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Pereira I, Paludo GP, Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Baquedano MS, Cabezas C, Cancela M, Ferreira HB, Bastías M, Riveros A, Meneses C, Sáenz L, Paredes R. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis reveals immune evasion related genes in Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10126. [PMID: 38510493 PMCID: PMC10954194 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l). In the intermediate host, this disease is characterized by the growth of cysts in viscera such as liver and lungs, inside of which the parasite develops to the next infective stage known as protoscoleces. There are records that the infected viscera affect the development and morphology of E. granulosus s.l. protoscolex in hosts such as buffalo or humans. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive these differences remains unknown. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using a set of RNAseq data obtained from E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) protoscoleces found in liver and lung cysts reveals 34 modules in protoscoleces of liver origin, of which 12 have differential co-expression from protoscoleces of lung origin. Three of these twelve modules contain hub genes related to immune evasion: tegument antigen, tegumental protein, ubiquitin hydrolase isozyme L3, COP9 signalosome complex subunit 3, tetraspanin CD9 antigen, and the methyl-CpG-binding protein Mbd2. Also, two of the twelve modules contain only hypothetical proteins with unknown orthology, which means that there are a group of unknown function proteins co-expressed inside the protoscolex of liver CE cyst origin. This is the first evidence of gene expression differences in protoscoleces from CE cysts found in different viscera, with co-expression networks that are exclusive to protoscoleces from liver CE cyst samples. This should be considered in the control strategies of CE, as intermediate hosts can harbor CE cysts in liver, lungs, or both organs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Pereira
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Prado Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
| | - Christian Hidalgo
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Santiago Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Baquedano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Cancela
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
| | - Macarena Bastías
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Calcium-Permeable Channels Cooperation for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101383. [PMID: 36291594 PMCID: PMC9599458 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disease that results from the deposition of antibodies–autoantigens in the joints, leading to long-lasting inflammation. The main features of RA include cartilage damage, synovial invasion and flare-ups of intra-articular inflammation, and these pathological processes significantly reduce patients’ quality of life. To date, there is still no drug target that can act in rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the search for novel drug targets has become urgent. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, calcium ions play an important role in all cellular activities and the body has evolved a rigorous calcium signaling system. Calcium-permeable channels, as the main operators of calcium signaling, are widely distributed in cell membranes, endoplasmic reticulum membranes and mitochondrial membranes, and mediate the efflux and entry of Ca2+. Over the last century, more and more calcium-permeable channels have been identified in human cells, and the role of this large family of calcium-permeable channels in rheumatoid arthritis has gradually become clear. In this review, we briefly introduce the major calcium-permeable channels involved in the pathogenesis of RA (e.g., acid-sensitive ion channel (ASIC), transient receptor potential (TRP) channel and P2X receptor) and explain the specific roles and mechanisms of these calcium-permeable channels in the pathogenesis of RA, providing more comprehensive ideas and targets for the treatment of RA.
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Ahmadzadeh K, Vanoppen M, Rose CD, Matthys P, Wouters CH. Multinucleated Giant Cells: Current Insights in Phenotype, Biological Activities, and Mechanism of Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873226. [PMID: 35478968 PMCID: PMC9035892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions ranging from phagocytosis of microorganisms to forming a bridge with the adaptive immune system. A lesser-known attribute of macrophages is their ability to fuse with each other to form multinucleated giant cells. Based on their morphology and functional characteristics, there are in general three types of multinucleated giant cells including osteoclasts, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells. Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells and under physiological conditions they participate in bone remodeling. However, under pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, osteoclasts are responsible for bone destruction and bone loss. Foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells appear only under pathological conditions. While foreign body giant cells are found in immune reactions against foreign material, including implants, Langhans giant cells are associated with granulomas in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The functionality and fusion mechanism of osteoclasts are being elucidated, however, our knowledge on the functions of foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells is limited. In this review, we describe and compare the phenotypic aspects, biological and functional activities of the three types of multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the multinucleation process and highlight key molecules in the different phases of macrophage fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
| | - Margot Vanoppen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos D. Rose
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Nemours Children’s Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Helena Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division Pediatric Rheumatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
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Bhagavatham SKS, Khanchandani P, Kannan V, Potikuri D, Sridharan D, Pulukool SK, Naik AA, Dandamudi RB, Divi SM, Pargaonkar A, Ray R, Santha SSR, Seshagiri PB, Narasimhan K, Gumdal N, Sivaramakrishnan V. Adenosine deaminase modulates metabolic remodeling and orchestrates joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15129. [PMID: 34301999 PMCID: PMC8302689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with inflammation and joint remodeling. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), a risk factor in RA, degrades adenosine, an anti-inflammatory molecule, resulting in an inflammatory bias. We present an integrative analysis of clinical data, cytokines, serum metabolomics in RA patients and mechanistic studies on ADA-mediated effects on in vitro cell culture models. ADA activity differentiated patients into low and high ADA sets. The levels of the cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, TGFβ and sRANKL were elevated in RA and more pronounced in high ADA sets. Serum metabolomic analysis shows altered metabolic pathways in RA which were distinct between low and high ADA sets. Comparative analysis with previous studies shows similar pathways are modulated by DMARDs and biologics. Random forest analysis distinguished RA from control by methyl-histidine and hydroxyisocaproic acid, while hexose-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate distinguished high ADA from low ADA. The deregulated metabolic pathways of High ADA datasets significantly overlapped with high ADA expressing PBMCs GEO transcriptomics dataset. ADA induced the death of chondrocytes, synoviocyte proliferation, both inflammation in macrophages and their differentiation into osteoclasts and impaired differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and mineralization. PBMCs expressing elevated ADA had increased expression of cytokines and P2 receptors compared to synovial macrophages which has low expression of ADA. Our data demonstrates increased cytokine levels and distinct metabolic signatures of RA based on the ADA activity, suggests an important role for ADA in the pathophysiology of RA joints and as a potential marker and therapeutic target in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Srimadh Bhagavatham
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Prakash Khanchandani
- grid.496668.30000 0004 1767 3076Department of Orthopedics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, PG, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Vishnu Kannan
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, 515134 India ,grid.411552.60000 0004 1766 4022Present Address: Department of Botany/Biotechnology, CMS College, Kottayam, 686001 India
| | | | - Divya Sridharan
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Molecular Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
| | - Sujith Kumar Pulukool
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Naik
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Rajesh Babu Dandamudi
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, India ,Present Address: Phenomenex India, Hyderabad, Telangana 500084 India
| | - Sai Mangala Divi
- grid.496668.30000 0004 1767 3076Department of Biochemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, PG, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Ashish Pargaonkar
- grid.464737.50000 0004 1775 153XAgilent Technologies India Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, 560048 India
| | - Rahul Ray
- grid.496668.30000 0004 1767 3076Department of Orthopedics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, PG, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Saibharath Simha Reddy Santha
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | - Polani B. Seshagiri
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Molecular Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
| | - K. Narasimhan
- Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
| | | | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- grid.444651.60000 0004 0496 6988Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, 515134 India
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Lu J, Zhou Z, Ma J, Lu N, Lei Z, Du D, Chen A. Tumour necrosis factor-α promotes BMHSC differentiation by increasing P2X7 receptor in oestrogen-deficient osteoporosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14316-14324. [PMID: 33169524 PMCID: PMC7753841 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanism of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) promoting osteoclast differentiation is not completely clear. A variety of P2 purine receptor subtypes have been confirmed to be widely involved in bone metabolism. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore whether P2 receptor is involved in the differentiation of osteoclasts. Mouse bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells (BMHSCs) were co‐cultured with TNF‐α to explore the effect of TNF‐α on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption capacity in vitro, and changes in the P2 receptor were detected at the same time. The P2 receptor was silenced and overexpressed to explore the effect on differentiation of BMHSCs into osteoclasts. In an in vivo experiment, the animal model of PMOP was established in ovariectomized mice, and anti‐TNF‐α intervention was used to detect the ability of BMHCs to differentiate into osteoclasts as well as the expression of the P2 receptor. It was confirmed in vitro that TNF‐α at a concentration of 20 ng/mL up‐regulated the P2X7 receptor of BMHSCs through the PI3k/Akt signalling pathway, promoted BMHSCs to differentiate into a large number of osteoclasts and enhanced bone resorption. In vivo experiments showed that more P2X7 receptor positive osteoclasts were produced in postmenopausal osteoporotic mice. Anti‐TNF‐α could significantly delay the progression of PMOP by inhibiting the production of osteoclasts. Overall, our results revealed a novel function of the P2X7 receptor and suggested that suppressing the P2X7 receptor may be an effective strategy to delay bone formation in oestrogen deficiency‐induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Lei
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Du
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tian Z, Dong S. P2X7 receptor acts as an efficient drug target in regulating bone metabolism system. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110010. [PMID: 32187957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal system is a highly dynamic system going through continuous resorption and reconstruction to maintain homeostasis, which is influenced by numerous factors. Once the balance is disrupted, various kinds of bone diseases may occur such as osteoporosis. It has been well known that ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important signaling molecule, is important in maintaining the dynamic balance of bone matrix. ATP mainly functions through P2X receptors, a kind of ATP receptors expressed by various kinds of bone cells to regulate the whole network of skeleton system. Among P2X receptors, P2X7 plays a crucial role in bone since P2X7 is widely expressed by bone cells and the mutation of P2X7 receptor is associated with kinds of bone diseases. It's acknowledged that P2X7 acts as a potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of bone-related diseases but further investigations are needed for the practical application. However, since P2X7 has a complicated effect in many aspects, the exact role of P2X7 in skeleton system is ambiguous. This review discusses the function of P2X7 in bone and other cells and their general effect on skeleton system, especially focusing on the possible clinical application for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Battalion one of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army medical university, Chongqing, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Battalion one of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhansong Tian
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army medical university, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army medical university, Chongqing, China.
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Kwak SH, Shin S, Lee JH, Shim JK, Kim M, Lee SD, Lee A, Bae J, Park JH, Abdelrahman A, Müller CE, Cho SK, Kang SG, Bae MA, Yang JY, Ko H, Goddard WA, Kim YC. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of quinolinone and quinoline-based P2X7 receptor antagonists and their anti-sphere formation activities in glioblastoma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:462-481. [PMID: 29649742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Screening a compound library of quinolinone derivatives identified compound 11a as a new P2X7 receptor antagonist. To optimize its activity, we assessed structure-activity relationships (SAR) at three different positions, R1, R2 and R3, of the quinolinone scaffold. SAR analysis suggested that a carboxylic acid ethyl ester group at the R1 position, an adamantyl carboxamide group at R2 and a 4-methoxy substitution at the R3 position are the best substituents for the antagonism of P2X7R activity. However, because most of the quinolinone derivatives showed low inhibitory effects in an IL-1β ELISA assay, the core structure was further modified to a quinoline skeleton with chloride or substituted phenyl groups. The optimized antagonists with the quinoline scaffold included 2-chloro-5-adamantyl-quinoline derivative (16c) and 2-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)-5-adamantyl-quinoline derivative (17k), with IC50 values of 4 and 3 nM, respectively. In contrast to the quinolinone derivatives, the antagonistic effects of the quinoline compounds (16c and 17k) were paralleled by their ability to inhibit the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from LPS/IFN-γ/BzATP-stimulated THP-1 cells (IC50 of 7 and 12 nM, respectively). In addition, potent P2X7R antagonists significantly inhibited the sphere size of TS15-88 glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Kwak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Shin
- Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Deok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Bae
- Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steve K Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Yang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Ko
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC-139- 74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Posadowska U, Parizek M, Filova E, Wlodarczyk-Biegun M, Kamperman M, Bacakova L, Pamula E. Injectable nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel system for local delivery of sodium alendronate. Int J Pharm 2015; 485:31-40. [PMID: 25747455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of bisphosphonates, e.g. sodium alendronate (Aln) is characterized by extremely low bioavailability and high toxicity. To omit aforementioned drawbacks an injectable system for the intra-bone delivery of Aln based on Aln-loaded nanoparticles (NPs-Aln) suspended in a hydrogel matrix (gellan gum, GG) was developed. Aln was encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA 85:15) by solid-oil-water emulsification. Drug release tests showed that within 25 days all the encapsulated drug was released from NPs-Aln and the release rate was highest at the beginning and decreased with time. In contrast, by suspending NPs-Aln in a GG matrix, the release rate was significantly lower and more constant in time. The GG-NPs-Aln system was engineered to be easily injectable and was able to reassemble its structure after extrusion as shown by rheological measurements. Invitro studies showed that the GG-NPs-Aln was cytocompatible with MG-63 osteoblast-like cells and it inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclastic differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells. The injectability, the sustained local delivery of small doses of Aln and the biological activity render the GG-NPs-Aln system promising for the local treatment of osteoporosis and other bone tissue disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Posadowska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biomaterials, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Martin Parizek
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Elena Filova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Malgorzata Wlodarczyk-Biegun
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Dreijenplein 6, 6703HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Dreijenplein 6, 6703HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Elzbieta Pamula
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biomaterials, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Verma SK, Leikina E, Melikov K, Chernomordik LV. Late stages of the synchronized macrophage fusion in osteoclast formation depend on dynamin. Biochem J 2014; 464:293-300. [PMID: 25336256 PMCID: PMC6335963 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage fusion that leads to osteoclast formation is one of the most important examples of cell-cell fusion in development, tissue homoeostasis and immune response. Protein machinery that fuses macrophages remains to be identified. In the present study, we explored the fusion stage of osteoclast formation for RAW macrophage-like murine cells and for macrophages derived from human monocytes. To uncouple fusion from the preceding differentiation processes, we accumulated fusion-committed cells in the presence of LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) that reversibly blocks membrane merger. After 16 h, we removed LPC and observed cell fusion events that would normally develop within 16 h develop instead within 30-90 min. Thus, whereas osteoclastogenesis, generally, takes several days, our approach allowed us to focus on an hour in which we observe robust fusion between the cells. Complementing syncytium formation assay with a novel membrane merger assay let us study the synchronized fusion events downstream of a local merger between two plasma membranes, but before expansion of nascent membrane connections and complete unification of the cells. We found that the expansion of membrane connections detected as a growth of multinucleated osteoclasts depends on dynamin activity. In contrast, a merger between the plasma membranes of the two cells was not affected by inhibitors of dynamin GTPase. Thus dynamin that was recently found to control late stages of myoblast fusion also controls late stages of macrophage fusion, revealing an intriguing conserved mechanistic motif shared by diverse cell-cell fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Verma
- Section on Membrane Biology, Program of Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 10D05, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, U.S.A
| | - Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Program of Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 10D05, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, U.S.A
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Section on Membrane Biology, Program of Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 10D05, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, U.S.A
| | - Leonid V. Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Program of Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/Room 10D05, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, U.S.A
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The P2X7 receptor: a key player in immune-mediated bone loss? ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:954530. [PMID: 24574936 PMCID: PMC3915485 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are often multiorganic diseases with manifestations not related directly to the primary affected organ. They are often complicated by a generalized bone loss that subsequently leads to osteoporosis and bone fractures. The exact mechanism for the accompanying bone loss is not understood in full detail, but factors such as glucocorticoid treatment, immobilization, malnutrition, and insufficient intake of vitamin D play a role. However, it has become evident that the inflammatory process itself is involved and the resulting bone loss is termed immune-mediated bone loss. It stems from an increase in bone resorption and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and has been shown to not only mediate the inflammatory response but also to strongly stimulate bone degradation. The purinergic P2X7 receptor is central in the processing of these two cytokines and in the initiation of the inflammatory response, and it is a key molecule in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. The aim of this review is therefore to provide evidence-based novel hypotheses of the role of ATP-mediated purinergic signalling via the P2X7 receptor in immune-mediated bone loss and -osteoporosis.
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Burnstock G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:541-72. [PMID: 23943493 PMCID: PMC3889393 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that extracellular nucleotides, signalling via purinergic receptors, participate in numerous biological processes in most tissues. It has become evident that extracellular nucleotides have significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In early development, ATP released from motor nerves along with acetylcholine acts as a cotransmitter in neuromuscular transmission; in mature animals, ATP functions as a neuromodulator. Purinergic receptors expressed by skeletal muscle and satellite cells play important pathophysiological roles in their development or repair. In many cell types, expression of purinergic receptors is often dependent on differentiation. For example, sequential expression of P2X5, P2Y1 and P2X2 receptors occurs during muscle regeneration in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. In bone and cartilage cells, the functional effects of purinergic signalling appear to be largely negative. ATP stimulates the formation and activation of osteoclasts, the bone-destroying cells. Another role appears to be as a potent local inhibitor of mineralisation. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, ATP acts via P2 receptors to limit bone mineralisation by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Extracellular ATP additionally exerts significant effects on mineralisation via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. Evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling is potentially important in several bone and joint disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. Strategies for future musculoskeletal therapies might involve modulation of purinergic receptor function or of the ecto-nucleotidases responsible for ATP breakdown or ATP transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Lemaire I, Falzoni S, Zhang B, Pellegatti P, Di Virgilio F. The P2X7 receptor and Pannexin-1 are both required for the promotion of multinucleated macrophages by the inflammatory cytokine GM-CSF. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3878-87. [PMID: 21865551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R), an ATP-gated ion channel, has been implicated in the process of cell-to-cell fusion into multinucleated macrophages (MA), but its contribution to MA fusion driven by physiological/pathological stimuli is not clearly established. Based on several lines of evidence, we demonstrate that P2X(7)R is critical for the induction of multinucleated MA by the inflammatory cytokine GM-CSF: 1) pharmacological inhibition of P2X(7)R with oxidized ATP (oATP), KN-62, and the selective antagonist A740003 abrogated GM-CSF action on rat alveolar MA and murine peritoneal MA; 2) a murine J774 P2X(7) low MA clone, selected for defective P2X(7)R function, was unresponsive; 3) MA from mice lacking P2X(7)R failed to respond to GM-CSF, in contrast to wild-type. GM-CSF also stimulated ATP-induced membrane permeabilization in J774 P2X(7) high MA and rat alveolar MA, an effect absent in the P2X(7) low MA clone and inhibited by the P2X(7) blockers oATP and KN-62. Notably, the stimulatory effects of GM-CSF on pore formation and MA fusion were both inhibited by blocking functional Pannexin-1 (Panx-1), and GM-CSF failed to stimulate MA fusion in cells from Panx-1 knockout mice. We provide further evidence that extracellular ATP release from peritoneal MA is dependent on P2X(7) but not on Panx-1 expression and that its metabolism to adenosine mediates P2X(7)-dependent MA fusion. These data demonstrate that both P2X(7) and Panx-1 are required for GM-CSF promotion of MA fusion but likely act independently through different signaling pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Lemaire
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
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The effects of P2X7 receptor antagonists on the formation and function of human osteoclasts in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:307-15. [PMID: 21103214 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been implicated in the process of multinucleation and cell fusion. We have previously demonstrated that blockade of P2X7Rs on osteoclast precursors using a blocking antibody inhibited multinucleated osteoclast formation in vitro, but that P2X7R KO mice maintain the ability to form multinucleated osteoclasts. This apparent contradiction of the role the P2X7R plays in multinucleation has prompted us to examine the effect of the most commonly used and recently available P2X7R antagonists on osteoclast formation and function. When added to recombinant RANKL and M-CSF human blood monocytes cultures, all but one compound, decreased the formation and function of multinucleated TRAP-positive osteoclasts in a concentration-dependent manner. These data provide further evidence for the role of the P2X7R in the formation of functional human multinucleated osteoclasts and highlight the importance of selection of antagonists for use in long-term experiments.
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Kondo Y, Yasui K, Yashiro M, Tsuge M, Kotani N, Morishima T. Multi-nucleated giant cell formation from human cord blood monocytes in vitro, in comparison with adult peripheral blood monocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:84-90. [PMID: 19737234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-nucleated giant cells (MGCs; Langhans-type cell), formed from macrophage fusion, are recognized as a hallmark histological feature in chronic inflammation. However, their precise pathological role is still poorly understood, especially for microorganism pathogens in the neonatal immune system, which are capable of surviving intracellularly in phagocytes. To conduct a partial evaluation of the monocyte function of neonates, we investigated the ability of human cord blood monocytes to form MGCs in vitro by stimulating various cytokines and comparing them with adult peripheral blood monocytes. Monocytes from cord blood and adult peripheral blood were isolated and cultured for 14 days with cytokines known to induce MGC in vitro. The fusion index in experiments with a combination of interleukin (IL)-4 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and a combination of IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was significantly lower in cord blood than in adult blood monocytes (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.0141, respectively). The number of nuclei per MGC was significantly lower in cord blood than in adult blood monocytes in experiments with IL-4 alone, the combination of IL-4 and M-CSF, and the combination of IL-4 and GM-CSF (P < 0.0001). These results suggest the possibility that the susceptibility of newborns to mycobacterium infection is due partly to impaired MGC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
P2X receptors are membrane cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. Seven P2X receptor subunits (P2X(1-7)) are widely distributed in excitable and nonexcitable cells of vertebrates. They play key roles in inter alia afferent signaling (including pain), regulation of renal blood flow, vascular endothelium, and inflammatory responses. We summarize the evidence for these and other roles, emphasizing experimental work with selective receptor antagonists or with knockout mice. The receptors are trimeric membrane proteins: Studies of the biophysical properties of mutated subunits expressed in heterologous cells have indicated parts of the subunits involved in ATP binding, ion permeation (including calcium permeability), and membrane trafficking. We review our current understanding of the molecular properties of P2X receptors, including how this understanding is informed by the identification of distantly related P2X receptors in simple eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie Surprenant
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Lee JY, Yu J, Cho WJ, Ko H, Kim YC. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolodiazepine derivatives as human P2X7 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6053-8. [PMID: 19800793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Screening of library compounds has yielded pyrazolodiazepine derivatives with P2X7 receptor antagonist activity. To explore the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these pyrazolodiazepines as human P2X7 receptor antagonists, derivatives were synthesized by substitutions at positions R2 and R3 of the pyrazolodiazepine skeleton. Using a 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP (BzATP)-induced fluorescent ethidium uptake assay, the activities of these derivatives were tested in HEK-293 cells stably expressing human P2X7 receptors. Moreover, the effect of these derivatives was assessed by measuring their effect on IL-1beta release induced by BzATP-induced activation of differentiated THP-1 cells. A 2-phenethyl pyrazolodiazepine derivative with a 1-methyl-1H-3-indolyl group at position R2 had fivefold greater activity than the derivative with a 5-isoquinolinyl at R2. Moreover, a benzyl moiety at R3 had fivefold greater activity than a bicyclic moiety. The stereochemical effect at C-6 showed a preference for the (R)-isomer. Among the series of active derivatives, compound 23b, with a phenethyl group at R1, a 3-methyl indole at R2, and a benzyl at R3, exhibited activity similar to that of the positive control, KN-62, as shown by the inhibitory effects of IL-1beta release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Lee
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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McMichael BK, Wysolmerski RB, Lee BS. Regulated proteolysis of nonmuscle myosin IIA stimulates osteoclast fusion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12266-75. [PMID: 19269977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonmuscle myosin IIA heavy chain (Myh9) is strongly associated with adhesion structures of osteoclasts. In this study, we demonstrate that during osteoclastogenesis, myosin IIA heavy chain levels are temporarily suppressed, an event that stimulates the onset of cell fusion. This suppression is not mediated by changes in mRNA or translational levels but instead is due to a temporary increase in the rate of myosin IIA degradation. Intracellular activity of cathepsin B is significantly enhanced at the onset of osteoclast precursor fusion, and specific inhibition of its activity prevents myosin IIA degradation. Further, treatment of normal cells with cathepsin B inhibitors during the differentiation process reduces cell fusion and bone resorption capacity, whereas overexpression of cathepsin B enhances fusion. Ongoing suppression of the myosin IIA heavy chain via RNA interference results in formation of large osteoclasts with significantly increased numbers of nuclei, whereas overexpression of myosin IIA results in less osteoclast fusion. Increased multinucleation caused by myosin IIA suppression does not require RANKL. Further, knockdown of myosin IIA enhances cell spreading and lessens motility. These data taken together strongly suggest that base-line expression of nonmuscle myosin IIA inhibits osteoclast precursor fusion and that a temporary, cathepsin B-mediated decrease in myosin IIA levels triggers precursor fusion during osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K McMichael
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Expression, signaling, and function of P2X7 receptors in bone. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:205-21. [PMID: 19224395 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides released from cells in response to mechanical stimulation or injury may serve as paracrine regulators of bone cell function. Extracellular nucleotides bind to multiple subtypes of P2 receptors on osteoblasts (the cells responsible for bone formation) and osteoclasts (cells with the unique ability to resorb mineralized tissues). Both cell lineages express the P2X7 receptor subtype. The skeletal phenotype of mice with targeted disruption of P2rx7 points to interesting roles for this receptor in the regulation of bone formation and resorption, as well as the response of the skeleton to mechanical stimulation. This paper reviews recent work on the expression of P2X7 receptors in bone, their associated signal transduction mechanisms and roles in regulating bone formation and resorption. Areas for future research in this field are also discussed.
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