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Acuña-Alonso C, Amor-Fernández M, Seoane-Martínez E, Álvarez X. The main threats facing the eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Galicia (NW Spain) through Partial Least Squares Path Modelling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124637. [PMID: 39084590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Migratory fish are very important species from an ecological and socioeconomic point of view, but they suffer the effects of many threats such as climate change, pollution, or overfishing, thus contributing to the decline of these species. To study the main factors influencing these species, Partial Least Squares Path Modelling (PLS-PM) methodology has been used to analyse and quantify the main threats facing two highly relevant migratory species: the eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Based on this statistical approach, two models have been developed for a total of 14 rivers located in the Autonomous Community of Galicia (NW Spain), one for the eel and the other for the lamprey. For the construction of the models, the influence of environmental factors, surface water quality and anthropogenic impacts on the population of these species has been studied. Two scenarios have also been simulated to assess how the application of corrective measures to reduce the anthropogenic impact implies important improvements to the eel and lamprey populations. The results of the models developed indicate that the variables analysed predict 69% of the eel "Population", with the weight of the measured variables (MV) 'Water treatment plants' having the most substantial weight (W=0.939) followed by the significant negative influence of 'Surface area of reservoirs and rivers' (W=-0.746). Similarly, in the lamprey model, an R2 of 0.58 has been obtained, where the negative influence of the MV "Agricultural nitrate discharge points" (-0.938) stands out substantially. In relation to the scenarios developed for both species, we highlight that the application of measures aimed at reducing anthropogenic pressure manages to mitigate the impact by 4.82% in the case of eel and by 1.37% in the case of lamprey. The set of models and scenarios proposed will make it possible to design preventive and corrective measures to mitigate the impacts affecting these populations, guaranteeing the integrated management of these species, and improving future decision-making, thus strengthening environmental governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Acuña-Alonso
- CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo. Applied Geotechnologies Group, Vigo, 36310, Spain; Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Amor-Fernández
- Universidade de Vigo, Hydro-Forestry Geomodeling Research Group, School of Forestry Engineering, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Elena Seoane-Martínez
- Universidade de Vigo, Hydro-Forestry Geomodeling Research Group, School of Forestry Engineering, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Xana Álvarez
- Universidade de Vigo, Hydro-Forestry Geomodeling Research Group, School of Forestry Engineering, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Alvarez-Mora I, Bolliet V, Lopez-Herguedas N, Olivares M, Monperrus M, Etxebarria N. Metabolomics to study the sublethal effects of diazepam and irbesartan on glass eels (Anguilla anguilla). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106547. [PMID: 37120958 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Since glass eels are continuously exposed to contamination throughout their migratory journey in estuaries, to a certain extent the fall in the population of this endangered species might be attributed to this exposure, which is especially acute in estuaries under high urban pressure. In this work, metabolomics was used to address the main objective of this study, to evaluate the effects of two pharmaceuticals previously identified as potential concerning chemicals for fish (diazepam and irbesartan) on glass eels. An exposure experiment to diazepam, irbesartan and their mixture was carried out over 7 days followed by 7 days of depuration phase. After exposure, glass eels were individually sacrificed using a lethal bath of anesthesia, and then an unbiased sample extraction method was used to extract separately the polar metabolome and the lipidome. The polar metabolome was submitted to targeted and non-targeted analysis, whereas for the lipidome only the non-targeted analysis was carried out. A combined strategy using partial least squares discriminant analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (ANOVA, ASCA, t-test, and fold-change analysis) was used to identify the metabolites altered in the exposed groups with respect to the control group. The results of the polar metabolome analysis revealed that glass eels exposed to the diazepam-irbesartan mixture were the most impacted ones, with altered levels for 11 metabolites, some of them belonging to the energetic metabolism, which was confirmed to be sensitive to these contaminants. Additionally, the dysregulation of the levels of twelve lipids, most of them with energetic and structural functions, was also found after exposure to the mixture, which might be related to oxidative stress, inflammation, or alteration of the energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Alvarez-Mora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Leioa Biscay 48080, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Plentzia Biscay 48620, Spain.
| | - Valérie Bolliet
- E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, Aquapôle INRAE, MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle F64310, France
| | - Naroa Lopez-Herguedas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Leioa Biscay 48080, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Plentzia Biscay 48620, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Leioa Biscay 48080, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Plentzia Biscay 48620, Spain
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Basque Country, Anglet 64000, France
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Leioa Biscay 48080, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Plentzia Biscay 48620, Spain
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Alvarez-Mora I, Bolliet V, Lopez-Herguedas N, Castro L, Anakabe E, Monperrus M, Etxebarria N. Prioritization based on risk assessment to study the bioconcentration and biotransformation of pharmaceuticals in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) from the Adour estuary (Basque Country, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120016. [PMID: 36007789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment directly impacts water-living organisms and can alter their living functions. These compounds are often metabolized and excreted, but they can also be accumulated and spread through the food chain. The metabolized contaminants can also lead to the formation of new compounds with unknown toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this work, we have studied the occurrence, bioconcentration, and biotransformation of CECs in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) using UHPLC-HRMS. To select the target CECs, we first carried out an environmental risk assessment of the WWTP effluent that releases directly into the Adour estuary (Bayonne, Basque Country, France). The risk quotients of every detected contaminant were calculated and three ecotoxicologically relevant contaminants were chosen to perform the exposure experiment: propranolol, diazepam, and irbesartan. An experiment of 14 days consisting of 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration was carried out to measure the bioconcentration of the chosen compounds. The quantitative results of the concentrations in glass eel showed that diazepam and irbesartan reached BCF ≈10 on day 7, but both compounds were eliminated after 7 days of depuration. On the other hand, propranolol's concentration remains constant all along with the experiment, and its presence can be detected even in the non-exposed control group, which might suggest environmental contamination. Two additional suspect screening strategies were used to identify metabolization products of the target compounds and other xenobiotics already present in wild glass eels. Only one metabolite was identified, nordiazepam, a well-known diazepam metabolite, probably due to the low metabolic rate of glass eels at this stage. The xenobiotic screening confirmed the presence of more xenobiotics in wild glass eels, prominent among them, the pharmaceuticals exemestane, primidone, iloprost, and norethandrolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Alvarez-Mora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Valérie Bolliet
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, Aquapôle INRAE, MIRA, F64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Naroa Lopez-Herguedas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Lyen Castro
- Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eneritz Anakabe
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64000 Anglet, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, 48620 Plentzia (Biscay), Basque Country, Spain
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Demirak A, Keskin F, Silm M, Özdemir N, Yıldız D, Bernotas P, Öğlü B. Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in European eels taken from Lakes Köyceğiz (Turkey) and Võrtsjärv (Estonia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1620-1633. [PMID: 34677773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring heavy metal contaminants in fish is important for the assessment of environmental quality as well as food safety. In this study, European eel samples were collected from Lake Köyceğiz and Lake Võrtsjärv in 2017 and 2018. The concentrations of Mn, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu metals were measured by using GF-AAS in four selected tissues of eel, including liver, gill, skin, and muscle in both lakes. The pollution index (Pi, MPI) values were calculated for both lakes and the health risk for consumers was assessed for both adults and children in Turkey and Estonia. The estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk values (CRs) for the metals were calculated for both lakes. According to the results of this study, a significant difference was determined between the metal concentrations (especially Cu, Cd, and Pb) in the tissues of the eel samples taken from the two lakes. These results show that besides the pollution levels in the aquatic environment, physiological needs and metabolic activities in different habitats have a significant effect on metal accumulation in eels. In addition, HI was found to be < 1 for both adult and child consumers in both lakes, which indicates that consumers would not experience non-carcinogenic health effects. However, the values of CR for Pb and Cd were found negligible in Lake Köyceğiz, while the CR value for Pb was found to be very close to the danger limits in Lake Võrtsjärv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Demirak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Feyyaz Keskin
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Maidu Silm
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nedim Özdemir
- Aquaculture Faculty, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, 48000, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yıldız
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Priit Bernotas
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Burak Öğlü
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
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Lopes AR, Figueiredo C, Sampaio E, Diniz M, Rosa R, Grilo TF. Impaired antioxidant defenses and DNA damage in the European glass eel (Anguilla anguilla) exposed to ocean warming and acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145499. [PMID: 33610990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) has attracted scientific inquiry for centuries due to its singular biological traits. Within the European Union, glass eel fisheries have declined sharply since 1980, from up to 2000 t (t) to 62.2 t in 2018, placing wild populations under higher risk of extinction. Among the major causes of glass eels collapse, climate change has become a growing worldwide issue, specifically ocean warming and acidification, but, to our knowledge, data on physiological and biochemical responses of glass eels to these stressors is limited. Within this context, we selected some representative biomarkers [e.g. glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), heat shock proteins (HSP70), ubiquitin (Ub) and DNA damage] to study physiological responses of the European glass eel under distinct laboratory-climate change scenarios, such as increased water temperature (+ 4 °C) and pH reduction (- 0.4 units), for 12 weeks. Overall, the antioxidant enzymatic machinery was impaired, both in the muscle and viscera, manifested by significant changes in CAT, GPx and TAC. Heat shock response varied differently between tissues, increasing with temperature in the muscle, but not in the viscera, and decreasing in both tissues under acidification. The inability of HSP to maintain functional protein conformation was responsible for boosting the production of Ub, particularly under warming and acidification, as sole stressors. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), either elicited by warming - due to increased metabolic demand - or acidification - through H+ interaction with O2-, generating H2O2 - overwhelmed defense mechanisms, causing oxidative stress and consequently leading to protein and DNA damage. Our results emphasize the vulnerability of eels' early life stages to climate change, with potential cascading consequences to adult stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia Figueiredo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Division of Environmental Oceanography and Bioprospection, IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Sampaio
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago F Grilo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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6
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Moura VL, de Lacerda LD. Contrasting Mercury Bioavailability in the Marine and Fluvial Dominated Areas of the Jaguaribe River Basin, Ceará, Brazil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:49-54. [PMID: 29845483 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of environmental and biological factors upon the mercury (Hg) concentrations in the aquatic fauna in the Lower Jaguaribe River Basin (LJRB) - NE, Brazil. Two campaigns conducted in 2015 in the fluvial (FDA) and in the marine-dominated (MDA) areas resulted in 830 organisms from 16 species collected (nine of finfish and seven of invertebrates). Among the invertebrates, the highest Hg concentration occurred in the crab Callinectes bocourti (201 ng g-1), while among the finfish the highest concentration was found in the ladyfish Elops saurus (109 ng g-1), both carnivorous and of high trophic level (TL). Intra-specific comparison showed significant higher Hg concentrations in individuals captured in the MDA. Also, Hg bioaccumulation rate in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was much higher in the MDA. These results, point to a concomitant control of Hg bioavailability by physical-chemical variables along the estuarine gradient of the LJRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lacerda Moura
- Coastal Biogeochemistry Laboratory, LABOMAR, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição 3207, Meireles, Fortaleza, CE, 60.165-081, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Drude de Lacerda
- Coastal Biogeochemistry Laboratory, LABOMAR, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Abolição 3207, Meireles, Fortaleza, CE, 60.165-081, Brazil
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7
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Bolliet V, Claveau J, Jarry M, Gonzalez P, Baudrimont M, Monperrus M. Migratory behavior, metabolism, oxidative stress and mercury concentrations in marine and estuarine European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla). Physiol Behav 2017; 169:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Luengen AC, Foslund HM, Greenfield BK. Decline in methylmercury in museum-preserved bivalves from San Francisco Bay, California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:782-793. [PMID: 27622695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There are ongoing efforts to manage mercury and nutrient pollution in San Francisco Bay (California, USA), but historical data on biological responses are limited. We used bivalves preserved in formalin or ethanol from museum collections to investigate long-term trends in methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. In the southern reach of the estuary, South Bay, MeHg in the Asian date mussel (Musculista senhousia) significantly declined over the study duration (1970 to 2012). Mean MeHg concentrations were highest (218ng/g dry weight, dw) in 1975 and declined 3.8-fold (to 57ng/g dw) by 2012. This decrease corresponded with closure of the New Almaden Mercury Mines and was consistent with previously observed declines in sediment core mercury concentrations. In contrast, across all sites, MeHg in the overbite clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) increased 1.3-fold from 64ng/g dw before 2000 to 81ng/g dw during the 2000s and was higher than in M. senhousia. Pearson correlation coefficients of the association between MeHg and δ13C or δ15N provided no evidence that food web alterations explained changing MeHg concentrations. However, isotopic composition shifted temporally. South Bay bivalve δ15N increased from 12‰ in the 1970s to 18‰ in 2012. This increase corresponded with increasing nitrogen loadings from wastewater treatment plants until the late 1980s and increasing phytoplankton biomass from the 1990s to 2012. Similarly, a 3‰ decline in δ13C from 2002 to 2012 may represent greater utilization of planktonic food sources. In a complimentary 90day laboratory study to validate use of these preserved specimens, preservation had only minor effects (<0.5‰) on δ13C and δ15N. MeHg increased following preservation but then stabilized. These are the first documented long-term trends in biota MeHg and stable isotopes in this heavily impacted estuary and support the utility of preserved specimens to infer contaminant and biogeochemical trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Luengen
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
| | - Heather M Foslund
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
| | - Ben K Greenfield
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Polak-Juszczak L, Nermer T. Methylmercury and Total Mercury in Eels, Anguilla anguilla, from Lakes in Northeastern Poland: Health Risk Assessment. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:582-590. [PMID: 27357082 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, mercury is readily methylated into its most toxic form of methylmercury. In this form, it enters the aquatic food chain and its concentrations increase in subsequent links, which decreases the quality of fish meat and poses risks to consumer health. Concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (THg) were determined in the muscle tissues of 64 eel specimens measuring from 59 to 95 cm in length as functions of specimen size and weight. Risks posed to consumers by eel from different length classes were also assessed. The mean concentration of THg in all of the eel examined was 0.179 mg kg-1, but the range was from 0.028 to 0.487 mg kg-1. The mean concentration of MeHg was 0.147 mg kg-1, and the range was also wide from 0.023 to 0.454 mg kg-1. Accumulated MeHg and THg increased with eel body length. The percentage share of MeHg in THg also changed with specimen length, and there was a positive correlation between the concentrations of MeHg and THg. Risk assessment was performed based on the doses of THg and MeHg ingested with fish for several specimen length classes. Consuming the meat of eel measuring 80 cm in length increased the estimated weekly intake (EWI) of THg and MeHg twofold in comparison to that from specimens 60 cm in length and fourfold in specimens exceeding 90 cm in length. The percentage shares of the EWI in the tolerable weekly intake and the target hazard quotient coefficient also increased proportionally. Generally, concentrations of MeHg and THg in eel are below current limits and pose no risk to consumer health as long as the consumption of larger specimens is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Polak-Juszczak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kollataja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Nermer
- Department of Monitoring and Logistics, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kollataja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
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10
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Claveau J, Monperrus M, Jarry M, Baudrimont M, Gonzalez P, Cavalheiro J, Mesmer-Dudons N, Bolliet V. Methylmercury effects on migratory behaviour in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla): an experimental study using isotopic tracers. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 171:15-27. [PMID: 25797033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of methylmercury (MeHg) on glass eels' propensity to migrate, mitochondrial activity and antioxidative defence systems was investigated. Marine glass eels were first sorted in an experimental flume according to their response to dusk. Fish responding to the decrease in light intensity by ascending in the water column and moving with or against the flow were considered as having a high propensity to migrate (migrant). Glass eels still sheltering at the end of the 24 h catching period were considered as having a low propensity to migrate and were called non-migrant. Migrant and non-migrant glass eels were then individually tagged and exposed to isotopically enriched (201)MeHg (50 ng L(-1)) for 11 days. The effect of contamination was studied on muscle fibre structure, and the expression level of genes involved in mitochondrial activity and antioxidative defence systems. To investigate the effect of MeHg on glass eel behaviour, migrant and non-migrant glass eels were sorted again and the bioaccumulation of (201)MeHg and its demethylation product ((201)Hg(II)) were determined for each individual. MeHg exposure increased activity in non-migrant glass eels but not migratory behaviour. Contamination affected mitochondrial structure and metabolism and suggests a higher oxidative stress and activation of antioxidative defence systems in non-migrant glass eels. Overall, our results suggest that exposure to MeHg might induce an increase in energy expenditure and a higher vulnerability to predation in non-migrant glass eels in the wild.
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MESH Headings
- Anguilla/physiology
- Animal Migration/drug effects
- Animals
- Atlantic Ocean
- Biotransformation
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- France
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Mercury Isotopes
- Methylmercury Compounds/metabolism
- Methylmercury Compounds/toxicity
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Oxidants/pharmacokinetics
- Oxidants/toxicity
- Oxidative Stress
- Oxidoreductases/chemistry
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Phototrophic Processes/drug effects
- Tissue Distribution
- Toxicokinetics
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Claveau
- INRA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France; Université de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, UFR Sciences et Techniques Côte Basque, Anglet, France.
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées, 2 av. P. Angot, 64053 9 Pau cedex 9, France.
| | - Marc Jarry
- INRA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France; Université de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, UFR Sciences et Techniques Côte Basque, Anglet, France.
| | - Magalie Baudrimont
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Team Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Team Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Joana Cavalheiro
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées, 2 av. P. Angot, 64053 9 Pau cedex 9, France.
| | - Nathalie Mesmer-Dudons
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Team Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Valérie Bolliet
- INRA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, Aquapôle, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France; Université de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, UFR Sciences et Techniques Côte Basque, Anglet, France.
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