1
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Ezeani M, Hagemeyer CE, Lal S, Niego B. Molecular imaging of atrial myopathy: Towards early AF detection and non-invasive disease management. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 32:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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McGinley LM, Willsey MS, Kashlan ON, Chen KS, Hayes JM, Bergin IL, Mason SN, Stebbins AW, Kwentus JF, Pacut C, Kollmer J, Sakowski SA, Bell CB, Chestek CA, Murphy GG, Patil PG, Feldman EL. Magnetic resonance imaging of human neural stem cells in rodent and primate brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:83-97. [PMID: 32841522 PMCID: PMC7780819 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation therapies are currently under investigation for central nervous system disorders. Although preclinical models show benefit, clinical translation is somewhat limited by the absence of reliable noninvasive methods to confirm targeting and monitor transplanted cells in vivo. Here, we assess a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent derived from magnetotactic bacteria, magneto‐endosymbionts (MEs), as a translatable methodology for in vivo tracking of stem cells after intracranial transplantation. We show that ME labeling provides robust MRI contrast without impairment of cell viability or other important therapeutic features. Labeled cells were visualized immediately post‐transplantation and over time by serial MRI in nonhuman primate and mouse brain. Postmortem tissue analysis confirmed on‐target grft location, and linear correlations were observed between MRI signal, cell engraftment, and tissue ME levels, suggesting that MEs may be useful for determining graft survival or rejection. Overall, these findings indicate that MEs are an effective tool for in vivo tracking and monitoring of cell transplantation therapies with potential relevance to many cellular therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McGinley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew S Willsey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Osama N Kashlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin S Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John M Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shayna N Mason
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron W Stebbins
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Crystal Pacut
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer Kollmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Caleb B Bell
- Bell Biosystems, San Francisco, California, USA.,G4S Capital & Ikigai Accelerator, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Cynthia A Chestek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience and Robotics Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Parag G Patil
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Zaw Thin M, Allan H, Bofinger R, Kostelec TD, Guillaume S, Connell JJ, Patrick PS, Hailes HC, Tabor AB, Lythgoe MF, Stuckey DJ, Kalber TL. Multi-modal imaging probe for assessing the efficiency of stem cell delivery to orthotopic breast tumours. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16570-16585. [PMID: 32749427 PMCID: PMC7586303 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have been utilised as anti-cancer agents due to their ability to home to and integrate within tumours. Methods to augment stem cell homing to tumours are being investigated with the goal of enhancing treatment efficacy. However, it is currently not possible to evaluate both cell localisation and cell viability after engraftment, hindering optimisation of therapy. In this study, luciferase-expressing human adipocyte-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were incubated with Indium-111 radiolabelled iron oxide nanoparticles to produce cells with tri-modal imaging capabilities. ADSCs were administered intravenously (IV) or intracardially (IC) to mice bearing orthotopic breast tumours. Cell fate was monitored using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as a measure of cell viability, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cell localisation and single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) for cell quantification. Serial monitoring with multi-modal imaging showed the presence of viable ADSCs within tumours as early as 1-hour post IC injection and the percentage of ADSCs within tumours to be 2-fold higher after IC than IV. Finally, histological analysis was used to validate engraftment of ADSC within tumour tissue. These findings demonstrate that multi-modal imaging can be used to evaluate the efficiency of stem cell delivery to tumours and that IC cell administration is more effective for tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Zaw Thin
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Helen Allan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Robin Bofinger
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Tomas D Kostelec
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Simon Guillaume
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John J Connell
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - P Stephen Patrick
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine with the use of stem cells has appeared as a potential therapeutic alternative for many disease states. Despite initial enthusiasm, there has been relatively slow transition to clinical trials. In large part, numerous questions remain regarding the viability, biology and efficacy of transplanted stem cells in the living subject. The critical issues highlighted the importance of developing tools to assess these questions. Advances in molecular biology and imaging have allowed the successful non-invasive monitoring of transplanted stem cells in the living subject. Over the years these methodologies have been updated to assess not only the viability but also the biology of transplanted stem cells. In this review, different imaging strategies to study the viability and biology of transplanted stem cells are presented. Use of these strategies will be critical as the different regenerative therapies are being tested for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhar Abbas
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Hajipour MJ, Mehrani M, Abbasi SH, Amin A, Kassaian SE, Garbern JC, Caracciolo G, Zanganeh S, Chitsazan M, Aghaverdi H, Shahri SMK, Ashkarran A, Raoufi M, Bauser-Heaton H, Zhang J, Muehlschlegel JD, Moore A, Lee RT, Wu JC, Serpooshan V, Mahmoudi M. Nanoscale Technologies for Prevention and Treatment of Heart Failure: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11352-11390. [PMID: 31490059 PMCID: PMC7003249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adult myocardium has a limited regenerative capacity following heart injury, and the lost cells are primarily replaced by fibrotic scar tissue. Suboptimal efficiency of current clinical therapies to resurrect the infarcted heart results in injured heart enlargement and remodeling to maintain its physiological functions. These remodeling processes ultimately leads to ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). Recent therapeutic approaches (e.g., regenerative and nanomedicine) have shown promise to prevent HF postmyocardial infarction in animal models. However, these preclinical, clinical, and technological advancements have yet to yield substantial enhancements in the survival rate and quality of life of patients with severe ischemic injuries. This could be attributed largely to the considerable gap in knowledge between clinicians and nanobioengineers. Development of highly effective cardiac regenerative therapies requires connecting and coordinating multiple fields, including cardiology, cellular and molecular biology, biochemistry and chemistry, and mechanical and materials sciences, among others. This review is particularly intended to bridge the knowledge gap between cardiologists and regenerative nanomedicine experts. Establishing this multidisciplinary knowledge base may help pave the way for developing novel, safer, and more effective approaches that will enable the medical community to reduce morbidity and mortality in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Mehrani
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Amin
- Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jessica C. Garbern
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, V.le Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Mitra Chitsazan
- Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Aghaverdi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kamali Shahri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aliakbar Ashkarran
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Holly Bauser-Heaton
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jochen D. Muehlschlegel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anna Moore
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Connors Center for Women’s Health & Gender Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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6
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Albumin nanocomposites with MnO 2/Gd 2O 3 motifs for precise MR imaging of acute myocardial infarction in rabbit models. Biomaterials 2019; 230:119614. [PMID: 31753475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The severe mortality and morbidity of myocardial infarction requests appropriate and accurate detection. Considering pathological profile of the acidic myocardial infarction microenvironments, herein, the low pH-sensitive albumin nanocomposites with MnO2 motifs (MnO2@BSA) have been engineered for T1-weighted MR imaging of myocardial infarction, while using non-pH-responsive Gd2O3@BSA nanocomposites as control. The nanocomposites were 20-30 nm in diameter with spheroid morphology. Besides, the MnO2@BSA have exhibited pH-triggered releasing of Mn2+, demonstrating approximately 38-fold and 55-fold increased molecular relaxivity at acute myocardial infarction-mimicking pH 6.5 (13.08 mM-1s-1) and macrophage intracellular pH 5.0 (18.76 mM-1s-1) compared to the extremely low relaxivity (0.34 mM-1s-1) at normal physiological conditions (pH 7.4). However, the Gd2O3@BSA with molecular relaxivity approximately 10 mM-1s-1 were without pH-sensitive properties. Furthermore, the MnO2@BSA have demonstrated high accumulation in the acute myocardial infarction regions and fast metabolism from the body after systemic injection, accounting high contrast enhancement for accurate MR imaging of acute myocardial infarction in rabbit models, demonstrating better diagnostic performance over the controls.
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7
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Xie P, Hu X, Li D, Xie S, Zhou Z, Meng X, Shan H. Bioluminescence Imaging of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Overexpression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor4α: Tracking Biodistribution and Survival. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:44-53. [PMID: 29761416 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to construct immortalized human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (UE7T-13) with overexpression of the hepatocyte nuclear factor4α (hHNF4α) and luciferase2-mKate2 dual-fusion reporter gene, further investigate their impact on treating acute liver injury (ALI) in rats, and track their biodistribution and survival by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). PROCEDURES The hHNF4α and luciferase2-mKate2 genes were transduced by a lentiviral vector into UE7T-13 cells (named E7-hHNF4α-R cells), and expression was verified by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry. E7-hGFP-R cells expressing the luciferase2-mKate2/hGFP gene served as a negative group. A correlation between the bioluminescence signal and cell number was detected by BLI. The ALI rats were established and divided into three groups: PBS, E7-hGFP-R, and E7-hHNF4α-R. After transplantation of 2.0 × 106 cells, BLI was used to dynamically track their biodistribution and survival. The restoration of biological functions was assessed by serum biochemical and histological analyses. RESULTS Stable high-level expression of hHNF4α and mKate2 protein was established in the E7-hHNF4α-R cells in vitro. The E7-hHNF4α-R cells strongly expressed hGFP, hHNF4α, and mKate2 proteins, and the hHNF4α gene. hGFP-mKate2 dual-positive cell expression reached approximately 93 %. BLI verified that a linear relationship existed between the cell number and bioluminescence signal (R2 = 0.9991). The cells improved liver function in vivo after transplantation into the ALI rat liver, as evidenced by the fact that AST and ALT temporarily returned to normal levels in the recipient ALI rats. The presence of the transplanted E7-hGFP-R and E7-hHNF4α-R cells in recipient rat livers was confirmed by BLI and immunohistochemistry. However, the cells were cleared by the immune system a short time after transplantation into ALI rats with a normal immune system. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that the E7-hHNF4α-R cells can transiently improve damaged liver function and were rapidly cleared by the immune system. In addition, BLI is a useful tool to track transplanted cell biodistribution and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Xie
- Guang Dong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, China.,Department of Radiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Guang Dong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, China.,Interventional Medicine Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guang Dong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, China.,Interventional Medicine Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sidong Xie
- The Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Meng
- Department of Radiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Shan
- Guang Dong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Zhuhai, China. .,Interventional Medicine Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China. .,Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
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8
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Tachibana A. [6. Application of MRI Technology to the Regenerative Medicine in Heart Disease Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2018; 74:491-498. [PMID: 29780049 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2018_jsrt_74.5.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Franchi F, Peterson KM, Paulmurugan R, Folmes C, Lanza IR, Lerman A, Rodriguez-Porcel M. Noninvasive Monitoring of the Mitochondrial Function in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:510-8. [PMID: 26865378 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondria are a gatekeeper of cell survival and mitochondrial function can be used to monitor cell stress. Here we validate a pathway-specific reporter gene to noninvasively image the mitochondrial function of stem cells. PROCEDURES We constructed a mitochondrial sensor with the firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene driven by the NQO1 enzyme promoter. The sensor was introduced in stem cells and validated in vitro and in vivo, in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR). RESULTS The sensor activity showed an inverse relationship with mitochondrial function (R (2) = -0.975, p = 0.025) and showed specificity and sensitivity for mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo, NQO1-Fluc activity was significantly higher in IR animals vs. controls, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, and was corroborated by ex vivo luminometry. CONCLUSIONS Reporter gene imaging allows assessment of the biology of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), providing important information that can be used to improve the phenotype and survival of transplanted stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Franchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Karen M Peterson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clifford Folmes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Martin Rodriguez-Porcel
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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10
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Santoso MR, Yang PC. Molecular Imaging of Stem Cells and Exosomes for Myocardial Regeneration. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Mahmoudi M, Yu M, Serpooshan V, Wu JC, Langer R, Lee RT, Karp JM, Farokhzad OC. Multiscale technologies for treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:845-855. [PMID: 28875984 PMCID: PMC5717755 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart possesses only limited capacity for innate regeneration and the response to severe injury is dominated by the formation of scar tissue. Current therapy to replace damaged cardiac tissue is limited to cardiac transplantation and thus many patients suffer progressive decay in the heart's pumping capacity to the point of heart failure. Nanostructured systems have the potential to revolutionize both preventive and therapeutic approaches for treating cardiovascular disease. Here, we outline recent advancements in nanotechnology that could be exploited to overcome the major obstacles in the prevention of and therapy for heart disease. We also discuss emerging trends in nanotechnology affecting the cardiovascular field that may offer new hope for patients suffering massive heart attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Mikyung Yu
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Karp
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
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12
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Rojas SV, Meier M, Zweigerdt R, Eckardt D, Rathert C, Schecker N, Schmitto JD, Rojas-Hernandez S, Martin U, Kutschka I, Haverich A, Martens A. Multimodal Imaging for In Vivo Evaluation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Murine Model of Heart Failure. Artif Organs 2016; 41:192-199. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V. Rojas
- Department of Cardiothoracic; Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
| | - Martin Meier
- Central Animal Laboratory; Hannover Medical School; Hannover
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
| | | | - Christian Rathert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
| | - Natalie Schecker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
| | - Jan D. Schmitto
- Department of Cardiothoracic; Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Sara Rojas-Hernandez
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
| | - Ingo Kutschka
- Department of Cardiothoracic; Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic; Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
| | - Andreas Martens
- Department of Cardiothoracic; Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School
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13
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Mahmoudi M, Tachibana A, Goldstone AB, Woo YJ, Chakraborty P, Lee KR, Foote CS, Piecewicz S, Barrozo JC, Wakeel A, Rice BW, Bell III CB, Yang PC. Novel MRI Contrast Agent from Magnetotactic Bacteria Enables In Vivo Tracking of iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26960. [PMID: 27264636 PMCID: PMC4893600 DOI: 10.1038/srep26960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic delivery of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) represents a novel clinical approach to regenerate the injured myocardium. However, methods for robust and accurate in vivo monitoring of the iCMs are still lacking. Although superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) are recognized as a promising tool for in vivo tracking of stem cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), their signal persists in the heart even weeks after the disappearance of the injected cells. This limitation highlights the inability of SPIOs to distinguish stem cell viability. In order to overcome this shortcoming, we demonstrate the use of a living contrast agent, magneto-endosymbionts (MEs) derived from magnetotactic bacteria for the labeling of iCMs. The ME-labeled iCMs were injected into the infarcted area of murine heart and probed by MRI and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Our findings demonstrate that the MEs are robust and effective biological contrast agents to track iCMs in an in vivo murine model. We show that the MEs clear within one week of cell death whereas the SPIOs remain over 2 weeks after cell death. These findings will accelerate the clinical translation of in vivo MRI monitoring of transplanted stem cell at high spatial resolution and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atsushi Tachibana
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Goldstone
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Y. Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kayla R. Lee
- Bell Biosystems Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abdul Wakeel
- Bell Biosystems Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | | | | | - Phillip C. Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Macrophage phagocytosis alters the MRI signal of ferumoxytol-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells in cartilage defects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25897. [PMID: 27174199 PMCID: PMC4865731 DOI: 10.1038/srep25897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising tool for cartilage regeneration in arthritic joints. hMSC labeling with iron oxide nanoparticles enables non-invasive in vivo monitoring of transplanted cells in cartilage defects with MR imaging. Since graft failure leads to macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo whether nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs show distinct MR signal characteristics before and after phagocytosis by macrophages. We found that apoptotic nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs were phagocytosed by macrophages while viable nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs were not. Serial MRI scans of hMSC transplants in arthritic joints of recipient rats showed that the iron signal of apoptotic, nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs engulfed by macrophages disappeared faster compared to viable hMSCs. This corresponded to poor cartilage repair outcomes of the apoptotic hMSC transplants. Therefore, rapid decline of iron MRI signal at the transplant site can indicate cell death and predict incomplete defect repair weeks later. Currently, hMSC graft failure can be only diagnosed by lack of cartilage defect repair several months after cell transplantation. The described imaging signs can diagnose hMSC transplant failure more readily, which could enable timely re-interventions and avoid unnecessary follow up studies of lost transplants.
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15
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Pumphrey A, Yang Z, Ye S, Powell DK, Thalman S, Watt DS, Abdel-Latif A, Unrine J, Thompson K, Fornwalt B, Ferrauto G, Vandsburger M. Advanced cardiac chemical exchange saturation transfer (cardioCEST) MRI for in vivo cell tracking and metabolic imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:74-83. [PMID: 26684053 PMCID: PMC4907269 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An improved pre-clinical cardiac chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pulse sequence (cardioCEST) was used to selectively visualize paramagnetic CEST (paraCEST)-labeled cells following intramyocardial implantation. In addition, cardioCEST was used to examine the effect of diet-induced obesity upon myocardial creatine CEST contrast. CEST pulse sequences were designed from standard turbo-spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences, and a cardiorespiratory-gated steady-state cine gradient-echo sequence. In vitro validation studies performed in phantoms composed of 20 mM Eu-HPDO3A, 20 mM Yb-HPDO3A, or saline demonstrated similar CEST contrast by spin-echo and gradient-echo pulse sequences. Skeletal myoblast cells (C2C12) were labeled with either Eu-HPDO3A or saline using a hypotonic swelling procedure and implanted into the myocardium of C57B6/J mice. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed cellular levels of Eu of 2.1 × 10(-3) ng/cell in Eu-HPDO3A-labeled cells and 2.3 × 10(-5) ng/cell in saline-labeled cells. In vivo cardioCEST imaging of labeled cells at ±15 ppm was performed 24 h after implantation and revealed significantly elevated asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio values in regions of Eu-HPDO3A-labeled cells when compared with surrounding myocardium or saline-labeled cells. We further utilized the cardioCEST pulse sequence to examine changes in myocardial creatine in response to diet-induced obesity by acquiring pairs of cardioCEST images at ±1.8 ppm. While ventricular geometry and function were unchanged between mice fed either a high-fat diet or a corresponding control low-fat diet for 14 weeks, myocardial creatine CEST contrast was significantly reduced in mice fed the high-fat diet. The selective visualization of paraCEST-labeled cells using cardioCEST imaging can enable investigation of cell fate processes in cardioregenerative medicine, or multiplex imaging of cell survival with imaging of cardiac structure and function and additional imaging of myocardial creatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Pumphrey
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zhengshi Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shaojing Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David K. Powell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Scott Thalman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David S. Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Brandon Fornwalt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Moriel Vandsburger
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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Ngen EJ, Wang L, Kato Y, Krishnamachary B, Zhu W, Gandhi N, Smith B, Armour M, Wong J, Gabrielson K, Artemov D. Imaging transplanted stem cells in real time using an MRI dual-contrast method. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13628. [PMID: 26330231 PMCID: PMC4556978 DOI: 10.1038/srep13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are currently being investigated for the repair of brain injuries. Although exogenous stem cell labelling with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) prior to transplantation provides a means to noninvasively monitor stem cell transplantation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), monitoring cell death is still a challenge. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using an MRI dual-contrast technique to detect cell delivery, cell migration and cell death after stem cell transplantation. Human mesenchymal stem cells were dual labelled with SPIONs and gadolinium-based chelates (GdDTPA). The viability, proliferation rate, and differentiation potential of the labelled cells were then evaluated. The feasibility of this MRI technique to distinguish between live and dead cells was next evaluated using MRI phantoms, and in vivo using both immune-competent and immune-deficient mice, following the induction of brain injury in the mice. All results were validated with bioluminescence imaging. In live cells, a negative (T2/T2*) MRI contrast predominates, and is used to track cell delivery and cell migration. Upon cell death, a diffused positive (T1) MRI contrast is generated in the vicinity of the dead cells, and serves as an imaging marker for cell death. Ultimately, this technique could be used to manage stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel J Ngen
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Lee Wang
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Yoshinori Kato
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Wenlian Zhu
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Nishant Gandhi
- The Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- The Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Michael Armour
- The Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - John Wong
- The Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- The Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Dmitri Artemov
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
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17
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Bakermans AJ, Abdurrachim D, Moonen RPM, Motaal AG, Prompers JJ, Strijkers GJ, Vandoorne K, Nicolay K. Small animal cardiovascular MR imaging and spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 88-89:1-47. [PMID: 26282195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of MR imaging and spectroscopy for studying cardiovascular disease processes in small animals has increased tremendously over the past decade. This is the result of the remarkable advances in MR technologies and the increased availability of genetically modified mice. MR techniques provide a window on the entire timeline of cardiovascular disease development, ranging from subtle early changes in myocardial metabolism that often mark disease onset to severe myocardial dysfunction associated with end-stage heart failure. MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques play an important role in basic cardiovascular research and in cardiovascular disease diagnosis and therapy follow-up. This is due to the broad range of functional, structural and metabolic parameters that can be quantified by MR under in vivo conditions non-invasively. This review describes the spectrum of MR techniques that are employed in small animal cardiovascular disease research and how the technological challenges resulting from the small dimensions of heart and blood vessels as well as high heart and respiratory rates, particularly in mice, are tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus J Bakermans
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desiree Abdurrachim
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rik P M Moonen
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abdallah G Motaal
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Vandoorne
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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18
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Cao J, Li X, Chang N, Wang Y, Lei J, Zhao D, Gao K, Jin Z. Dual-modular molecular imaging to trace transplanted bone mesenchymal stromal cells in an acute myocardial infarction model. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1365-73. [PMID: 26166321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility of in vitro and in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI), fluorescence imaging (FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to trace transplanted bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) labeled with the firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene, CyI dyes and ultra-small super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles. METHODS Fluc-transfected BMSCs were further labeled with CyI dyes and USPIO particles, respectively. Acute myocardial infarction models of different weighted Sprague-Dawley rats and Balb/c mice were established, and BLI and FI were performed in vivo and ex vivo to determine the optimal method of optical imaging. Finally, BLI and MRI were selected to trace transplanted BMSCs in a murine model in vivo. RESULTS BLI was found to be the optimal optical imaging method in vivo, compared with FI, and mice were found to be the optimal animal model, compared with rats. A significant BLI signal intensity was detected in the heart region in the BMSC-treated mice group (40,552 ± 6073 counts, n = 26) and gradually decreased below the detection threshold. Two distinct hypo-intense regions were observed in the anterior wall of the heart, where stem cells were injected on MR images obtained with the gradient recalled echo cine sequence in the BMSC-treated mice group. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted BMSCs labeled with Fluc reporter gene and USPIO particles can be traced with the use of BLI and MRI in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Radiology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Radiology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chang
- Department of Radiology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Radiology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Radiology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Dachun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- Department of Radiology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, China.
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19
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Kim HS, Woo J, Lee JH, Joo HJ, Choi Y, Kim H, Moon WK, Kim SJ. In vivo Tracking of Dendritic Cell using MRI Reporter Gene, Ferritin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125291. [PMID: 25993535 PMCID: PMC4439152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The noninvasive imaging of dendritic cells (DCs) migrated into lymph nodes (LNs) can provide helpful information on designing DCs-based immunotherapeutic strategies. This study is to investigate the influence of transduction of human ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and green fluorescence protein (GFP) genes on inherent properties of DCs, and the feasibility of FTH as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporter gene to track DCs migration into LNs. FTH-DCs were established by the introduction of FTH and GFP genes into the DC cell line (DC2.4) using lentivirus. The changes in the rate of MRI signal decay (R2*) resulting from FTH transduction were analyzed in cell phantoms as well as popliteal LN of mice after subcutaneous injection of those cells into hind limb foot pad by using a multiple gradient echo sequence on a 9.4 T MR scanner. The transduction of FTH and GFP did not influence the proliferation and migration abilities of DCs. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) in FTH-DCs was similar to that of DCs. FTH-DCs exhibited increased iron storage capacity, and displayed a significantly higher transverse relaxation rate (R2*) as compared to DCs in phantom. LNs with FTH-DCs exhibited negative contrast, leading to a high R2* in both in vivo and ex vivo T2*-weighted images compared to DCs. On histological analysis FTH-DCs migrated to the subcapsular sinus and the T cell zone of LN, where they highly expressed CD25 to bind and stimulate T cells. Our study addresses the feasibility of FTH as an MRI reporter gene to track DCs migration into LNs without alteration of their inherent properties. This study suggests that FTH-based MRI could be a useful technique to longitudinally monitor DCs and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of DC-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Woo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Joo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - YoonSeok Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (WKM); (SJK)
| | - Seung Ja Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University, Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro, Dongjag-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (WKM); (SJK)
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20
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Magnetic resonance imaging with superparamagnetic iron oxide fails to track the long-term fate of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into heart. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9058. [PMID: 25762186 PMCID: PMC4356978 DOI: 10.1038/srep09058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI for in vivo stem cell tracking remains controversial. Here we tested the hypothesis that MRI can track the long-term fate of the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles labelled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) following intramyocardially injection in AMI rats. MSCs (1 × 106) from male rats doubly labeled with SPIO and DAPI were injected 2 weeks after myocardial infarction. The control group received cell-free media injection. In vivo serial MRI was performed at 24 hours before cell delivery (baseline), 3 days, 1, 2, and 4 weeks after cell delivery, respectively. Serial follow-up MRI demonstrated large persistent intramyocardial signal-voids representing SPIO during the follow-up of 4 weeks, and MSCs did not moderate the left ventricular dysfunction. The TUNEL analysis confirmed that MSCs engrafted underwent apoptosis. The histopathological studies revealed that the site of cell injection was infiltrated by inflammatory cells progressively and the iron-positive cells were macrophages identified by CD68 staining, but very few or no DAPI-positive stem cells at 4 weeks after cells transplantation. The presence of engrafted cells was confirmed by real-time PCR, which showed that the amount of Y-chromosome-specific SRY gene was consistent with the results. MRI may not reliably track the long-term fate of SPIO-labeled MSCs engraftment in heart.
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21
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Tang YH, Ma YY, Zhang ZJ, Wang YT, Yang GY. Opportunities and challenges: stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:337-47. [PMID: 25676164 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke has been widely explored in animal models and provides strong evidence of benefits. In this review, we summarize the types of stem cells, various delivery routes, and tracking tools for stem cell therapy of ischemic stroke. MSCs, EPCs, and NSCs are the most explored cell types for ischemic stroke treatment. Although the mechanisms of stem cell-based therapies are not fully understood, the most possible functions of the transplanted cells are releasing growth factors and regulating microenvironment through paracrine mechanism. Clinical application of stem cell-based therapy is still in its infancy. The next decade of stem cell research in stroke field needs to focus on combining different stem cells and different imaging modalities to fully explore the potential of this therapeutic avenue: from bench to bedside and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells rescues hyperglycemia via intra-spleen migration. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7586. [PMID: 25533571 PMCID: PMC4274503 DOI: 10.1038/srep07586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantation of embryonic stem cells (ESC)-derived insulin-producing cells has been extensively investigated for treatment of diabetes in animal models. However, the in vivo behavior and migration of transplanted cells in diabetic models remains unclear. Here we investigated the location and migration of insulin-producing cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) using a dynamic MRI tracking method. SPIO labeled cells showed hypointense signal under the kidney subcapsules of diabetic mice on MRI, and faded gradually over the visiting time. However, new hypointense signal appeared in the spleen 1 week after transplantation, and became obvious with the time prolongation. Further histological examination proved the immigrated cells were insulin and C-peptide positive cells which were evenly distributed throughout the spleen. These intra-spleen insulin-producing cells maintained their protective effects against hyperglycemia in vivo, and these effects were reversed upon spleen removal. Transplantation of insulin-producing cells through spleen acquired an earlier blood glucose control as compared with that through kidney subcapsules. In summary, our data demonstrate that insulin-producing cells transplanted through kidney subcapsules were not located in situ but migrated into spleen, and rescues hyperglycemia in diabetic models. MRI may provide a novel tracking method for preclinical cell transplantation therapy of diabetes continuously and non-invasively.
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23
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Moudgil R, Dick AJ. Regenerative Cell Imaging in Cardiac Repair. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1323-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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24
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Danhier P, De Preter G, Magat J, Godechal Q, Porporato PE, Jordan BF, Feron O, Sonveaux P, Gallez B. Multimodal cell tracking of a spontaneous metastasis model: comparison between MRI, electron paramagnetic resonance and bioluminescence. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:143-53. [PMID: 24523059 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MRI cell tracking is a promising technique for tracking various cell types in living animals. Usually, cells are incubated with iron oxides so that the particles are taken up before the cells are injected in vivo. In the present study, we aimed to monitor migration of luciferase-expressing mouse renal cancer cells (RENCA-luc) after intrarenal or intrasplenic injection. These cells were labelled using Molday Ion Rhodamine B (MIRB) fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Their fate after injection was first assessed using ex vivo X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. This biodistribution study showed that RENCA-luc cells quickly colonized the lungs and the liver after intrarenal and intrasplenic injection, respectively. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies confirmed that this cell line preferentially metastasized to these organs. Early tracking of labelled RENCA-luc cells in the liver using high-field MRI (11.7 T) was not feasible because of a lack of sensitivity. MRI of MIRB-labelled RENCA-luc cells after injection in the left kidney was then performed. T2 - and T2 *-weighted images showed that the labelled cells induced hypointense signals at the injection site. Nevertheless, the hypointense regions tended to disappear after several days, mainly owing to dilution of the MIRB iron oxides with cell proliferation. In conclusion, EPR is well adapted to ex vivo analysis of tissues after cell tracking experiments and allows short-term monitoring of metastasizing cells. MRI is a suitable tool for checking labelled cells at their injection site, but dilution of the iron oxides owing to cell division remains a major limitation. BLI remains the most suitable technique for long-term monitoring of metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Danhier
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Pacak CA, Hammer PE, MacKay AA, Dowd RP, Wang KR, Masuzawa A, Sill B, McCully JD, Cowan DB. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles function as a long-term, multi-modal imaging label for non-invasive tracking of implanted progenitor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108695. [PMID: 25250622 PMCID: PMC4177390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles to function as a long-term tracking label for multi-modal imaging of implanted engineered tissues containing muscle-derived progenitor cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). SPIO-labeled primary myoblasts were embedded in fibrin sealant and imaged to obtain intensity data by MRI or radio-opacity information by μCT. Each imaging modality displayed a detection gradient that matched increasing SPIO concentrations. Labeled cells were then incorporated in fibrin sealant, injected into the atrioventricular groove of rat hearts, and imaged in vivo and ex vivo for up to 1 year. Transplanted cells were identified in intact animals and isolated hearts using both imaging modalities. MRI was better able to detect minuscule amounts of SPIO nanoparticles, while μCT more precisely identified the location of heavily-labeled cells. Histological analyses confirmed that iron oxide particles were confined to viable, skeletal muscle-derived cells in the implant at the expected location based on MRI and μCT. These analyses showed no evidence of phagocytosis of labeled cells by macrophages or release of nanoparticles from transplanted cells. In conclusion, we established that SPIO nanoparticles function as a sensitive and specific long-term label for MRI and μCT, respectively. Our findings will enable investigators interested in regenerative therapies to non-invasively and serially acquire complementary, high-resolution images of transplanted cells for one year using a single label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Pacak
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter E. Hammer
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison A. MacKay
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rory P. Dowd
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kai-Roy Wang
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akihiro Masuzawa
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bjoern Sill
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James D. McCully
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Cowan
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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26
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Ruggiero A, Guenoun J, Smit H, Doeswijk GN, Klein S, Krestin GP, Kotek G, Bernsen MR. In vivo MRI mapping of iron oxide-labeled stem cells transplanted in the heart. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:487-94. [PMID: 24375904 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In various stem cell therapy approaches poor cell survival has been recognized as an important factor limiting therapeutic efficacy. Therefore noninvasive monitoring of cell fate is warranted for developing clinically effective stem cell therapy. In this study we investigated the use of voxel-based R₂ mapping as a tool to monitor the fate of iron oxide-labeled cells in the myocardium. Mesenchymal stem cells were transduced with the luciferase gene, labeled with ferumoxide particles and injected in the myocardium of healthy rats. Cell fate was monitored over a period of 8 weeks by bioluminescence and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Bioluminescence signal increased during the first week followed by a steep decrease to undetectable levels during the second week. MR imaging showed a sharp increase in R₂ values shortly after injection at the injection site, followed by a very gradual decrease of R₂ over a period of 8 weeks. No difference in the appearances on R₂-weighted images was observed between living and dead cells over the entire time period studied. No significant correlation between the bioluminescence optical data and R₂ values was observed and quantitative R₂ mapping appeared not suitable for the in vivo assessment of stem cell. These results do not follow previous in vitro reports where it was proposed that living cells may be distinguished from dead cells on the basis of the R₂ relaxivities (intracellular and extracellular iron oxides). Cell proliferation, cell migration, cell death, extracellular superparamagnetic iron oxide dispersion and aggregation exhibit different relaxivities. In vivo these processes happen simultaneously, making quantification very complex, if not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruggiero
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Hossain MA, Chowdhury T, Bagul A. Imaging modalities for the in vivo surveillance of mesenchymal stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1217-24. [PMID: 24917526 DOI: 10.1002/term.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells exist as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and have the capacity to differentiate into multiple tissue types when subjected to appropriate culture conditions. This property of MSCs creates therapeutic opportunities in regenerative medicine for the treatment of damage to neural, cardiac and musculoskeletal tissues or acute kidney injury. The prerequisite for successful cell therapy is delivery of cells to the target tissue. Assessment of therapeutic outcomes utilize traditional methods to examine cell function of MSC populations involving routine biochemical or histological analysis for cell proliferation, protein synthesis and gene expression. However, these methods do not provide sufficient spatial and temporal information. In vivo surveillance of MSC migration to the site of interest can be performed through a variety of imaging modalities such as the use of radiolabelling, fluc protein expression bioluminescence imaging and paramagnetic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging. This review will outline the current methods of in vivo surveillance of exogenously administered MSCs in regenerative medicine while addressing potential technological developments. Furthermore, nanoparticles and microparticles for cellular labelling have shown that migration of MSCs can be spatially and temporally monitored. In vivo surveillance therefore permits time-stratified assessment in animal models without disruption of the target organ. In vivo tracking of MSCs is non-invasive, repeatable and non-toxic. Despite the excitement that nanoparticles for tracking MSCs offer, delivery methods are difficult because of the challenges with imaging three-dimensional systems. The current advances and growth in MSC research, is likely to provide a wealth of evidence overcoming these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Chowdhury
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Atul Bagul
- Department of Renal Transplantation, St Georges Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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28
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Abstract
Research into cell therapy based cardiac repair and regeneration has experienced explosive growth over the last decade, however further progress is hindered by an inability to serially and non-invasively image cell survival and fate decisions following implantation. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporter gene techniques have enabled in vivo imaging of cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation, however this has mostly been performed in stationary tissues. A small series of recent studies has examined the possibility of using MRI reporter genes to track the survival of cells injected into the heart following myocardial infarction. In this review, we seek to frame the emerging field of MRI reporter gene based cardiac cell tracking within the larger framework of the needs of cardiac regeneration therapy and the more established field of MRI cell tracking. While initial studies have demonstrated a promising ability to track the viability and proliferation of cells used for cell therapy, the ultimate goal of MR reporter gene imaging in the heart remains the ability to simultaneously correlate cell fate decisions with additional measures of structural and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriel Vandsburger
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone, BBSRB 355, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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29
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Kedziorek DA, Solaiyappan M, Walczak P, Ehtiati T, Fu Y, Bulte JWM, Shea SM, Brost A, Wacker FK, Kraitchman DL. Using C-arm x-ray imaging to guide local reporter probe delivery for tracking stem cell engraftment. Theranostics 2013; 3:916-26. [PMID: 24396502 PMCID: PMC3879108 DOI: 10.7150/thno.6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor cell survival and difficulties with visualization of cell delivery are major problems with current cell transplantation methods. To protect cells from early destruction, microencapsulation methods have been developed. The addition of a contrast agent to the microcapsule also could enable tracking by MR, ultrasound, and X-ray imaging. However, determining the cell viability within the microcapsule still remains an issue. Reporter gene imaging provides a way to determine cell viability, but delivery of the reporter probe by systemic injection may be hindered in ischemic diseases. In the present study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transfected with triple fusion reporter gene containing red fluorescent protein, truncated thymidine kinase (SPECT/PET reporter) and firefly luciferase (bioluminescence reporter). Transfected cells were microencapsulated in either unlabeled or perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) impregnated alginate. The addition of PFOB provided radiopacity to enable visualization of the microcapsules by X-ray imaging. Before intramuscular transplantation in rabbit thigh muscle, the microcapsules were incubated with D-luciferin, and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed immediately. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours post transplantation, c-arm CT was used to target the luciferin to the X-ray-visible microcapsules for BLI cell viability assessment, rather than systemic reporter probe injections. Not only was the bioluminescent signal emission from the PFOB-encapsulated MSCs confirmed as compared to non-encapsulated, naked MSCs, but over 90% of injection sites of PFOB-encapsulated MSCs were visible on c-arm CT. The latter aided in successful targeting of the reporter probe to injection sites using conventional X-ray imaging to determine cell viability at 1-2 days post transplantation. Blind luciferin injections to the approximate location of unlabeled microcapsules resulted in successful BLI signal detection in only 18% of injections. In conclusion, reporter gene probes can be more precisely targeted using c-arm CT for in vivo transplant viability assessment, thereby avoiding large and costly systemic injections of a reporter probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota A Kedziorek
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Meiyappan Solaiyappan
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Piotr Walczak
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 2. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Tina Ehtiati
- 3. Center for Applied Medical Imaging, Corporate Technology, Siemens Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yingli Fu
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 2. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Steven M Shea
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 3. Center for Applied Medical Imaging, Corporate Technology, Siemens Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Alexander Brost
- 4. Pattern Recognition Lab, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank K Wacker
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 5. Department of Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dara L Kraitchman
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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30
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Construction and identification of the adenoviral vector with dual reporter gene for multimodality molecular imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:600-605. [PMID: 23904384 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vector containing dual reporter gene [i.e. human transferrin receptor gene (TFRC) and firefly luciferase reporter gene] was constructed to provide a novel experimental tool for magnetic resonance (MR) and bioluminescence dual-modality molecular imaging. The cDNA of TFRC was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into the multiple cloning site of pShuttle-CMV-CMV-Luciferase vector. After identification by Sfi I digestion and sequencing, pShuttle-TFRC-Luciferase vector and the adenoviral backbone vector (pAdeno) were subjected to homologous recombination. The correct recombinant plasmid was then transfected into 293 packaging cells to produce adenoviral particles and confirmed by PCR. After infection of human colorectal cancer LOVO cells with Ad-TFRC-Luciferase, the expressions of transferrin receptor (TfR) and luciferase protein were detected respectively by Western blotting and bioluminescence imaging in vitro. The results showed that TFRC gene was successfully inserted into the adenoviral shuttle vector carrying luciferase gene. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the TFRC gene sequence in the shuttle plasmid was exactly the same as that reported in GenBank. The recombinant plasmid was identified correct by restriction digestion. Ad-TFRC-Luciferase recombinant adenovirus was constructed successfully, and the virus titer was 1.6×10(10) pfu/mL. Forty-eight h after dual reporter gene transfection, the expressions of TfR and luciferase protein were increased significantly (P<0.01). It was concluded that the recombinant adenovirus vector with dual reporter gene was successfully established, which may be used for in vivo tracing target cells in multimodality imaging.
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31
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Kim JE, Ahn BC, Lee HW, Hwang MH, Shin SH, Lee SW, Sung YK, Lee J. In Vivo Monitoring of Survival and Proliferation of Hair Stem Cells in a Hair Follicle Generation Animal Model. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Lee
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Hwang
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Shin
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young Kwan Sung
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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32
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Chen IY, Wu JC. Molecular imaging: the key to advancing cardiac stem cell therapy. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:201-10. [PMID: 23561794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stem cell therapy continues to hold promise for the treatment of ischemic heart disease despite the fact that early promising pre-clinical findings have yet to be translated into consistent clinical success. The latest human studies have collectively identified a pressing need to better understand stem cell behavior in humans and called for more incorporation of noninvasive imaging techniques into the design and evaluation of human stem cell therapy trials. This review discusses the various molecular imaging techniques validated to date for studying stem cells in living subjects, with a particular emphasis on their utilities in assessing the acute retention and the long-term survival of transplanted stem cells. These imaging techniques will be essential for advancing cardiac stem cell therapy by providing the means to both guide ongoing optimization and predict treatment response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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33
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Manley NC, Steinberg GK. Tracking stem cells for cellular therapy in stroke. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:3685-93. [PMID: 22571604 DOI: 10.2174/138161212802002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for stroke. The development of effective ways to monitor transplanted stem cells is essential to understand how stem cell transplantation enhances stroke recovery and ultimately will be an indispensable tool for advancing stem cell therapy to the clinic. In this review, we describe existing methods of tracking transplanted stem cells in vivo, including optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), with emphasis on the benefits and drawbacks of each imaging approach. Key considerations such as the potential impact of each tracking system on stem cell function, as well as its relative applicability to humans are discussed. Finally, we describe multi-modal imaging strategies as a more comprehensive method to track transplanted stem cells in the stroke-injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Manley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive Stanford, California, CA 94305-5327, USA
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34
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Drey F, Choi YH, Neef K, Ewert B, Tenbrock A, Treskes P, Bovenschulte H, Liakopoulos OJ, Brenkmann M, Stamm C, Wittwer T, Wahlers T. Noninvasive in vivo tracking of mesenchymal stem cells and evaluation of cell therapeutic effects in a murine model using a clinical 3.0 T MRI. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1971-80. [PMID: 23050950 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a promising treatment approach for end-stage heart failure. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and the fate of the transplanted cells. The objective of the presented work is to determine the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in vivo monitoring after transplantation into infarcted mouse hearts using a clinical 3.0 T MRI device. The labeling procedure of bone marrow-derived MSCs with micron-sized paramagnetic iron oxide particles (MPIOs) did not affect the viability of the cells and their cell type-defining properties when compared to unlabeled cells. Using a clinical 3.0 T MRI scanner equipped with a dedicated small animal solenoid coil, 10(5) labeled MSCs could be detected and localized in the mouse hearts for up to 4 weeks after intramyocardial transplantation. Weekly ECG-gated scans using T1-weighted sequences were performed, and left ventricular function was assessed. Histological analysis of hearts confirmed the survival of labeled MSCs in the target area up to 4 weeks after transplantation. In conclusion, in vivo tracking of labeled MSCs using a clinical 3.0 T MRI scanner is feasible. In combination with assessment of heart function, this technology allows the monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of regenerative therapies in a small animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Drey
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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35
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Rodriguez-Porcel M, Kronenberg MW, Henry TD, Traverse JH, Pepine CJ, Ellis SG, Willerson JT, Moyé LA, Simari RD. Cell tracking and the development of cell-based therapies: a view from the Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:559-65. [PMID: 22595165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are being developed for myocardial infarction (MI) and its consequences (e.g., heart failure) as well as refractory angina and critical limb ischemia. The promising results obtained in preclinical studies led to the translation of this strategy to clinical studies. To date, the initial results have been mixed: some studies showed benefit, whereas in others, no benefit was observed. There is a growing consensus among the scientific community that a better understanding of the fate of transplanted cells (e.g., cell homing and viability over time) will be critical for the long-term success of these strategies and that future studies should include an assessment of cell homing, engraftment, and fate as an integral part of the trial design. In this review, different imaging methods and technologies are discussed within the framework of the physiological answers that the imaging strategies can provide, with a special focus on the inherent regulatory issues.
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36
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Mitchell AJ, Sabondjian E, Blackwood KJ, Sykes J, Deans L, Feng Q, Stodilka RZ, Prato FS, Wisenberg G. Comparison of the myocardial clearance of endothelial progenitor cells injected early versus late into reperfused or sustained occlusion myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 29:497-504. [PMID: 22736429 PMCID: PMC3560956 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-012-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation following AMI has shown promise for the repair or reduction of the amount of myocardial injury. There is some evidence that these treatment effects appear to be directly correlated to cell residence time. This study aims to assess the effects of (a) the timing of stem cell injection following myocardial infarction, and (b) flow milieu, on cell residence times at the site of transplantation by comparing three time points (day of infarction, week 1 and week 4–5), and two models of acute myocardial infarction (sustained occlusion or reperfusion). Twenty-one dogs received 2 injections of 30 million endothelial progenitor cells. The first injections were administered by epicardial (n = 8) or endocardial injection (n = 13) either on the day of infarction (n = 15) or at 1 week (n = 6). The second injections were administered by only endocardial injection (n = 18) 4 weeks following the first injection. Cell clearance half-lives were comparable between early and late injections. However, transplants into sustained occlusion infarcts resulted in slower cell clearance 77.1 ± 6.1 (n = 18) versus reperfused 59.4 ± 2.9 h (n = 21) p = 0.009. Sustained occlusion infarcts had longer cell retention in comparison to reperfusion whereas the timing of injection did not affect clearance rates. If the potential for myocardial regeneration associated with cell transplantation is, at least in part, linked to cell residence times, then greater benefit may be observed with transplants into infarcts associated with persistent coronary artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Mitchell
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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37
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Henning TD, Gawande R, Khurana A, Tavri S, Mandrussow L, Golovko D, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Wendland M, Derugin N, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic resonance imaging of ferumoxide-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage defects: in vitro and in vivo investigations. Mol Imaging 2012; 11:197-209. [PMID: 22554484 PMCID: PMC3727234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to (1) compare three different techniques for ferumoxide labeling of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (2) evaluate if ferumoxide labeling allows in vivo tracking of matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASIs) in an animal model, and (3) compare the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of ferumoxide-labeled viable and apoptotic MSCs. MSCs labeled with ferumoxide by simple incubation, protamine transfection, or Lipofectin transfection were evaluated with MRI and histopathology. Ferumoxide-labeled and unlabeled viable and apoptotic MSCs in osteochondral defects of rat knee joints were evaluated over 12 weeks with MRI. Signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of viable and apoptotic labeled MASIs were tested for significant differences using t-tests. A simple incubation labeling protocol demonstrated the best compromise between significant magnetic resonance signal effects and preserved cell viability and potential for immediate clinical translation. Labeled viable and apoptotic MASIs did not show significant differences in SNR. Labeled viable but not apoptotic MSCs demonstrated an increasing area of T2 signal loss over time, which correlated to stem cell proliferation at the transplantation site. Histopathology confirmed successful engraftment of viable MSCs. The engraftment of iron oxide-labeled MASIs by simple incubation can be monitored over several weeks with MRI. Viable and apoptotic MASIs can be distinguished via imaging signs of cell proliferation at the transplantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Henning
- Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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38
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Henning TD, Gawande R, Khurana A, Tavri S, Mandrussow L, Golovko D, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Wendland M, Derugin N, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ferumoxide-Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Defects: In Vitro and in Vivo Investigations. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D. Henning
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rakhee Gawande
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aman Khurana
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sidhartha Tavri
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lydia Mandrussow
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel Golovko
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew Horvai
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Barbara Sennino
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Donald McDonald
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Reinhard Meier
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael Wendland
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Ribot EJ, Foster PJ. In vivo MRI discrimination between live and lysed iron-labelled cells using balanced steady state free precession. Eur Radiol 2012; 22:2027-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gu E, Chen WY, Gu J, Burridge P, Wu JC. Molecular imaging of stem cells: tracking survival, biodistribution, tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:335-45. [PMID: 22509197 PMCID: PMC3326720 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to self-renew and differentiate into virtually all cell types, both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have exciting therapeutic implications for myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and other disorders involving irreversible cell loss. However, stem cell biology remains incompletely understood despite significant advances in the field. Inefficient stem cell differentiation, difficulty in verifying successful delivery to the target organ, and problems with engraftment all hamper the transition from laboratory animal studies to human clinical trials. Although traditional histopathological techniques have been the primary approach for ex vivo analysis of stem cell behavior, these postmortem examinations are unable to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms in real time and in vivo. Fortunately, the advent of molecular imaging has led to unprecedented progress in understanding the fundamental behavior of stem cells, including their survival, biodistribution, immunogenicity, and tumorigenicity in the targeted tissues of interest. This review summarizes various molecular imaging technologies and how they have advanced the current understanding of stem cell survival, biodistribution, immunogenicity, and tumorigenicity.
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Pei Z, Lan X, Cheng Z, Qin C, Wang P, He Y, Yen TC, Tian Y, Mghanga FP, Zhang Y. A multimodality reporter gene for monitoring transplanted stem cells. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:813-20. [PMID: 22336371 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of a triple-fused reporter gene, termed TGF [herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk), enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and firefly luciferase (Fluc)], to monitor stem cells using multimodality molecular imaging. METHODS A recombinant adenovirus vector carrying the triple-fused reporter gene (Ad5-TGF) was constructed. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were transfected with different virus titers of Ad5-TGF [multiplicities of infection (MOIs) were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250]. The mRNA and protein expressions of HSV1-tk, eGFP and Fluc in the transfected BMSCs were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. After the transfection of the BMSCs with different virus titers of Ad5-TGF (MOIs were 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125), their uptake rates of (131)I-FIAU were measured. Whole-body fluorescence, bioluminescence and micro-positron emission tomography (PET) images were acquired 1 day after the transfected BMSCs were injected into the left forelimb of rats. RESULTS After the transfection with different titers of Ad5-TGF, the positive transfection rate reached a peak (70%) when the MOI was 100. HSV1-tk, eGFP and Fluc mRNA and protein were detected in the Ad5-TGF-transfected BMSCs, which implies their successful transfection and expression. The BMSCs uptake of (131)I-FIAU increased with the adenovirus titer and incubation time and reached a plateau (approximately 5.3%) after 3 h. Strong signals were observed in the injected left forearms in the fluorescence, bioluminescence and micro-PET images. CONCLUSIONS A triple-fused reporter gene, TGF, can be used as a multifunctional molecular probe for multimodality imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Pei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
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Sabondjian E, Mitchell AJ, Wisenberg G, White J, Blackwood KJ, Sykes J, Deans L, Stodilka RZ, Prato FS. Hybrid SPECT/cardiac-gated first-pass perfusion CT: locating transplanted cells relative to infarcted myocardial targets. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 7:76-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kimberley J. Blackwood
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program; Rm E5-109, St Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor St; London; ON; Canada; N6A 4V2
| | - Jane Sykes
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program; Rm E5-109, St Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor St; London; ON; Canada; N6A 4V2
| | - Lela Deans
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program; Rm E5-109, St Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor St; London; ON; Canada; N6A 4V2
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Psaltis PJ, Simari RD, Rodriguez-Porcel M. Emerging roles for integrated imaging modalities in cardiovascular cell-based therapeutics: a clinical perspective. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 39:165-81. [PMID: 21901381 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite preclinical promise, the progress of cell-based therapy to clinical cardiovascular practice has been slowed by several challenges and uncertainties that have been highlighted by the conflicting results of human trials. Most telling has been the revelation that current strategies fall short of achieving sufficient retention and engraftment of cells to meet the ambitious objective of myocardial regeneration. This has sparked novel research into the refinement of cell biology and delivery to overcome these shortcomings. Within this context, molecular imaging has emerged as a valuable tool for providing noninvasive surveillance of cell fate in vivo. Direct and indirect labelling of cells can be coupled with clinically relevant imaging modalities, such as radionuclide single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, to assess their short- and long-term distributions, along with their viability, proliferation and functional interaction with the host myocardium. This review details the strengths and limitations of the different cell labelling and imaging techniques and their potential application to the clinical realm. We also consider the broader, multifaceted utility of imaging throughout the cell therapy process, providing a discussion of its considerable value during cell delivery and its importance during the evaluation of cardiac outcomes in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Psaltis
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dimayuga VM, Rodriguez-Porcel M. Molecular imaging of cell therapy for gastroenterologic applications. Pancreatology 2011; 11:414-27. [PMID: 21912197 DOI: 10.1159/000327395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has appeared as a possible therapeutic alternative for numerous diseases. Furthermore, cancer stem cells are a focus of significant interest as they may allow for a better understanding of the genesis of different malignancies. The ultimate goal of stem cell therapeutics is to ensure the viability and functionality of the transplanted cells. Similarly, the ultimate goal of understanding cancer stem cells is to understand how they behave in the living subject. Until recently, the efficacy of stem cell therapies has been assessed by overall organ function recovery. Understanding the behavior and biology of stem cells directly in the living subject can also lead to therapy optimization. Thus, there is a critical need for reliable and accurate methods to understand stem cell biology in vivo. Recent advances in both imaging and molecular biology have enabled transplanted stem cells to be successfully monitored in the living subject. The use of molecular imaging modalities has the capability to answer these questions and may one day be translated to patients. In this review, we will discuss the potential imaging strategies and how they can be utilized, depending on the questions that need to be answered.
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Fu Y, Azene N, Xu Y, Kraitchman DL. Tracking stem cells for cardiovascular applications in vivo: focus on imaging techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:473-486. [PMID: 22287982 DOI: 10.2217/iim.11.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid translation of stem cell therapy into clinical practice, the treatment of cardiovascular disease using embryonic stem cells, adult stem and progenitor cells or induced pluripotent stem cells has not yielded satisfactory results to date. Noninvasive stem cell imaging techniques could provide greater insight into not only the therapeutic benefit, but also the fundamental mechanisms underlying stem cell fate, migration, survival and engraftment in vivo. This information could also assist in the appropriate choice of stem cell type(s), delivery routes and dosing regimes in clinical cardiovascular stem cell trials. Multiple imaging modalities, such as MRI, PET, SPECT and CT, have emerged, offering the ability to localize, monitor and track stem cells in vivo. This article discusses stem cell labeling approaches and highlights the latest cardiac stem cell imaging techniques that may help clinicians, research scientists or other healthcare professionals select the best cellular therapeutics for cardiovascular disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Fu
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cell tracking in cardiac repair: what to image and how to image. Eur Radiol 2011; 22:189-204. [PMID: 21735069 PMCID: PMC3229694 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies hold the great promise and interest for cardiac regeneration among scientists, clinicians and patients. However, advancement and distillation of a standard treatment regimen are not yet finalised. Into this breach step recent developments in the imaging biosciences. Thus far, these technical and protocol refinements have played a critical role not only in the evaluation of the recovery of cardiac function but also in providing important insights into the mechanism of action of stem cells. Molecular imaging, in its many forms, has rapidly become a necessary tool for the validation and optimisation of stem cell engrafting strategies in preclinical studies. These include a suite of radionuclide, magnetic resonance and optical imaging strategies to evaluate non-invasively the fate of transplanted cells. In this review, we highlight the state-of-the-art of the various imaging techniques for cardiac stem cell presenting the strengths and limitations of each approach, with a particular focus on clinical applicability.
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine using stem cells has appeared as a potential therapeutic alternative for coronary artery disease, and stem cell clinical studies are currently on their way. However, initial results of these studies have provided mixed information, in part because of the inability to correlate organ functional information with the presence/absence of transplanted stem cells. Recent advances in molecular biology and imaging have allowed the successful noninvasive monitoring of transplanted stem cells in the living subject. In this article, different imaging strategies (direct labeling, indirect labeling with reporter genes) to study the viability and biology of stem cells are discussed. In addition, the limitations of each approach and imaging modality (eg, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and MRI) and their requirements for clinical use are addressed. Use of these strategies will be critical as the different regenerative therapies are being tested for clinical use.
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Tavaré R, Sagoo P, Varama G, Tanriver Y, Warely A, Diebold SS, Southworth R, Schaeffter T, Lechler RI, Razavi R, Lombardi G, Mullen GED. Monitoring of in vivo function of superparamagnetic iron oxide labelled murine dendritic cells during anti-tumour vaccination. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19662. [PMID: 21637760 PMCID: PMC3103517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) generated in vitro to present tumour antigens have been injected in cancer patients to boost in vivo anti-tumour immune responses. This approach to cancer immunotherapy has had limited success. For anti-tumour therapy, delivery and subsequent migration of DCs to lymph nodes leading to effective stimulation of effector T cells is thought to be essential. The ability to non-invasively monitor the fate of adoptively transferred DCs in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important clinical tool to correlate their in vivo behavior with response to treatment. Previous reports of superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) labelling of different cell types, including DCs, have indicated varying detrimental effects on cell viability, migration, differentiation and immune function. Here we describe an optimised labelling procedure using a short incubation time and low concentration of clinically used SPIO Endorem to successfully track murine DC migration in vivo using MRI in a mouse tumour model. First, intracellular labelling of bone marrow derived DCs was monitored in vitro using electron microscopy and MRI relaxometry. Second, the in vitro characterisation of SPIO labelled DCs demonstrated that viability, phenotype and functions were comparable to unlabelled DCs. Third, ex vivo SPIO labelled DCs, when injected subcutaneously, allowed for the longitudinal monitoring by MR imaging of their migration in vivo. Fourth, the SPIO DCs induced the proliferation of adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells but, most importantly, they primed cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses to protect against a B16-Ova tumour challenge. Finally, using anatomical information from the MR images, the immigration of DCs was confirmed by the increase in lymph node size post-DC injection. These results demonstrate that the SPIO labelling protocol developed in this study is not detrimental for DC function in vitro and in vivo has potential clinical application in monitoring therapeutic DCs in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tavaré
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pervinder Sagoo
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gopal Varama
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Warely
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra S. Diebold
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, Peter Gorer Department of Immunology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Southworth
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Schaeffter
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Razavi
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GL); (GM)
| | - Gregory E. D. Mullen
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GL); (GM)
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Hu S, Cao W, Lan X, He Y, Lang J, Li C, Hu J, An R, Gao Z, Zhang Y. Comparison of rNIS and hNIS as reporter genes for noninvasive imaging of bone mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into infarcted rat myocardium. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:227-37. [PMID: 21518634 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the feasibility of rat sodium iodide symporter (rNIS) and human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as reporter genes for noninvasive monitoring of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) transplanted into infarcted rat myocardium. rBMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow. Adenovirus (Ad) was reconstructed to contain rNIS-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or hNIS-eGFP. The transfection efficiency of Ad/eGFP/rNIS and Ad/eGFP/hNIS to rBMSCs was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. The transfected rBMSCs were transplanted into infarcted rat myocardium followed by a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study with (99m)Tc-pertechnetate as the radiotracer and by autoradiography. The isolated rBMSCs were CD29, CD44, and CD90 positive and CD34, CD45, and CD11b negative. The expression of rNIS and hNIS in the transfected rBMSCs at both gene and protein levels was obviously higher than that without transfection. The myocardium of rats transplanted with transfected rBMSCs could be visualized by SPECT owing to the accumulation of (99m)Tc-pertechnetate in rBMSCs mediated by exogenous NIS genes. The accumulation of (99m)Tc-pertechnetate in myocardium mediated by rNIS was higher than that by hNIS, which was also confirmed by autoradiography. Both rNIS and hNIS are useful reporter genes to monitor BMSCs transplanted into infarcted myocardium in vivo with rNIS being superior to hNIS as the reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5111, USA
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