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Tam JM, Josephson L, Pilozzi AR, Huang X. A Novel Dual Fluorochrome Near-Infrared Imaging Probe for Potential Alzheimer's Enzyme Biomarkers-BACE1 and Cathepsin D. Molecules 2020; 25:E274. [PMID: 31936569 PMCID: PMC7024167 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular imaging probe to fluorescently image the β-site of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and cathepsin D (CatD) enzymes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was designed and synthesized. This imaging probe was built upon iron oxide nanoparticles (cross-linked dextran iron oxide nanoparticles, or CLIO). Peptide substrates containing a terminal near-infrared fluorochrome (fluorophore emitting at 775 nm for CatD or fluorophore emitting at 669 nm for BACE1) were conjugated to the CLIO nanoparticles. The CatD substrate contained a phenylalanine-phenylalanine cleavage site more specific to CatD than BACE1. The BACE1 substrate contained the sequence surrounding the leucine-asparagine cleavage site of the BACE1 found in the Swedish mutation of APP, which is more specific to BACE1 than CatD. These fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates were then conjugated to the nanoparticle. The nanoparticle probes were purified by gel filtration, and their fluorescence intensities were determined using a fluorescence plate reader. The CatD peptide substrate demonstrated a 15.5-fold increase in fluorescence when incubated with purified CatD enzyme, and the BACE1 substrate exhibited a 31.5-fold increase in fluorescence when incubated with purified BACE1 enzyme. Probe specificity was also demonstrated in the human H4 neuroglioma cells and the H4 cells stably transfected with BACE1 in which the probe monitored enzymatic cleavage. In the H4 and H4-BACE1 cells, BACE1 and active CatD activity increased, an occurrence that was reflected in enzyme expression levels as determined by immunoblotting. These results demonstrate the applicability of this probe for detecting potential Alzheimer's enzyme biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M. Tam
- Wyss Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research (CMIR), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Alexander R. Pilozzi
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
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2
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Shetty D, Choi SY, Jeong JM, Lee JY, Hoigebazar L, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC, Chung YK. Stable aluminium fluoride chelates with triazacyclononane derivatives proved by X-ray crystallography and 18F-labeling study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9732-4. [PMID: 21776539 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13151f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A single crystal structure of an aluminium-fluoride complex of a model compound (NODA-benzyl) was studied to understand the co-ordination chemistry. Series of ligands with an extra carboxylic acid linker for biomolecule conjugation were studied for improved (18)F-labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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3
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[Mild cognitive impairment: diagnostic value of different MR techniques]. Radiologe 2011; 51:285-92. [PMID: 21448679 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-010-2094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of an increasingly aging population the prevalence of dementia is also expected to increase rapidly. As well as clinical, neuropsychological and laboratory procedures magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the early diagnosis of dementia which is important in the precursor stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). On the one hand this stage is associated with an increased risk of dementia and on the other hand an early treatment in this stage could attenuate development of the disease. In addition to morphological changes different functional MRI techniques can help in the early diagnosis of dementia and the precursor stages. Moreover, it is important to detect those MCI patients who are at particularly risk for developing dementia. In the differentiation of converters to non-converters initial studies suggest that particularly voxel-based morphometry, MR spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging can provide important additional information.
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Abstract
With an increasingly aging population we are faced with the problem of an increasing number of dementia patients. In addition to clinical, neuropsychological and laboratory procedures, MRI plays an important role in the early diagnosis of dementia. In addition to various morphological changes functional changes can also help in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia. Overall the diagnosis of dementia can be improved by using parameters from MR spectroscopy. This article focuses on MR spectroscopic changes in the physiological aging process as well as on changes in mild cognitive impairment a precursor of Alzheimer's dementia, in Alzheimer's dementia, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hauser
- Abteilung E010, Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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5
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Abstract
Many neurodegenerative dementias produce significant alterations in the brain that are often not detectable by neurologic tests or with structural imaging. PET is ideally suited for monitoring cell/molecular events early in the course of a disease as well as during pharmacologic therapy. During the past 2 decades, molecular neuroimaging using PET and magnetic resonance (MR) has advanced elegantly and steadily gained importance in the clinical and research arenas. Software- and hardware-based multimodality brain imaging allowing the correlation between anatomic and molecular information has revolutionized clinical diagnosis and now offers unique capabilities for the clinical neuroimaging community and neuroscience researchers at large.
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6
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Design of silicon-based misonidazole analogues and 18F-radiolabelling. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:895-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Roehn U, Becaud J, Mu L, Srinivasan A, Stellfeld T, Fitzner A, Graham K, Dinkelborg L, Schubiger AP, Ametamey SM. Nucleophilic ring-opening of activated aziridines: A one-step method for labeling biomolecules with fluorine-18. J Fluor Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Scott P. Methods for the Incorporation of Carbon-11 To Generate Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6001-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Scott P. Methoden für den Einbau von Kohlenstoff-11 zur Erzeugung von Radiopharmaka für die Positronenemissionstomographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Barrio JR, Satyamurthy N, Huang SC, Petrič A, Small GW, Kepe V. Dissecting molecular mechanisms in the living brain of dementia patients. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:842-50. [PMID: 19281227 DOI: 10.1021/ar800189x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of dementia is essential for designing successful interventions. Dementia, like cancer and cardiovascular disease, requires early detection to potentially arrest or prevent further disease progression. By the time a neurologist begins to manage clinical symptoms, the disease has often damaged the brain significantly. Because successful treatment is the logical goal, detecting the disease when brain damage is still limited is of the essence. The role of chemistry in this discovery process is critical. With the advent of molecular imaging, the understanding of molecular mechanisms in human neurodegenerative diseases has exploded. Traditionally, knowledge of enzyme and neurotransmitter function in humans has been extrapolated from animal studies, but now we can acquire data directly from both healthy and diseased human subjects. In this Account, we describe the use of molecular imaging probes to elucidate the biochemical and cellular bases of dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) and the application of these discoveries to the design of successful therapeutic interventions. Molecular imaging permits observation and evaluation of the basic molecular mechanisms of disease progression in the living brains of patients. 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose is used to assess the effect of Alzheimer's disease progression on neuronal circuits projecting from and to the temporal lobe (one of the earliest metabolic signs of the disease). Recently, we have developed imaging probes for detection of amyloid neuropathology (both tau and beta-amyloid peptide deposits) and neuronal losses. These probes allow us to visualize the development of pathology in the living brain of dementia patients and its consequences, such as losses of critical neurons associated with memory deficits and other neuropsychiatric impairments. Because inflammatory processes are tightly connected to the brain degenerative processes, inflammation is now emerging as an important target for new molecular imaging probes. The combination of molecular probes targeting various processes of dementia is a useful tool for detailed monitoring of disease mechanism, progression, and diagnosis, as well as for the development of rational strategies for promising therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrej Petrič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerèeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gary W. Small
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
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Mellon EA, Pilkinton DT, Clark CM, Elliott MA, Witschey WR, Borthakur A, Reddy R. Sodium MR imaging detection of mild Alzheimer disease: preliminary study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:978-84. [PMID: 19213826 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is significant interest in the development of novel noninvasive techniques for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and tracking its progression. Because MR imaging has detected alterations in sodium levels that correlate with cell death in stroke, we hypothesized that there would be alterations of sodium levels in the brains of patients with AD, related to AD cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 10 volunteers (5 with mild AD and 5 healthy control subjects) were scanned with a 20-minute sodium (23Na) MR imaging protocol on a 3T clinical scanner. RESULTS After normalizing the signal intensity from the medial temporal lobes corresponding to the hippocampus with the ventricular signal intensity, we were able to detect a 7.5% signal intensity increase in the brains of patients with AD (AD group, 68.25% +/- 3.4% vs control group, 60.75% +/- 2.9%; P < .01). This signal intensity enhancement inversely correlated with hippocampal volume (AD group, 3.22 +/- 0.50 cm3 vs control group, 3.91 +/- 0.45 cm3; r2 = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests that sodium imaging may be a clinically useful tool to detect the neuropathologic changes associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mellon
- Department of Radiology, MMRRCC, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Schillaci O, Travascio L, Bruni C, Bazzocchi G, Testa A, Garaci F, Melis M, Floris R, Simonetti G. Molecular Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroradiol J 2008; 21:755-71. [DOI: 10.1177/197140090802100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Magnetic resonance (MR) or computed tomography (CT) imaging is recommended for routine evaluation of dementias. The development of molecular imaging agents and the new techniques of MR for AD are critically important for early diagnosis, neuropathogenesis studies and assessing treatment efficacy in AD. Neuroimaging using nuclear medicine techniques such as SPECT, PET and MR spectroscopy has the potential to characterize the biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. The present review summarizes the results of radionuclide imaging and MR imaging in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Schillaci
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - L. Travascio
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - C. Bruni
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - G. Bazzocchi
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - A. Testa
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - F.G. Garaci
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - M. Melis
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - R. Floris
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - G. Simonetti
- Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome; Rome, Italy
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Miller P, Long N, Vilar R, Gee A. Synthese von11C-,18F-,15O- und13N-Radiotracern für die Positronenemissionstomographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Miller P, Long N, Vilar R, Gee A. Synthesis of11C,18F,15O, and13N Radiolabels for Positron Emission Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8998-9033. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Scott PJH, Hockley BG, Kung HF, Manchanda R, Zhang W, Kilbourn MR. Studies into radiolytic decomposition of fluorine-18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 67:88-94. [PMID: 18951032 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiolytic decomposition of high specific concentration radiopharmaceuticals is an undesired side-effect that can hamper development of novel PET tracers. This was particularly evident in a series of carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labeled mono- and dimethyl-substituted aryl amines, where rapid decomposition was observed in isolation and formulation steps. We tested a number of additives that inhibit radiolysis and can be safely added to the synthesis procedures (purification and isolation) and reformulation steps to provide suitable clinical formulations. Ethanol and sodium ascorbate are established anti-oxidant stabilizers that completely inhibit radiolytic decomposition and are amenable to human use. Herein, we also demonstrate for the first time that nitrones are non-toxic radical scavengers that are capable of inhibiting radiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Mu L, Höhne A, Schubiger PA, Ametamey SM, Graham K, Cyr JE, Dinkelborg L, Stellfeld T, Srinivasan A, Voigtmann U, Klar U. Silicon-based building blocks for one-step 18F-radiolabeling of peptides for PET imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4922-5. [PMID: 18496798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Science of ETH, PSI and USZ, ETH-Hönggerberg, D-CHAB IPW HCI H427, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mu L, Höhne A, Schubiger P, Ametamey S, Graham K, Cyr J, Dinkelborg L, Stellfeld T, Srinivasan A, Voigtmann U, Klar U. Siliciumbausteine für eine einstufige18F-Radiomarkierung von Peptiden für die PET-Bildgebung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Klok R, Klein P, van Berckel B, Tolboom N, Lammertsma A, Windhorst A. Synthesis of 2-(1,1-dicyanopropen-2-yl)-6-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-methylamino-naphthalene ([18F]FDDNP). Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:203-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sorger D, Scheunemann M, Grossmann U, Fischer S, Vercouille J, Hiller A, Wenzel B, Roghani A, Schliebs R, Brust P, Sabri O, Steinbach J. A new 18F-labeled fluoroacetylmorpholino derivative of vesamicol for neuroimaging of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:185-95. [PMID: 18312828 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of producing selective radiotracers for in vivo imaging of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) using positron mission tomography (PET), here, we report synthesis and analysis of a new class of conformationally constrained vesamicol analogues with moderate lipophilicity. The sequential ring opening on trans-1,4-cyclohexadiene dioxide enabled an approach to synthesize 6-arylpiperidino-octahydrobenzo[1,4]oxazine-7-ols [morpholino vesamicols]. The radiosynthesis of the [18F]fluoroacetyl-substituted derivative ([18F]FAMV) was achieved starting from a corresponding bromo precursor [2-Bromo-1-[7-hydroxy-6-(4-phenyl-piperidin-1-yl)-octahydro-benzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl]-ethanone] and using a modified commercial computer-controlled module system with a radiochemical yield of 27+/-4%, a high radiochemical purity (99%) and a specific activity of 35 GBq/micromol. In competitive binding assays using a PC12 cell line overexpressing VAChT and [3H]-(-) vesamicol, 2-fluoro-1-[7-hydroxy-6-(4-phenyl-piperidin-1-yl)-octahydro-benzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl]-ethanone (FAMV) demonstrated a high selectivity for binding to VAChT (K(i): 39.9+/-5.9 nM) when compared to its binding to sigma 1/2 receptors (Ki>1500 nM). The compound showed a moderate lipophilicity (logD (pH 7)=1.9) and a plasma protein binding of 49%. The brain uptake of [18F]FAMV was about 0.1% injected dose per gram at 5 min after injection and decreased continuously with time. Notably, an increasing accumulation of radioactivity in the lateral brain ventricles was observed. After 1 h, the accumulation of [18F]FAMV, expressed as ratio to the cerebellum, was 4.5 for the striatum, 2.0 for the cortical and 1.5 for the hippocampal regions, measured on brain slices using ex vivo autoradiography. At the present time, 75% of [18F]FAMV in the plasma was shown to be metabolized to various hydrophilic compounds, as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The degradation of [18F]FAMV was also detected in brain extracts as early as 15 min post injection (p.i.) and increased to 50% at 1 h postinjection. In conclusion, although the chemical properties of [18F]FAMV and the selectivity of binding to VAChT appear to be promising indicators of a useful PET tracer for imaging VAChT, a low brain extraction, in combination with only moderate specific accumulation in cholinergic brain regions and an insufficient in vivo stability prevents the application of this compound for neuroimaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietlind Sorger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Lucignani G. Clinical neuroimaging: a matter of biophysics and logistics. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:951-6. [PMID: 17479260 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lucignani
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, University of Milan, Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital San Paolo, Via Antonio di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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