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Zhong C, Zhao H, Cao H, Huang Q. Polymerization of micropollutants in natural aquatic environments: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133751. [PMID: 31462391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants with high ecotoxicological risks are frequently detected in aquatic environments, which has aroused great concern in recent years. Humification is one of the most important natural detoxification processes of aquatic micropollutants, and the core reactions of this process are polymerization and coupling. During humification, micropollutants are incorporated into the macrostructures of humic substances and precipitated from aqueous systems into sediments. However, the similarities and differences among the polymerization/coupling pathways of micropollutants in different oxidative systems have not been systematically summarized in a review. This article reviews the current knowledge on the weak oxidation-induced spontaneous polymerization/coupling transformation of micropollutants. First, four typical weak oxidative conditions for the initiation of micropollutant polymerization reactions in aquatic environments are compared: enzymatic catalysis, biomimetic catalysis, metal oxide oxidation, and photo-initiated oxidation. Second, three major subsequent spontaneous transformation pathways of micropollutants are elucidated: radical polymerization, nucleophilic addition/substitution and cyclization. Different solution conditions are also summarized. Furthermore, the importance of toxicity evolution during the weak oxidation-induced coupling/polymerization of micropollutants is particularly emphasized. This review provides a new perspective for the transformation mechanism and pathways of micropollutants from aquatic systems into sediments and the atmosphere and offers theoretical support for developing micropollutant control technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Floris B, Galloni P, Sabuzi F, Conte V. Metal systems as tools for soil remediation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Du P, Zhao H, Liu C, Huang Q, Cao H. Transformation and products of captopril with humic constituents during laccase-catalyzed oxidation: Role of reactive intermediates. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:488-495. [PMID: 27770725 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of captopril (CAP), a widely-used thiol drug, was studied with the presence of dissolved model humic constituents (HCs) in a laccase-catalyzed system. Reaction products were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry and condensed fukui function computation. CAP reacted with different model HCs in the enzymatic system for 1 h, ranging from 75% (syringic acid) to 96% (p-coumaric acid). In the absence of HCs, only 15% of CAP was removed through self-coupling. The presence of HCs apparently changed the transformation of CAP in aqueous environment, and the HC reactive intermediates played an important role. First, during laccase catalysis, HCs with different structures were oxidized to produce reactive intermediates, including phenoxyl radical cation, ortho-, and para-quinone intermediates. Second, these intermediates were readily attacked by CAP via nucleophilic reactions, forming C-S-C covalent conjugates. More importantly, the standard reduction potential of these intermediates is a critical parameter, as PCA showed the highest reactivity to the nucleophilic addition reaction with CAP by forming phenoxy radical cations. While SYR showed the least reactivity due to the formation of para-quinone intermediates. Therefore, the functional groups on HCs could greatly influence the cross-coupling with CAP, as well as the type and stability of the coupling products. This work clearly demonstrated the transformation of CAP and other thiol drugs with the presence of HCs in aqueous environment, which is similar to the natural humification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Du
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chenming Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Zucca P, Neves CMB, Simões MMQ, Neves MDGPMS, Cocco G, Sanjust E. Immobilized Lignin Peroxidase-Like Metalloporphyrins as Reusable Catalysts in Oxidative Bleaching of Industrial Dyes. Molecules 2016; 21:E964. [PMID: 27455229 PMCID: PMC6272862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic and bioinspired metalloporphyrins are a class of redox-active catalysts able to emulate several enzymes such as cytochromes P450, ligninolytic peroxidases, and peroxygenases. Their ability to perform oxidation and degradation of recalcitrant compounds, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic compounds, sulfides, and nitroso-compounds, has been deeply investigated. Such a broad substrate specificity has suggested their use also in the bleaching of textile plant wastewaters. In fact, industrial dyes belong to very different chemical classes, being their effective and inexpensive oxidation an important challenge from both economic and environmental perspective. Accordingly, we review here the most widespread synthetic metalloporphyrins, and the most promising formulations for large-scale applications. In particular, we focus on the most convenient approaches for immobilization to conceive economical affordable processes. Then, the molecular routes of catalysis and the reported substrate specificity on the treatment of the most diffused textile dyes are encompassed, including the use of redox mediators and the comparison with the most common biological and enzymatic alternative, in order to depict an updated picture of a very promising field for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Complesso Universitario, SP1 Km 0.700, Monserrato (CA) 09042, Italy.
- Consorzio UNO Oristano, via Carmine snc, Oristano 09170, Italy.
| | - Cláudia M B Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | | | - Gianmarco Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Complesso Universitario, SP1 Km 0.700, Monserrato (CA) 09042, Italy.
| | - Enrico Sanjust
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Complesso Universitario, SP1 Km 0.700, Monserrato (CA) 09042, Italy.
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Mazzei P, Piccolo A. Interactions between natural organic matter and organic pollutants as revealed by NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:667-678. [PMID: 25783763 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a critical role in regulating the transport and the fate of organic contaminants in the environment. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the investigation of the sorption and binding mechanisms between NOM and pollutants, as well as their mutual chemical transformations. Despite NMR relatively low sensibility but due to its wide versatility to investigating samples in the liquid, gel, and solid phases, NMR application to environmental NOM-pollutants relations enables the achievement of specific and complementary molecular information. This report is a brief outline of the potentialities of the different NMR techniques and pulse sequences to elucidate the interactions between NOM and organic pollutants, with and without their labeling with nuclei that enhance NMR sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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Zucca P, Rescigno A, Rinaldi AC, Sanjust E. Biomimetic metalloporphines and metalloporphyrins as potential tools for delignification: Molecular mechanisms and application perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fontaine B, Drosos M, Mazzei P. Copolymerization of 2,4-dichlorophenol with humic substances by oxidative and photo-oxidative biomimetic catalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8016-8024. [PMID: 24659436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the catalytic activity of a water-soluble iron-porphyrin in an oxidative coupling reaction to form covalent bonds between 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and humic molecules. The biomimetic catalysis in the presence of H₂O₂ was tested in the dark and in daylight, and changes in reaction products were revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In all conditions, iron-porphyrin was effective in promoting complete disappearance of 2,4-DCP, although catalyst activity was enhanced in daylight (with a maximum turnover number of 85.13). Further evidence of the occurred covalent coupling between 2,4-DCP and humic molecules was revealed by diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY-NMR) spectroscopy that showed a reduced diffusivity of 2,4-DCP after the catalytic reaction. These findings indicate that iron-porphyrin is an efficient catalyst for the covalent binding of polyhalogenated phenols to humic molecules, thereby suggesting that the copolymerization reactions may become a useful technology to remediate soils and waters contaminated by halogenated phenols and their analogues.
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Sannino F, Spaccini R, Savy D, Piccolo A. Remediation of highly contaminated soils from an industrial site by employing a combined treatment with exogeneous humic substances and oxidative biomimetic catalysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:55-62. [PMID: 23911828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of two polluted soils from a northern Italian industrial site heavily contaminated with organic contaminants was attempted here by subjecting soils first to addition with an exogenous humic acid (HA), and, then, to an oxidation reaction catalyzed by a water-soluble iron-porphyrin (FeP). An expected decrease of detectable organic pollutants (>50%) was already observed when soils were treated only with the H2O2 oxidant. This reduction was substantially enhanced when oxidation was catalyzed by iron-porphyrin (FeP+H2O2) and the largest effect was observed for the most highly polluted soil. Even more significant was the decrease in detectable pollutants (70-90%) when soils were first amended with HA and then subjected to the FeP+H2O2 treatment. This reduction in extractable pollutants after the combined HA+FeP+H2O2 treatment was due to formation of covalent CC and COC bonds between soil contaminants and amended humic molecules. Moreover, the concomitant detection of condensation products in soil extracts following FeP addition confirmed the occurrence of free-radical coupling reactions catalyzed by FeP. These findings indicate that a combined technique based on the action of both humic matter and a metal-porhyrin catalyst, may become useful to quantitatively reduce the toxicity of heavily contaminated soils and prevent the environmental transport of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Sannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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Enhanced catechol oxidation by heterogeneous biomimetic catalysts immobilized on clay minerals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nuzzo A, Piccolo A. Oxidative and Photoxidative Polymerization of Humic Suprastructures by Heterogeneous Biomimetic Catalysis. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1645-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400300m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Nuzzo
- Centro Interdipartimentale
di Ricerca sulla Risonanza
Magnetica Nucleare per l′Ambiente, l′Agroalimentare
ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055
Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale
di Ricerca sulla Risonanza
Magnetica Nucleare per l′Ambiente, l′Agroalimentare
ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055
Portici (NA), Italy
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