1
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Pinto-Espinoza C, Guillou C, Rissiek B, Wilmes M, Javidi E, Schwarz N, Junge M, Haag F, Liaukouskaya N, Wanner N, Nicke A, Stortelers C, Tan YV, Adriouch S, Magnus T, Koch-Nolte F. Effective targeting of microglial P2X7 following intracerebroventricular delivery of nanobodies and nanobody-encoding AAVs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1029236. [PMID: 36299894 PMCID: PMC9589454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1029236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 ion channel is a key sensor for extracellular ATP and a key trigger of sterile inflammation. Intravenous injection of nanobodies that block P2X7 has shown to be beneficial in mouse models of systemic inflammation. P2X7 has also emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory brain diseases. However, little is known about the ability of nanobodies to cross the BBB. Here we evaluated the ability of P2X7-specific nanobodies to reach and to block P2X7 on microglia following intravenous or intracerebral administration. For this study, we reformatted and sequence-optimized P2X7 nanobodies for higher stability and elevated isoelectric point. Following injection of nanobodies or nanobody-encoding adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV), we monitored the occupancy and blockade of microglial P2X7 in vivo using ex vivo flow cytometry. Our results show that P2X7 on microglia was within minutes completely occupied and blocked by intracerebroventricularly injected nanobodies, even at low doses. In contrast, very high doses were required to achieve similar effects when injected intravenously. The endogenous production of P2X7-antagonistic nanobodies following intracerebral or intramuscular injection of nanobody-encoding AAVs resulted in a long-term occupancy and blockade of P2X7 on microglia. Our results provide new insights into the conditions for the delivery of nanobodies to microglial P2X7 and point to AAV-mediated delivery of P2X7 nanobodies as a promising strategy for the treatment of sterile brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pinto-Espinoza
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Guillou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PanTHER), Rouen, France
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wilmes
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ehsan Javidi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- MSH- Medical School Hamburg- Dep. Anatomy, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marten Junge
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Wanner
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Yossan-Var Tan
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PanTHER), Rouen, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PanTHER), Rouen, France
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Friedrich Koch-Nolte,
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2
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Li S, Yokota T, Wang P, ten Hoeve J, Ma F, Le TM, Abt ER, Zhou Y, Wu R, Nanthavongdouangsy M, Rodriguez A, Wang Y, Lin YJ, Muranaka H, Sharpley M, Braddock DT, MacRae VE, Banerjee U, Chiou PY, Seldin M, Huang D, Teitell M, Gertsman I, Jung M, Bensinger SJ, Damoiseaux R, Faull K, Pellegrini M, Lusis AJ, Graeber TG, Radu CG, Deb A. Cardiomyocytes disrupt pyrimidine biosynthesis in nonmyocytes to regulate heart repair. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:149711. [PMID: 34813507 PMCID: PMC8759793 DOI: 10.1172/jci149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various populations of cells are recruited to the heart after cardiac injury, but little is known about whether cardiomyocytes directly regulate heart repair. Using a murine model of ischemic cardiac injury, we demonstrate that cardiomyocytes play a pivotal role in heart repair by regulating nucleotide metabolism and fates of nonmyocytes. Cardiac injury induced the expression of the ectonucleotidase ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which hydrolyzes extracellular ATP to form AMP. In response to AMP, cardiomyocytes released adenine and specific ribonucleosides that disrupted pyrimidine biosynthesis at the orotidine monophosphate (OMP) synthesis step and induced genotoxic stress and p53-mediated cell death of cycling nonmyocytes. As nonmyocytes are critical for heart repair, we showed that rescue of pyrimidine biosynthesis by administration of uridine or by genetic targeting of the ENPP1/AMP pathway enhanced repair after cardiac injury. We identified ENPP1 inhibitors using small molecule screening and showed that systemic administration of an ENPP1 inhibitor after heart injury rescued pyrimidine biosynthesis in nonmyocyte cells and augmented cardiac repair and postinfarct heart function. These observations demonstrate that the cardiac muscle cell regulates pyrimidine metabolism in nonmuscle cells by releasing adenine and specific nucleosides after heart injury and provide insight into how intercellular regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis can be targeted and monitored for augmenting tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Tomohiro Yokota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Ping Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Johanna ten Hoeve
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Thuc M. Le
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Evan R. Abt
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Maxine Nanthavongdouangsy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Abraham Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Yijie Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
| | - Yen-Ju Lin
- California Nanosystems Institute, and,Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and
| | - Hayato Muranaka
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark Sharpley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute
| | | | - Vicky E. MacRae
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- California Nanosystems Institute, and,Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dian Huang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,California Nanosystems Institute, and,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Teitell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,California Nanosystems Institute, and,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Michael Jung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven J. Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- California Nanosystems Institute, and,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kym Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Caius G. Radu
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute of Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and,UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences,,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research,,Molecular Biology Institute,,California Nanosystems Institute, and
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3
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Stähler T, Danquah W, Demeules M, Gondé H, Hardet R, Haag F, Adriouch S, Koch-Nolte F, Menzel S. Development of Antibody and Nanobody Tools for P2X7. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2510:99-127. [PMID: 35776322 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2384-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies that recognize the ATP-gated P2X7 ion channel are etablished research tools. Nanobodies correspond to the antigen-binding variable immunoglobulin domain (VHH) of heavy chain antibodies that naturally occur in camelids. Nanobodies display better solubility than the variable domains (VH) of conventional antibodies. Therefore, it is much easier to construct bivalent and multivalent fusion proteins with nanobodies than with VH domains or with paired VH-VL domains. Moreover, nanobodies can bind functional crevices that are poorly accessbile to conventional VH-VL domains. This makes nanobodies particulary well suited as functional modulators. Here we provide protocols to raise antibodies and nanobodies against mouse and human P2X7 using cDNA-immunization. This approach evokes antibodies and nanobodies that recognize the P2X7 ion channel in native confirmation, some of which inhibit or potentiate gating of P2X7 by extracellular ATP. Furthermore, we developed protocols for producing P2X7-specific nanobodies and antibodies in vivo using rAAV vectors (AAVnano). This approach can be used either to durably inhibit or potentiate P2X7 function in vivo, or to deplete P2X7-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Welbeck Danquah
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Demeules
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Henri Gondé
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Romain Hardet
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Massé K, Bhamra S, Paroissin C, Maneta-Peyret L, Boué-Grabot E, Jones EA. The enpp4 ectonucleotidase regulates kidney patterning signalling networks in Xenopus embryos. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1158. [PMID: 34620987 PMCID: PMC8497618 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enpp ectonucleotidases regulate lipidic and purinergic signalling pathways by controlling the extracellular concentrations of purines and bioactive lipids. Although both pathways are key regulators of kidney physiology and linked to human renal pathologies, their roles during nephrogenesis remain poorly understood. We previously showed that the pronephros was a major site of enpp expression and now demonstrate an unsuspected role for the conserved vertebrate enpp4 protein during kidney formation in Xenopus. Enpp4 over-expression results in ectopic renal tissues and, on rare occasion, complete mini-duplication of the entire kidney. Enpp4 is required and sufficient for pronephric markers expression and regulates the expression of RA, Notch and Wnt pathway members. Enpp4 is a membrane protein that binds, without hydrolyzing, phosphatidylserine and its effects are mediated by the receptor s1pr5, although not via the generation of S1P. Finally, we propose a novel and non-catalytic mechanism by which lipidic signalling regulates nephrogenesis. Massé and colleagues identify enpp4 as a key regulator in the development of the kidney in Xenopus. The gene signalling pathways regulated by this ectonucleotidase are described and lipidic signalling regulatory mechanisms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Massé
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV47AL, UK. .,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Surinder Bhamra
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Christian Paroissin
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications-UMR CNRS 5142, 64013, Pau cedex, France
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR 5200, F-33800, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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5
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Schwarz N, Junge M, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Flow Cytometry of Membrane Purinoreceptors. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2041:117-136. [PMID: 31646484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian purinoreceptors respond to extracellular nucleotides and their metabolites, for example, following the release of ATP or NAD+ from cells and their hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases. Membrane purinoreceptors are expressed as ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels designated P2X receptors, or as metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors designated P1 or P2Y receptors, on the cell surface of different cell types. In this chapter, we provide protocols to monitor the expression and activity of purinoreceptors on the cell membrane of living cells by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marten Junge
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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6
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Bergmann P, Garcia de Paco E, Rissiek B, Menzel S, Dubberke G, Hua J, Rassendren F, Ulmann L, Koch-Nolte F. Generation and Characterization of Specific Monoclonal Antibodies and Nanobodies Directed Against the ATP-Gated Channel P2X4. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:498. [PMID: 31798414 PMCID: PMC6861843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 channel is involved in different physiological and pathological conditions and functions in the nervous system. Despite the existence of several mouse models for which the expression of the gene was manipulated, there is still little information on the expression of the protein at the cellular level. In particular, supposedly specific available antibodies have often proved to recognize unrelated proteins in P2X4-deficient mice. Here, we used an in vivo DNA vaccine approach to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies specific for human, mouse, and rat P2X4 channels. We further characterized these antibodies and show that they solely recognize the native form of the proteins both in biochemical and cytometric applications. Some of these antibodies prove to specifically recognize P2X4 channels by immunostaining in brain or sensory ganglia slices, as well as at the cellular and subcellular levels. Due to their clonality, these different antibodies should represent versatile tools for further characterizing the cellular functions of P2X4 in the nervous system as well as at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philine Bergmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elvira Garcia de Paco
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dubberke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hua
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - François Rassendren
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Koch-Nolte F, Eichhoff A, Pinto-Espinoza C, Schwarz N, Schäfer T, Menzel S, Haag F, Demeules M, Gondé H, Adriouch S. Novel biologics targeting the P2X7 ion channel. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:110-118. [PMID: 30986625 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the P2X7 ion channel, a danger sensor for extracellular nucleotides, improves outcomes in models of inflammation, cancer, and brain-diseases. Antibodies and nanobodies have been developed that antagonize or potentiate gating of P2X7. Their potential advantages over small-molecule drugs include high specificity, lower off-target effects, and tunable in vivo half-life. Genetic fusion of P2X7-specific biologics to binding modules may enable targeting of specific cell subsets. Besides directly modulating P2X7 function, antibodies can also initiate specific depletion of P2X7-expressing cells. Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) can be used to express P2X7-specific antibodies in vivo to achieve long-lasting biological effects. Furthermore, if successfully targeted to P2X7-expressing cells, AAVs may enable modulation of the function of P2X7-expressing immune cells via encoded transgenic RNA or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Eichhoff
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mélanie Demeules
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Henri Gondé
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France.
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8
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Rissiek B, Lukowiak M, Raczkowski F, Magnus T, Mittrücker HW, Koch-Nolte F. In Vivo Blockade of Murine ARTC2.2 During Cell Preparation Preserves the Vitality and Function of Liver Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1580. [PMID: 30038627 PMCID: PMC6046629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
On murine T cells, GPI-anchored ADP-ribosyltransferase 2.2 (ARTC2.2) ADP-ribosylates the P2X7 ion channel at arginine 125 in response to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) released during cell preparation. We have previously shown that chronic gating of P2X7 by ADP-ribosylation reduces the vitality and function of regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells that co-express high levels of ARTC2.2 and P2X7. Here, we evaluated the expression of ARTC2.2 and P2X7 by effector and memory T cells in the liver of naïve mice and after infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). We found that KLRG1−/CD69+ tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the liver of naïve mice and 7 weeks after infection with Lm express high levels of ARTC2.2 and P2X7. Isolation of liver Trm and subsequent incubation at 37°C resulted in cell death of the majority of CD4+ and CD8+ Trm. Injection of the ARTC2.2-blocking nanobody s+16a 30 min prior to organ harvesting effectively prevented ADP-ribosylation of P2X7 during cell preparation and thereby prevented NAD-induced cell death of the isolated Trm upon subsequent incubation at 37°C. Consequently, preserving Trm vitality by s+16a injection enabled a highly sensitive in vitro cytokine expression profile analyses of FACS sorted liver Trm. We conclude that in vivo blockade of ARTC2.2 during cell preparation by nanobody s+16a injection represents a valuable strategy to study the role and function of liver Trm in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Raczkowski
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Yu W, Hill WG, Robson SC, Zeidel ML. Role of P2X 4 Receptor in Mouse Voiding Function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1838. [PMID: 29382907 PMCID: PMC5789870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays an important role in the regulation of bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contractility, and P2X4 receptor is expressed in the bladder wall, where it may act by forming heteromeric receptors with P2X1, the major purinergic force-generating muscle receptor. To test this hypothesis, we examined mouse BSM contractile properties in the absence and presence of selective P2X1 (NF449 & NF279) and P2X4 antagonists (5-BDBD). These drugs inhibited BSM purinergic contraction only partially, suggesting the possibility of a heteromeric receptor. However, carefully controlled co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that P2X1 and P2X4 do not form physically linked heteromers. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that P2X4 is not present in mouse BSM per se, but in an unknown cellular structure among BSM bundles. To investigate whether deletion of P2X4 could impact voiding function in vivo, P2X4 null mice were characterized. P2X4 null mice had normal bladder weight and morphology, normal voiding spot size and number by voiding spot assay, normal voiding interval, pressure and compliance by cystometrogram, and normal BSM contractility by myography. In conclusion, these data strongly suggest that P2X4 is not present in mouse BSM cells, does not affect smooth muscle contractility and that mice null for P2X4 exhibit normal voiding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Yu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA.
| | - Warren G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA
| | - Mark L Zeidel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuesetts, USA
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10
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Menzel S, Adriouch S, Bannas P, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Monitoring Expression and Enzyme Activity of Ecto-ARTCs. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1813:167-186. [PMID: 30097867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8588-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ARTCs are expressed as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored ectoenzymes (ARTC1-ARTC4) or secretory proteins (ARTC5) by different cell types. The ARTC2 enzymes catalyze mono-ADP-ribosylation of arginine residues in the extracellular domain of membrane proteins or secretory proteins. In this chapter we provide protocols to monitor the expression and activity of ARTCs on the cell membrane of living cells and in soluble form in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Danquah W, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Rissiek B, Pinto C, Serracant-Prat A, Amadi M, Iacenda D, Knop JH, Hammel A, Bergmann P, Schwarz N, Assunção J, Rotthier W, Haag F, Tolosa E, Bannas P, Boué-Grabot E, Magnus T, Laeremans T, Stortelers C, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies that block gating of the P2X7 ion channel ameliorate inflammation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:366ra162. [PMID: 27881823 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are desirable therapeutic targets, yet ion channel-directed drugs with high selectivity and few side effects are still needed. Unlike small-molecule inhibitors, antibodies are highly selective for target antigens but mostly fail to antagonize ion channel functions. Nanobodies-small, single-domain antibody fragments-may overcome these problems. P2X7 is a ligand-gated ion channel that, upon sensing adenosine 5'-triphosphate released by damaged cells, initiates a proinflammatory signaling cascade, including release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). To further explore its function, we generated and characterized nanobodies against mouse P2X7 that effectively blocked (13A7) or potentiated (14D5) gating of the channel. Systemic injection of nanobody 13A7 in mice blocked P2X7 on T cells and macrophages in vivo and ameliorated experimental glomerulonephritis and allergic contact dermatitis. We also generated nanobody Dano1, which specifically inhibited human P2X7. In endotoxin-treated human blood, Dano1 was 1000 times more potent in preventing IL-1β release than small-molecule P2X7 antagonists currently in clinical development. Our results show that nanobody technology can generate potent, specific therapeutics against ion channels, confirm P2X7 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders, and characterize a potent new drug candidate that targets P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welbeck Danquah
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Pinto
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arnau Serracant-Prat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Amadi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Domenica Iacenda
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Knop
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hammel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philine Bergmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joana Assunção
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wendy Rotthier
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toon Laeremans
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Tomas NM, Meyer-Schwesinger C, von Spiegel H, Kotb AM, Zahner G, Hoxha E, Helmchen U, Endlich N, Koch-Nolte F, Stahl RAK. A Heterologous Model of Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain-Containing 7A-Associated Membranous Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3262-3277. [PMID: 28814510 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) is a target for autoimmunity in patients with membranous nephropathy (MN). Circulating autoantibodies from patients with THSD7A-associated MN have been demonstrated to cause MN in mice. However, THSD7A-associated MN is a rare disease, preventing the use of patient antibodies for larger experimental procedures. Therefore, we generated antibodies against the human and mouse orthologs of THSD7A in rabbits by coimmunization with the respective cDNAs. Injection of these anti-THSD7A antibodies into mice induced a severe nephrotic syndrome with proteinuria, weight gain, and hyperlipidemia. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed granular antigen-antibody complexes in a subepithelial location along the glomerular filtration barrier 14 days after antibody injection, and immunohistochemistry for rabbit IgG and THSD7A as well as ultrastructural analyses showed the typical characteristics of human MN. Mice injected with purified IgG from rabbit serum that was taken before immunization failed to develop any of these changes. Notably, MN developed in the absence of detectable complement activation, and disease was strain dependent. In vitro, anti-THSD7A antibodies caused cytoskeletal rearrangement and activation of focal adhesion signaling. Knockdown of the THSD7A ortholog, thsd7aa, in zebrafish larvae resulted in altered podocyte differentiation and impaired glomerular filtration barrier function, with development of pericardial edema, suggesting an important role of THSD7A in glomerular filtration barrier integrity. In summary, our study introduces a heterologous mouse model that allows further investigation of the molecular events that underlie MN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmed M Kotb
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; and.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; and
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Foltz IN, Gunasekaran K, King CT. Discovery and bio-optimization of human antibody therapeutics using the XenoMouse® transgenic mouse platform. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:51-64. [PMID: 26864104 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, the use of transgenic animal platforms has transformed the discovery of fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The first approved therapy derived from a transgenic platform--the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist panitumumab to treat advanced colorectal cancer--was developed using XenoMouse(®) technology. Since its approval in 2006, the science of discovering and developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies derived from the XenoMouse(®) platform has advanced considerably. The emerging array of antibody therapeutics developed using transgenic technologies is expected to include antibodies and antibody fragments with novel mechanisms of action and extreme potencies. In addition to these impressive functional properties, these antibodies will be designed to have superior biophysical properties that enable highly efficient large-scale manufacturing methods. Achieving these new heights in antibody drug discovery will ultimately bring better medicines to patients. Here, we review best practices for the discovery and bio-optimization of monoclonal antibodies that fit functional design goals and meet high manufacturing standards.
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14
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Tomas NM, Hoxha E, Reinicke AT, Fester L, Helmchen U, Gerth J, Bachmann F, Budde K, Koch-Nolte F, Zahner G, Rune G, Lambeau G, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Stahl RAK. Autoantibodies against thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A induce membranous nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2519-32. [PMID: 27214550 DOI: 10.1172/jci85265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, and one-third of patients develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Circulating autoantibodies against the podocyte surface antigens phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1) and the recently identified thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) are assumed to cause the disease in the majority of patients. The pathogenicity of these antibodies, however, has not been directly proven. Here, we have reported the analysis and characterization of a male patient with THSD7A-associated MN who progressed to ESRD and subsequently underwent renal transplantation. MN rapidly recurred after transplantation. Enhanced staining for THSD7A was observed in the kidney allograft, and detectable anti-THSD7A antibodies were present in the serum before and after transplantation, suggesting that these antibodies induced a recurrence of MN in the renal transplant. In contrast to PLA2R1, THSD7A was expressed on both human and murine podocytes, enabling the evaluation of whether anti-THSD7A antibodies cause MN in mice. We demonstrated that human anti-THSD7A antibodies specifically bind to murine THSD7A on podocyte foot processes, induce proteinuria, and initiate a histopathological pattern that is typical of MN. Furthermore, anti-THSD7A antibodies induced marked cytoskeletal rearrangement in primary murine glomerular epithelial cells as well as in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Our findings support a causative role of anti-THSD7A antibodies in the development of MN.
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15
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Menzel S, Rissiek B, Bannas P, Jakoby T, Miksiewicz M, Schwarz N, Nissen M, Haag F, Tholey A, Koch-Nolte F. Nucleotide-Induced Membrane-Proximal Proteolysis Controls the Substrate Specificity of T Cell Ecto-ADP-Ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ARTC2.2 is a toxin-related, GPI-anchored ADP-ribosyltransferase expressed by murine T cells. In response to NAD(+) released from damaged cells during inflammation, ARTC2.2 ADP-ribosylates and thereby gates the P2X7 ion channel. This induces ectodomain shedding of metalloprotease-sensitive cell surface proteins. In this study, we show that ARTC2.2 itself is a target for P2X7-triggered ectodomain shedding. We identify the metalloprotease cleavage site 3 aa upstream of the predicted GPI anchor attachment site of ARTC2.2. Intravenous injection of NAD(+) increased the level of enzymatically active ARTC2.2 in serum, indicating that this mechanism is operative also under inflammatory conditions in vivo. Radio-ADP-ribosylation assays reveal that shedding refocuses the target specificity of ARTC2.2 from membrane proteins to secretory proteins. Our results uncover nucleotide-induced membrane-proximal proteolysis as a regulatory mechanism to control the substrate specificity of ARTC2.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Jakoby
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Systematic Proteome Research Group, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Miksiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Nissen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Systematic Proteome Research Group, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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16
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De Pace R, Coutinho MF, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F, Prata MJ, Alves S, Braulke T, Pohl S. Mucolipidosis II-related mutations inhibit the exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and proteolytic cleavage of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase precursor protein (GNPTAB). Hum Mutat 2014; 35:368-76. [PMID: 24375680 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis (ML) II and MLIII alpha/beta are two pediatric lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the GNPTAB gene, which encodes an α/β-subunit precursor protein of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase. Considerable variations in the onset and severity of the clinical phenotype in these diseases are observed. We report here on expression studies of two missense mutations c.242G>T (p.Trp81Leu) and c.2956C>T (p.Arg986Cys) and two frameshift mutations c.3503_3504delTC (p.Leu1168GlnfsX5) and c.3145insC (p.Gly1049ArgfsX16) present in severely affected MLII patients, as well as two missense mutations c.1196C>T (p.Ser399Phe) and c.3707A>T (p.Lys1236Met) reported in more mild affected individuals. We generated a novel α-subunit-specific monoclonal antibody, allowing the analysis of the expression, subcellular localization, and proteolytic activation of wild-type and mutant α/β-subunit precursor proteins by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. In general, we found that both missense and frameshift mutations that are associated with a severe clinical phenotype cause retention of the encoded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and failure to cleave the α/β-subunit precursor protein are associated with a severe clinical phenotype with the exception of p.Ser399Phe found in MLIII alpha/beta. Our data provide new insights into structural requirements for localization and activity of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase that may help to explain the clinical phenotype of MLII patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella De Pace
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Daftarian MP, Vosoughi A, Lemmon V. Gene-based vaccination and screening methods to develop monoclonal antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:337-346. [PMID: 24510837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene-based in vivo electroporation has the potential to be used as a "protein-free" method to elicit immune responses and to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against proteins/peptides in hosts. However, the method is very useful to raise mAbs against proteins and peptides and not for carbohydrates, lipids, or haptens. Nevertheless, making mAb using this potent method faces a few challenges: the parameters of the electroporation needs further standardized, the final boost still needs protein antigens, and the primary screening of the clones requires purified protein. We present methods to overcome these challenges by an optimized electroporation framework and a method to use transiently transfected cells for the final boost, as well as for screening of the resulting clones via the use of an "In-Cell Western" method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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18
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Schwarz N, Drouot L, Nicke A, Fliegert R, Boyer O, Guse AH, Haag F, Adriouch S, Koch-Nolte F. Alternative splicing of the N-terminal cytosolic and transmembrane domains of P2X7 controls gating of the ion channel by ADP-ribosylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41269. [PMID: 22848454 PMCID: PMC3407210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a homotrimeric ion channel with two transmembrane domains and a large extracellular ATP-binding domain. It plays a key role in the response of immune cells to danger signals released from cells at sites of inflammation. Gating of murine P2X7 can be induced by the soluble ligand ATP, as well as by NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation of arginine 125, a posttranslational protein modification catalyzed by the toxin-related ecto-enzymes ART2.1 and ART2.2. R125 is located at the edge of the ligand-binding crevice. Recently, an alternative splice variant of P2X7, designated P2X7(k), was discovered that differs from the previously described variant P2X7(a) in the N-terminal 42 amino acid residues composing the first cytosolic domain and most of the Tm1 domain. Here we compare the two splice variants of murine P2X7 with respect to their sensitivities to gating by ADP-ribosylation in transfected HEK cells. Our results show that the P2X7(k) variant is sensitive to activation by ADP-ribosylation whereas the P2X7(a) variant is insensitive, despite higher cell surface expression levels. Interestingly, a single point mutation (R276K) renders the P2X7(a) variant sensitive to activation by ADP-ribosylation. Residue 276 is located at the interface of neighboring subunits approximately halfway between the ADP-ribosylation site and the transmembrane domains. Moreover, we show that naive and regulatory T cells preferentially express the more sensitive P2X7(k) variant, while macrophages preferentially express the P2X7(a) variant. Our results indicate that differential splicing of alternative exons encoding the N-terminal cytosolic and transmembrane domains of P2X7 control the sensitivity of different immune cells to extracellular NAD+ and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Drouot
- Inserm, U905, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Annette Nicke
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Fliegert
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Inserm, U905, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Inserm, U905, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Daftarian P, Chowdhury R, Ames P, Wei C, King AD, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dillon L, Price J, Leung H, Ashlock B, Mesri E, Perez V, Züchner S, Reiser J, Lemmon V, Keane RW. In vivo electroporation and non-protein based screening assays to identify antibodies against native protein conformations. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:409-18. [PMID: 22008067 PMCID: PMC3241927 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electroporation has become a gold standard method for DNA immunization. The method assists the DNA entry into cells, results in expression and the display of the native form of antigens to professional cells of the immune system, uses both arms of immune system, has a built-in adjuvant system, is relatively safe, and is cost-effective. However, there are challenges for achieving an optimized reproducible process for eliciting strong humoral responses and for the screening of specific immune responses, in particular, when the aim is to mount humoral responses or to generate monoclonal antibodies via hybridoma technology. Production of monoclonal antibodies demands generation of high numbers of primed B and CD4 T helper cells in lymphoid organs needed for the fusion that traditionally is achieved by a final intravenous antigen injection. The purified antigen is also needed for screening of hundreds of clones obtained upon fusion of splenocytes. Such challenges make DNA vaccination dependent on purified proteins. Here, we have optimized methods for in vivo electroporation, production, and use of cells expressing the antigen and an in-cell Western screening method. These methods resulted in (1) reproducibly mounting robust humoral responses against antigens with different cell localizations, and (2) the ability to screen for antigen eliminating a need for protein/antigen purification. This process includes optimized parameters for in vivo electroporation, the use of transfected cells for final boost, and mild fixation/permeabilization of cells for screening. Using this process, upon two vaccinations via in vivo electroporation (and final boost), monoclonal antibodies against nucleus and cytoplasmic and transmembrane proteins were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
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20
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Schwarz N, Fliegert R, Adriouch S, Seman M, Guse AH, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Activation of the P2X7 ion channel by soluble and covalently bound ligands. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:139-49. [PMID: 19255877 PMCID: PMC2686825 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The homotrimeric P2X7 purinergic receptor has sparked interest because of its capacity to sense adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) released from cells and to induce calcium signaling and cell death. Here, we examine the response of arginine mutants of P2X7 to soluble and covalently bound ligands. High concentrations of ecto-ATP gate P2X7 by acting as a soluble ligand and low concentrations of ecto-NAD gate P2X7 following ADP-ribosylation at R125 catalyzed by toxin-related ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ART2.2. R125 lies on a prominent cysteine-rich finger at the interface of adjacent receptor subunits, and ADP-ribosylation at this site likely places the common adenine nucleotide moiety into the ligand-binding pocket of P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, Campus-Forschung 02.059, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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