PMC5216037 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Juglans L. (walnuts and butternuts) is an economically and ecologically important genus in the family Juglandaceae. All Juglans are important nut and timber trees. Juglans regia (Common walnut), J. sigillata (Iron walnut), J. cathayensis (Chinese walnut), J. hopeiensis (Ma walnut), and J. mandshurica (Manchurian walnut) are native to or naturalized in China. A strongly supported phylogeny of these five species is not available due to a lack of informative molecular markers. We compared complete chloroplast genomes and determined the phylogenetic relationships among the five Chinese Juglans using IIumina sequencing. The plastid genomes ranged from 159,714 to 160,367 bp encoding 128 functional genes, including 88 protein-coding genes and 40 tRNA genes each. A complete map of the variability across the genomes of the five Juglans species was produced that included single nucleotide variants, indels (insertions and deletions), and large structural variants, as well as differences in simple sequence repeats (SSR) and repeat sequences. Molecular phylogeny strongly supported division of the five walnut species into two previously recognized sections (Juglans/Dioscaryon and Cardiocaryon) with a 100% bootstrap (BS) value using the complete cp genomes, protein coding sequences (CDS), and the introns and spacers (IGS) data. The availability of these genomes will provide genetic information for identifying species and hybrids, taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolution in Juglans, and also provide insight into utilization of Juglans plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Keith E. Woeste
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest UniversityXi'an, China
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15
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De Novo Assembly and Characterization of Bud, Leaf and Flowers Transcriptome from Juglans Regia L. for the Identification and Characterization of New EST-SSRs. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of the endangered species Carya sinensis (Juglandaceae). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-016-0601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Zelener N, Tosto D, de Oliveira LO, Soldati MC, Inza MV, Fornes LF. Molecular evidence of hybrid zones of Cedrela (Meliaceae) in the Yungas of Northwestern Argentina. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 102:45-55. [PMID: 27215942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the Yungas of Northwestern Argentina, three endangered species of Cedrela (C. angustifolia, C. saltensis, and C. balansae) follow altitudinal gradients of distribution with contact zones between them. We sampled 210 individuals from 20 populations that spanned most of Cedrela's geographical range in the Yungas, and used Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers and DNA sequences of the nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) to investigate hybrid zones. Data analyses employed an array of complementary methods, including principal coordinate analyses, Bayesian clustering analyses, maximum likelihood tree-building, and network techniques. Both nuclear molecular systems - AFLP and ITS - provided insights into the evolutionary history of Cedrela in the Yungas in a congruent manner. We uncovered strong support for the occurrence of natural hybridization between C. balansae and C. saltensis. Additionally, we identified hybrid zones in areas of sympatry (at both the Calilegua National Park and the San Andrés farm) and in transition zones from 820 to 1100meters above sea level (localities of Pintascayo and Acambuco). There was no evidence for hybridization of either C. balansae or C. saltensis with C. angustifolia. The role of hybrid populations in conservation and use of genetic resources in the Yungas were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Zelener
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, INTA Castelar-CIRN-CNIA, De los Reseros y N. Repetto (ex Las Cabañas) s.n., Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Tosto
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar-CICVyA-CNIA, De los Reseros y N. Repetto (ex Las Cabañas) s.n., Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luiz Orlando de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - María Cristina Soldati
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, INTA Castelar-CIRN-CNIA, De los Reseros y N. Repetto (ex Las Cabañas) s.n., Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Virginia Inza
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, INTA Castelar-CIRN-CNIA, De los Reseros y N. Repetto (ex Las Cabañas) s.n., Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hu Y, Woeste KE, Dang M, Zhou T, Feng X, Zhao G, Liu Z, Li Z, Zhao P. The complete chloroplast genome of common walnut ( Juglans regia). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2016; 1:189-190. [PMID: 33644340 PMCID: PMC7871657 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2015.1137804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is cultivated in temperate regions worldwide for its wood and nuts. The complete chloroplast genome of J. regia was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. This is the first complete chloroplast sequence for the Juglandaceae, a family that includes numerous species of economic importance. The chloroplast genome of J. regia was 160 367 bp in length, with 36.11% GC content. It contains a pair of inverted repeats (26 035 bp) which were separated by a large single copy (89 872 bp) and a small single copy region (18 425 bp). A total of 137 genes were annotated, which included 86 protein-coding genes, three pseudogenes (two ycf15 and one infA), 40 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis with the reported chloroplast genomes showed that common walnut chloroplasts are most closely related to those of the Fagaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Keith E Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Meng Dang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhanlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhonghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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De novo assembly and characterization of transcriptome using Illumina sequencing and development of twenty five microsatellite markers for an endemic tree Juglans hopeiensis Hu in China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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De novo assembly and characterization of the leaf, bud, and fruit transcriptome from the vulnerable tree Juglans mandshurica for the development of 20 new microsatellite markers using Illumina sequencing. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:849-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Dang M, Liu ZX, Chen X, Zhang T, Zhou HJ, Hu YH, Zhao P. Identification, development, and application of 12 polymorphic EST-SSR markers for an endemic Chinese walnut (Juglans cathayensis L.) using next-generation sequencing technology. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Miller AC, Woeste KE, Anagnostakis SL, Jacobs DF. Exploration of a rare population of Chinese chestnut in North America: stand dynamics, health and genetic relationships. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu065. [PMID: 25336337 PMCID: PMC4243075 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the transport of plants around the globe, exotic species can readily spread disease to their native relatives; however, they can also provide genetic resistance to those relatives through hybrid breeding programmes. American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was an abundant tree species in North America until its decimation by introduced chestnut blight. To restore chestnut in North America, efforts are ongoing to test putative blight-resistant hybrids of Castanea dentata and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), but little is known about the ecology of C. mollissima. In a forest in northeastern USA in which C. mollissima has become established, we explored questions of stand dynamics, health and genetic relationships of C. mollissima offspring to an adjacent parent orchard. We found that C. mollissima was adapted and randomly distributed among native species in this relatively young forest. The genetics of the C. mollissima population compared with its parents indicated little effect of selection pressure as each of the parent trees contributed at least one offspring. The ease with which this exotic species proliferated calls to question why C. mollissima is rare elsewhere in forests of North America. It is likely that a time window of low animal predation allowed seedlings to establish, and the shallow soil at this site limited the maximum forest canopy height, permitting the characteristically short-statured C. mollissima to avoid suppression. Our results indicate that because C. mollissima exhibited pioneer species characteristics, hybrids between C. mollissima and C. dentata have the potential to be successful pioneer species of future forests in North America, and we challenge the paradigm that exotic tree species are wholly detrimental to native biodiversity. We contend that exotic tree species should be assessed not only by their level of threat to native species, but also by their potential positive impacts on ecosystems via hybrid breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Miller
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Keith E Woeste
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, 715 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Utley C, Nguyen T, Roubtsova T, Coggeshall M, Ford TM, Grauke LJ, Graves AD, Leslie CA, McKenna J, Woeste K, Yaghmour MA, Seybold SJ, Bostock RM, Tisserat N. Susceptibility of Walnut and Hickory Species to Geosmithia morbida. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:601-607. [PMID: 30722192 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-12-0636-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thousand cankers disease (TCD) of walnut is a result of feeding in the phloem by the walnut twig beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis, and subsequent canker formation caused by Geosmithia morbida around galleries. TCD has caused extensive morbidity and mortality to Juglans nigra in the western United States and, in 2010, was discovered in the eastern United States, where the tree is a highly valuable timber resource. WTB and G. morbida also have been found in J. regia orchards throughout major production areas in California, and the numbers of damaged trees are increasing. We tested the susceptibility of walnut and hickory species to G. morbida in greenhouse and field studies. Carya illinoinensis, C. aquatica, and C. ovata were immune. All walnut species tested, including J. ailantifolia, J. californica, J. cinerea, J. hindsii, J. major, J. mandshurica, J. microcarpa, J. nigra, and J. regia, developed cankers following inoculation with G. morbida. J. nigra was the most susceptible, whereas J. major, a native host of the WTB and, presumably, G. morbida, had smaller and more superficial cankers. Canker formation differed among maternal half-sibling families of J. nigra and J. cinerea, indicating genetic variability in resistance to G. morbida. Our inoculation studies with G. morbida have corroborated many of the field observations on susceptibility of walnut and hickory species to TCD, although the ability of the WTB to successfully attack and breed in walnut is also an important component in TCD resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Utley
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins
| | - Tivonne Nguyen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Mark Coggeshall
- Department of Forestry/Center for Agroforestry, University Missouri, Columbia
| | - Tim M Ford
- Improving Perennial Plants for Food and Bioenergy, Inc., Hyde Park, UT
| | - L J Grauke
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service Pecan Breeding & Genetics, Somerville, TX
| | - Andrew D Graves
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Charles A Leslie
- Walnut Improvement Program, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - James McKenna
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | - Steven J Seybold
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA
| | | | - Ned Tisserat
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins
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Tanaka N, Samarakoon MB, Yagisawa J. Effects of root architecture, physical tree characteristics, and soil shear strength on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Salix babylonica and Juglans ailanthifolia. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-011-0151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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