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Viljur ML, Abella SR, Adámek M, Alencar JBR, Barber NA, Beudert B, Burkle LA, Cagnolo L, Campos BR, Chao A, Chergui B, Choi CY, Cleary DFR, Davis TS, Dechnik-Vázquez YA, Downing WM, Fuentes-Ramirez A, Gandhi KJK, Gehring C, Georgiev KB, Gimbutas M, Gongalsky KB, Gorbunova AY, Greenberg CH, Hylander K, Jules ES, Korobushkin DI, Köster K, Kurth V, Lanham JD, Lazarina M, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer D, Marra DM, Martín-Pinto P, Meave JA, Moretti M, Nam HY, Obrist MK, Petanidou T, Pons P, Potts SG, Rapoport IB, Rhoades PR, Richter C, Saifutdinov RA, Sanders NJ, Santos X, Steel Z, Tavella J, Wendenburg C, Wermelinger B, Zaitsev AS, Thorn S. The effect of natural disturbances on forest biodiversity: an ecological synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1930-1947. [PMID: 35808863 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances alter biodiversity via their specific characteristics, including severity and extent in the landscape, which act at different temporal and spatial scales. Biodiversity response to disturbance also depends on the community characteristics and habitat requirements of species. Untangling the mechanistic interplay of these factors has guided disturbance ecology for decades, generating mixed scientific evidence of biodiversity responses to disturbance. Understanding the impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity is increasingly important due to human-induced changes in natural disturbance regimes. In many areas, major natural forest disturbances, such as wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks, are becoming more frequent, intense, severe, and widespread due to climate change and land-use change. Conversely, the suppression of natural disturbances threatens disturbance-dependent biota. Using a meta-analytic approach, we analysed a global data set (with most sampling concentrated in temperate and boreal secondary forests) of species assemblages of 26 taxonomic groups, including plants, animals, and fungi collected from forests affected by wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks. The overall effect of natural disturbances on α-diversity did not differ significantly from zero, but some taxonomic groups responded positively to disturbance, while others tended to respond negatively. Disturbance was beneficial for taxonomic groups preferring conditions associated with open canopies (e.g. hymenopterans and hoverflies), whereas ground-dwelling groups and/or groups typically associated with shady conditions (e.g. epigeic lichens and mycorrhizal fungi) were more likely to be negatively impacted by disturbance. Across all taxonomic groups, the highest α-diversity in disturbed forest patches occurred under moderate disturbance severity, i.e. with approximately 55% of trees killed by disturbance. We further extended our meta-analysis by applying a unified diversity concept based on Hill numbers to estimate α-diversity changes in different taxonomic groups across a gradient of disturbance severity measured at the stand scale and incorporating other disturbance features. We found that disturbance severity negatively affected diversity for Hill number q = 0 but not for q = 1 and q = 2, indicating that diversity-disturbance relationships are shaped by species relative abundances. Our synthesis of α-diversity was extended by a synthesis of disturbance-induced change in species assemblages, and revealed that disturbance changes the β-diversity of multiple taxonomic groups, including some groups that were not affected at the α-diversity level (birds and woody plants). Finally, we used mixed rarefaction/extrapolation to estimate biodiversity change as a function of the proportion of forests that were disturbed, i.e. the disturbance extent measured at the landscape scale. The comparison of intact and naturally disturbed forests revealed that both types of forests provide habitat for unique species assemblages, whereas species diversity in the mixture of disturbed and undisturbed forests peaked at intermediate values of disturbance extent in the simulated landscape. Hence, the relationship between α-diversity and disturbance severity in disturbed forest stands was strikingly similar to the relationship between species richness and disturbance extent in a landscape consisting of both disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. This result suggests that both moderate disturbance severity and moderate disturbance extent support the highest levels of biodiversity in contemporary forest landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Liis Viljur
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Scott R Abella
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Martin Adámek
- Department of GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Botany of the CAS, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Janderson Batista Rodrigues Alencar
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia), Manaus, AM, 0000-0001-9482-7866, Brazil
| | - Nicholas A Barber
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA
| | | | - Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Luciano Cagnolo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brent R Campos
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 30043, Taiwan
| | - Brahim Chergui
- LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel F R Cleary
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thomas Seth Davis
- Forest & Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yanus A Dechnik-Vázquez
- Estudios Ambientales, Centro de Anteproyectos del Golfo, Comisión Federal de Electricidad, Nueva Era, Boca del Río, Veracruz, C.P, 94295, Mexico
| | - William M Downing
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Andrés Fuentes-Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Biometría, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Kostadin B Georgiev
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Mark Gimbutas
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Narva mnt. 18, 51009, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Konstantin B Gongalsky
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Y Gorbunova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Cathryn H Greenberg
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Bent Creek Experimental Forest, 1577 Brevard Road, Asheville, NC, 28806, USA
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik S Jules
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Daniil I Korobushkin
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, PL 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Valerie Kurth
- Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Helena, MT, 59601, USA
| | - Joseph Drew Lanham
- Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Maria Lazarina
- Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, GR-81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | | | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Pablo Martín-Pinto
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda, Madrid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hyun-Young Nam
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin K Obrist
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Theodora Petanidou
- Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, GR-81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Pere Pons
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Irina B Rapoport
- Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Armand, 37a, Nalchik, Russia
| | - Paul R Rhoades
- Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Coeur d'Alene, ID 83854, USA
| | - Clark Richter
- Science Department, Staten Island Academy, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Ruslan A Saifutdinov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Nathan J Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Xavier Santos
- CIBIO-InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Zachary Steel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Julia Tavella
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Wendenburg
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Health and Biotic Interactions-Forest Entomology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrey S Zaitsev
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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5
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Thorn S, Bässler C, Brandl R, Burton PJ, Cahall R, Campbell JL, Castro J, Choi CY, Cobb T, Donato DC, Durska E, Fontaine JB, Gauthier S, Hebert C, Hothorn T, Hutto RL, Lee EJ, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer DB, Obrist MK, Rost J, Seibold S, Seidl R, Thom D, Waldron K, Wermelinger B, Winter MB, Zmihorski M, Müller J. Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: a meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 2017; 55:279-289. [PMID: 29276308 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Logging to "salvage" economic returns from forests affected by natural disturbances has become increasingly prevalent globally. Despite potential negative effects on biodiversity, salvage logging is often conducted, even in areas otherwise excluded from logging and reserved for nature conservation, inter alia because strategic priorities for post-disturbance management are widely lacking.A review of the existing literature revealed that most studies investigating the effects of salvage logging on biodiversity have been conducted less than 5 years following natural disturbances, and focused on non-saproxylic organisms.A meta-analysis across 24 species groups revealed that salvage logging significantly decreases numbers of species of eight taxonomic groups. Richness of dead wood dependent taxa (i.e. saproxylic organisms) decreased more strongly than richness of non-saproxylic taxa. In contrast, taxonomic groups typically associated with open habitats increased in the number of species after salvage logging.By analysing 134 original species abundance matrices, we demonstrate that salvage logging significantly alters community composition in 7 of 17 species groups, particularly affecting saproxylic assemblages.Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that salvage logging is not consistent with the management objectives of protected areas. Substantial changes, such as the retention of dead wood in naturally disturbed forests, are needed to support biodiversity. Future research should investigate the amount and spatio-temporal distribution of retained dead wood needed to maintain all components of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | | | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philip J Burton
- University of Northern British Columbia, Terrace, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cahall
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John L Campbell
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jorge Castro
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel C Donato
- School of Environmental & Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ewa Durska
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joseph B Fontaine
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Hebert
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard L Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Urban Planning Research Group, Daejeon Sejong Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Alexandro B Leverkus
- Ecology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martin K Obrist
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Josep Rost
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Food Industries, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Catalonia, Vic., Spain.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaysandra Waldron
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics - Forest Entomology, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Zmihorski
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
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