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Yang L, Shen Z, Wei J, Wang X, Xu H, Sun J, Wang Q, Cao J. Size distribution, community composition, and influencing factors of bioaerosols on haze and non-haze days in a megacity in Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155969. [PMID: 35588847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols have become a major environmental concern in recent years. In this study, the diurnal variations and size distributions of bioaerosols, as well as airborne bacterial community compositions and their influencing factors on haze and non-haze days in Xi'an, China, were compared. The results indicated that the mean bacteria and fungi concentrations on non-haze days were 1.7 and 1.4 times of those on haze days, respectively, whereas the mean total airborne microbe (TAM) concentration was higher on haze days. Bacteria concentrations were the lowest in the afternoon, and the TAM concentration exhibited a bimodal distribution with two peaks coinciding with traffic rush hours. On haze days airborne fungi was mainly attached to PM2.5, whereas bacteria and TAM were mainly distributed in coarse PM. The relative abundance of Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices of bacterial communities were higher in the non-haze day samples, for the reason that high PM2.5 levels with a large specific surface area may absorb more toxic and harmful substances on haze days, which should affect microbial growth. At the generic level, the relative abundance of Rhodococcus, Paracoccus, Acinetobacter, and Kocuria on haze days was higher than that on non-haze days, indicating a higher risk of contracting pathogenic pneumonia. The results of the redundancy analysis revealed that PM2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs, NO3-, SO42+, and NH4+) strongly affected the bacterial communities on non-haze days, especially Acinetobacter. The atmospheric oxidation capacity (Ox) had a significant effect on bacterial communities during haze episodes, which were positively correlated with Paracoccus, Deinococcus, Sphingomonas, and Rubellimicrobium and were negatively correlated with Rhodococcus. These results provide valuable data to elucidate the formation and evolution of bioaerosol between haze and non-haze events and its potential threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Junqiang Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiuru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
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Fujii Y, Tohno S, Ikeda K, Mahmud M, Takenaka N. A preliminary study on humic-like substances in particulate matter in Malaysia influenced by Indonesian peatland fires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142009. [PMID: 32890879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) with a focus on humic-like substances (HULIS) are characterized based on intensive ground-based field samplings collected in Malaysia during non-haze and haze periods caused by peatland fires on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Furthermore, concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and carbon content of HULIS (HULIS-C) were determined, and fluorescence spectra of the HULIS samples were recorded by excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. The concentrations of WSOC and HULIS-C over the entire period ranged from 4.1 to 24 and 1.3 to 18 μgC m-3, respectively. The concentrations of WSOC and HULIS-C during the peatland fire-induced strong haze periods were over 4.3 and 6.1 times higher, respectively, than the average values recorded during the non-haze periods. Even during the light haze periods, the concentrations of WSOC and HULIS-C were significantly higher than their averages during the non-haze periods. These results indicate that peatland fires induce high concentrations of WSOC, particularly HULIS-C, in ambient TSP at receptor sites. EEM fluorescence spectra identified fulvic-like fluorophores at the highest intensity level in the EEM fluorescence spectra of the haze samples. A peak at excitation/emission (Ex/Em) ≈ (290-330)/(375-425) nm is also observed at high intensity, though this peak is normally associated with marine humic-like fluorophores. It is shown that a peak at Ex/Em ≈ (290-330)/(375-425) nm is not derived from marine sources only; furthermore, peatland fires are shown to be important contributors to HULIS around this peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Fujii
- Department of Sustainable System Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Susumu Tohno
- Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Mastura Mahmud
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Department of Sustainable System Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Jovanović MV, Savić J, Kovačević R, Tasić V, Todorović Ž, Stevanović S, Manojlović D, Jovašević-Stojanović M. Comparison of fine particulate matter level, chemical content and oxidative potential derived from two dissimilar urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135209. [PMID: 31810686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban airborne particles contain a wide spectrum of components, known to have harmful effects on human health. This study reports a detailed investigation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), chemical content and oxidative potential derived from two different urban environments. During summer and winter, 20-day campaigns were conducted at Belgrade city center (urban-background site - UB) and Bor (urban-industrial site - UI). Using various analytical techniques, carbonaceous compounds, water-soluble inorganic ions, major and trace elements were determined, while the oxidative potential of PM2.5 was estimated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay (OPDCFH values). The mean PM2.5 concentrations in both urban environments were above the recommended daily value, and the dominant PM2.5 mass contributor was organic matter (29-55%). The OC/EC ratio was significantly higher at UB site during winter, which was an indication of a considerable contribution of secondary organic carbon to the overall organic carbon (OC). Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was also higher at UB than at UI site, and it probably came from the same sources as OC. In general, the different partition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in warm and cold periods affected the number of organic components. Sulfates and nitrates were the most abundant ions at both sites and they counted approximately 40% (summer) and 50% (winter) of total ions. Further, the concentrations of the most elements, particularly some potentially carcinogenic elements such as As, Cd and Pb were significantly higher at UI, due to the emissions from the copper smelter complex in the vicinity. The mean OPDCFH values were similar during the summer at both sampling sites, whereas a statistically significant difference between sites was noticed in favor of UB environment in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja V Jovanović
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Savić
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Renata Kovačević
- Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor, Zeleni Bulevar 3, 19210 Bor, Serbia
| | - Viša Tasić
- Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor, Zeleni Bulevar 3, 19210 Bor, Serbia
| | | | | | - Dragan Manojlović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Lenin prospect 76, 454080, Russia
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Lei Y, Shen Z, Tang Z, Zhang Q, Sun J, Ma Y, Wu X, Qin Y, Xu H, Zhang R. Aerosols chemical composition, light extinction, and source apportionment near a desert margin city, Yulin, China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8447. [PMID: 32095332 PMCID: PMC7025702 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily PM10and PM2.5 sampling was conducted during four seasons from December 2013 to October 2014 at three monitoring sites over Yulin, a desert margin city. PM10 and PM2.5 levels, water soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were also analyzed to characterize their chemical profiles. b ext (light extinction coefficient) was calculated, which showed the highest in winter with an average of 232.95 ± 154.88 Mm-1, followed by autumn, summer, spring. Light extinction source apportionment results investigated (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 played key roles in the light extinction under high RH conditions during summer and winter. Sulfate, nitrate and Ca2 + dominated in PM10/PM2.5 ions. Ion balance results illustrated that PM samples were alkaline, and PM10 samples were more alkaline than PM2.5. High SO4 2-/K+ and Cl-/K+ ratio indicated the important contribution of coal combustion, which was consistent with the OC/EC regression equation intercepts results. Principal component analysis (PCA) analyses results showed that the fugitive dust was the most major source of PM, followed by coal combustion & gasoline vehicle emissions, secondary formation and diesel vehicle emissions. Potential contribution source function (PSCF) results suggested that local emissions, as well as certain regional transport from northwesterly and southerly areas contributed to PM2.5 loadings during the whole year. Local government should take some measures to reduce the PM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoyue Tang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongjing Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zeng Y, Niu X, Wang J, Cao J, Gong X, Xu H, Wang T, Liu H, Yang L. Characterization and cytotoxicity of PAHs in PM 2.5 emitted from residential solid fuel burning in the Guanzhong Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:359-368. [PMID: 29852439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 were measured from commonly used stoves and fuels in the rural Guanzhong Plain, China. The toxicity of the PM2.5 also was measured using in vitro cellular tests. EFs of PAHs varied from 0.18 mg kg-1 (maize straw charcoal burning in a clean stove) to 83.3 mg kg-1 (maize straw burning in Heated Kang). The two largest influencing factors on PAH EFs were air supply and volatile matter proportion in fuel. Improvements in these two factors could decrease not only EFs of PAHs but also the proportion of 3-ring to 5-ring PAHs. Exposure to PM2.5 extracts caused a concentration-dependent decline in cell viability but an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). PM2.5 emitted from maize burning in Heated Kang showed the highest cytotoxicity, and EFs of ROS and inflammatory factors were the highest as well. In comparison, maize straw charcoal burning in a clean stove showed the lowest cytotoxicity, which indicated a clean stove and fuel treatment were both efficient methods for reducing cytotoxicity of primary PM2.5. The production of these bioreactive factors were highly correlated with 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs. Specifically, pyrene, anthracene and benzo(a)anthracene had the highest correlations with ROS production (R = 0.85, 0.81 and 0.80, respectively). This study shows that all tested stoves emitted PM2.5 that was cytotoxic to human cells; thus, there may be no safe levels of exposure to PM2.5 emissions from cooking and heating stoves using solid fuels. The study may also provide a new approach for evaluating the cytotoxicity of primary emitted PM2.5 from solid fuel burning as well as other PM2.5 sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuesong Gong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Taobo Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Zhu CS, Cao JJ, Huang RJ, Shen ZX, Wang QY, Zhang NN. Light absorption properties of brown carbon over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:246-251. [PMID: 29289772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the light-absorbing properties of water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) and methanol-soluble brown carbon (MeS-BrC) at a remote site (Lulang, 3326m above sea level) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the period 2015-2016. The light absorption coefficients at 365nm (babs365) of WS-BrC and MeS-BrC were the highest during winter and the lowest during monsoon season. MeS-BrC absorbs about 1.5 times higher at 365nm compared to WS-BrC. The absorption at 550nm appears lower compared to that of 365nm for WS-BrC and MeS-BrC, respectively. Higher average value of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE, 365-550nm) was obtained for MeS-BrC (8.2) than that for WS-BrC (6.9). The values of the mass absorption cross section at 365nm (MAC365) indicated that BrC in winter absorbs UV-visible light more efficiently than in monsoon. The results confirm the importance of BrC in contributing to light-absorbing aerosols in this region. The understanding of the light absorption properties of BrC is of great importance, especially in modeling studies for the climate effects and transport of BrC in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Statistical Analysis of Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of the Distribution of Air Quality and Dominant Air Pollutants and the Effect Factors in Qingdao Urban Zones. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Day-Night Differences, Seasonal Variations and Source Apportionment of PM10-Bound PAHs over Xi’an, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ning G, Wang S, Ma M, Ni C, Shang Z, Wang J, Li J. Characteristics of air pollution in different zones of Sichuan Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:975-984. [PMID: 28892849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sichuan Basin, located in southwest China, has been ranked as the fourth of heavily air polluted regions in China partly due to its deep mountain-basin topography. However, spatial-temporal distribution of air pollution over the basin is still unclear due to the lack of monitoring data and poor knowledge. Since January 2015, six criteria air pollutants began to be monitored in 20 cities across the basin. The measured data enable us to analyze the basin-wide spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of these air pollutants. Results revealed heavy air pollution in the bottom zone, medium in the slope zone, and light pollution in the edge zone of the Basin in terms of the altitudes of air quality monitoring stations across the Basin. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 55.87μg/m3 and 86.49μg/m3 in the bottom, 33.76μg/m3 and 63.33μg/m3 in the slope, and 19.71μg/m3 and 35.06μg/m3 in the edge, respectively. In the bottom and slope of the basin, high PM2.5 concentration events occurred most frequently in winter. While in summer, ozone became primary pollutant. Among the six air pollutants, concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 decrease dramatically with increasing altitude which was fitted by a nonlinear relationship between particulate matter (PM) concentrations and altitude. This relationship was validated by extinction coefficient profiles from CALIPSO observations and EV-lidar data, and hence used to reflect vertical distribution of air PM concentrations. It has been found that the thickness of higher PM concentrations is less than 500m in the basin. In the bottom of the basin, PM concentrations exhibited stronger horizontal homogeneities as compared with those in the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta. However, gaseous pollutants seemed not to show clear relationships between their concentrations and altitudes in the basin. Their horizontal homogeneities were less significant compared to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicai Ning
- The Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shigong Wang
- Mountain Environment and Meteorology Key Laboratory of Education Bureau of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China; The Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Minjin Ma
- The Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Changjian Ni
- Mountain Environment and Meteorology Key Laboratory of Education Bureau of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Ziwei Shang
- The Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Mountain Environment and Meteorology Key Laboratory of Education Bureau of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Institute of Climate System, Chinese Academy of Metrological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Liang L, Liu N, Landis MS, Xu X, Feng X, Chen Z, Shang L, Qiu G. Chemical characterization and sources of PM 2.5 at 12-hr resolution in Guiyang, China. ACTA GEOCHIMICA 2018; 37:334-345. [PMID: 31632828 PMCID: PMC6800720 DOI: 10.1007/s11631-017-0248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emission of primary and gaseous precursors of secondarily formed atmospheric particulate matter due to continuing industrial development and urbanization are leading to an increased public awareness of environmental issues and human health risks in China. As part of a pilot study, 12-hr integrated fine fraction particulate matter (PM2.5) filter samples were collected to chemically characterize and investigate the sources of ambient particulate matter in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Results showed that the 12-hr integrated PM2.5 concentrations exhibited a daytime average of 51 ± 22μg·m-3 (mean ± standard deviation) with a range of 17-128μg·m-3 and a nighttime average of 55 ± 32μg·m-33 with a range of 4-186 μg·m-3. The 24-hr integrated PM2.5 concentrations varied from 15 to 157 μg·m-3, with a mean value of 53 ± 25 μg·m-3, which exceeded the 24-hr PM2.5 standard of 35μg·m-3 set by USEPA, but was below the standard of 75μg·m-3, set by China Ministry of Environmental Protection. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was applied to determine PM2.5 chemical element concentrations. The order of concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 were iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn) > manganese (Mn) > lead (Pb) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr). The total concentration of 18 chemical elements was 13 ± 2 μg·m-3, accounting for 25% in PM2.5, which is comparable to other major cities in China, but much higher than cities outside of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchao Liang
- Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
- Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Lihai Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Guangle Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
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Summertime Day-Night Differences of PM2.5 Components (Inorganic Ions, OC, EC, WSOC, WSON, HULIS, and PAHs) in Changzhou, China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Qiu X, Duan L, Gao J, Wang S, Chai F, Hu J, Zhang J, Yun Y. Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Lanzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:75-83. [PMID: 26969547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the air pollution characteristics of northern China, airborne PM10 (atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM2.5 (atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were sampled in three different functional areas (Yuzhong County, Xigu District and Chengguan District) of Lanzhou, and their chemical composition (elements, ions, carbonaceous species) was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the highest seasonal mean concentrations of PM10 (369.48 μg/m(3)) and PM2.5 (295.42 μg/m(3)) were detected in Xigu District in the winter, the lowest concentration of PM2.5 (53.15 μg/m(3)) was observed in Yuzhong District in the fall and PM10 (89.60 μg/m(3)) in Xigu District in the fall. The overall average OC/EC (organic carbon/elemental carbon) value was close to the representative OC/EC ratio for coal consumption, implying that the pollution of Lanzhou could be attributed to the burning of coal. The content of SNA (the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, SNA) in PM2.5 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons. The content of SNA in PM2.5 and PM10 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons (0.24-0.38), indicating that the conversion ratios from precursors to secondary aerosols in the low concentration area was slower than in the area with high and intense pollutants. Six primary particulate matter sources were chosen based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, and emissions from dust, secondary aerosols, and coal burning were identified to be the primary sources responsible for the particle pollution in Lanzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Lei Duan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Shulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jingqiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yaru Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
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Li N, Long X, Tie X, Cao J, Huang R, Zhang R, Feng T, Liu S, Li G. Urban dust in the Guanzhong basin of China, part II: A case study of urban dust pollution using the WRF-Dust model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1614-1624. [PMID: 26475241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed a regional dust dynamical model (WRF-Dust) to simulate surface dust concentrations in the Guanzhong (GZ) basin of China during two typical dust cases (19th Aug. and 26th Nov., 2013), and compared model results with the surface measurements at 17 urban and rural sites. The important improvement of the model is to employ multiple high-resolution (0.5-500 m) remote sensing data to construct dust sources. The new data include the geographic information of constructions, croplands, and barrens over the GZ basin in summer and winter of 2013. For the first time, detailed construction dust emissions have been introduced in a regional dust model in large cities of China. Our results show that by including the detailed dust sources, model performance at simulating dust pollutions in the GZ basin is significantly improved. For example, the simulated dust concentration average for the 17 sites increases from 28 μg m(-3) to 59 μg m(-3), closing to the measured concentration of 66 μg m(-3). In addition, the correlation coefficient (r) between the calculated and measured dust concentrations is also improved from 0.17 to 0.57, suggesting that our model better presents the spatial variation. Further analysis shows that urban construction activities are the crucial source in controlling urban dust pollutions. It should be considered by policy makers for mitigating particulate air pollution in many Chinese cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xin Long
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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14
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Wang L, Zhou X, Ma Y, Cao Z, Wu R, Wang W. Carbonaceous aerosols over China--review of observations, emissions, and climate forcing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1671-1680. [PMID: 26385857 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols have been attracting attention due to the influence on visibility, air quality, and regional climate. Statistical analyses based on concentration levels, spatial-temporal variations, correlations, and organic carbon (OC) to element carbon (EC) ratios from published data of OC and EC in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were carried out in order to give a carbonaceous aerosol profile in China. The results showed maxima for OC of 29.5 ± 18.2 μg C m(-3) and for EC of 8.4 ± 6.3 μg C m(-3) in winter and minima for OC of 12.9 ± 7.7 μg C m(-3) in summer and for EC of 4.6 ± 2.8 μg C m(-3) in spring. In addition, OC and EC both had higher concentrations in urban than those in rural sites. Carbonaceous aerosol levels in China are about three to seven times higher compared to those in the USA and Europe. OC and EC occupied 20 ± 6 and 7 ± 3% of PM2.5 mass and 17 ± 7 and 5 ± 3% of PM10 mass, respectively, implying that carbonaceous aerosols are the main component of PM, especially OC. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) was a significant portion of PM and contributed 41 ± 26% to OC and 8 ± 6% to PM2.5 mass. The OC/EC ratio was 3.63 ± 1.73, which, along with the good correlation between OC and EC and the OC to EC slope of 2.29, signifies that coal combustion and/or vehicular exhaust is the dominated carbonaceous aerosol source in China. These provide a primary observation-based understanding of carbonaceous aerosol pollution in China and have a great significance in improving the emission inventory and climate forcing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Yujie Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyu Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Ruidong Wu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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15
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Xu H, Guinot B, Niu X, Cao J, Ho KF, Zhao Z, Ho SSH, Liu S. Concentrations, particle-size distributions, and indoor/outdoor differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a middle school classroom in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:861-73. [PMID: 25537162 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) attached to particulate matter can affect respiratory health, especially the health of children, but information on the air quality in schools is generally lacking. This study investigated the PAH concentrations in a naturally ventilated classroom in Xi'an, China, from 16 to 31 May 2012. Particulate PAH concentrations were measured for samples collected on five-stage cascade impactors deployed inside the classroom and outside. PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations were 53.2 ng m(-3) indoors and 72.9 ng m(-3) outdoors. PAHs attached to very fine particles (VFPs) accounted for ~70% of the total PAHs. The PAH concentrations indoors were affected by the students' activities, cleaning, and smoking, while outdoors, the main sources were motor vehicle emissions and contaminated road dust. Particle-bound PAHs infiltrated the classroom through open windows, but the activities of the students and staff were also associated with an increase of PAHs attached to particles larger than 1.0 µm, most likely through resuspension. Cycles in the sources led to PAH concentrations 2-3 times higher on weekdays compared to weekends, both indoors and outdoors. PAH toxicity risks inside the classroom were substantially lower than those outdoors, and the highest risks were associated with VFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Observatory Midi-Pyrenees, CNRS-Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Xinyi Niu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Publich Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Lai Chi Kok, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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16
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Characteristics of Organic and Elemental Carbon in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in Indoor and Outdoor Environments of a Middle School: Secondary Formation of Organic Carbon and Sources Identification. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wang Y, Ying Q, Hu J, Zhang H. Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:413-22. [PMID: 25244704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-term air pollution data with high temporal and spatial resolutions are needed to support the research of physical and chemical processes that affect the air quality, and the corresponding health risks. However, such datasets were not available in China until recently. For the first time, this study examines the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and 8 h O3 in 31 capital cities in China between March 2013 and February 2014 using hourly data released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS), Grade I standards (15 and 40 μg/m(3) for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) for all cities, and only Haikou, Fuzhou and Lasa met the CAAQS Grade II standards (35 and 70 μg/m(3) for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively). Observed PM2.5, PM10, CO and SO2 concentrations were higher in cities located in the North region than those in the West and the South-East regions. The number of non-attainment days was highest in the winter, but high pollution days were also frequently observed in the South-East region during the fall and in the West region during the spring. PM2.5 was the largest contributor to the air pollution in China based on the number of non-attainment days, followed by PM10, and O3. Strong correlation was found between different pollutants except for O3. These results suggest great impacts of coal combustion and biomass burning in the winter, long range transport of windblown dust in the spring, and secondary aerosol formation throughout the year. Current air pollution in China is caused by multiple pollutants, with great variations among different regions and different seasons. Future studies should focus on improving the understanding of the associations between air quality and meteorological conditions, variations of emissions in different regions, and transport and transformation of pollutants in both intra- and inter-regional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungang Wang
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 9472 0, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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18
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Chemical characteristics of water-soluble ions in particulate matter in three metropolitan areas in the North China Plain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113831. [PMID: 25437210 PMCID: PMC4249971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected simultaneously in each season in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang to identify the characteristics of water-soluble ion compositions in the North China Plain. The water-soluble ions displayed significant seasonal variation. The dominant ions were NO3−, SO42−, NH4+ and Cl−, accounting for more than 90% and 86% to the mass of total water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The anion/cation ratio indicated that the ion acidity of each city varied both between sites and seasonally. Over 50% of the ion species were enriched in small particles ≤1 µm in diameter. The [NO3−]/[SO42−] ratio indicated that vehicles accounted for the majority of the particulate pollution in Beijing. Shijiazhuang, a city highly reliant on coal combustion, had a higher SO42− concentration.
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