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Nogarotto DC, Gimbernau J, Pozza SA. PSCF method for source identification of particulate matter in an agricultural background region in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38626330 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2334292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of mathematical and statistical models to investigate potential sources of pollutants that have been transported by air masses to a study site is important for establishing control and monitoring measures for air pollutants such as PM10 and PM2.5. During the study period, from 2018 to 2021, the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 recorded in Ribeirão Preto (SP, Brazil) were higher during spring and winter, with a tendency to increase the amplitude and its maximum values relative to daily averages. The source-receptor model, Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF), was used to identify probable sources of these pollutants, and the regions known as Triângulo Mineiro and Intermediate Geographic Region of Juiz de Fora (MG, Brazil) were the main regions associated with high PSCF probability values (> 0.5) as sources of PM. These regions indicate that the possible sources of PM emissions are associated with industrial complexes and agriculture, especially coffee production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordi Gimbernau
- School of Technology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
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2
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Wu D, Chen L, Ma Z, Zhou D, Fu L, Liu M, Zhang T, Yang J, Zhen Q. Source analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) from Bengbu, China. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5080. [PMID: 38429521 PMCID: PMC10907572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples collected from October, 2021 to September, 2022 were analyzed to clarify the pollution characteristics and sources of 16 PAHs in the atmospheric TSP in Bengbu City. The ρ(PAHs) concentrations ranged from 1.71 to 43.85 ng/m3 and higher concentrations were detected in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. The positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that, in spring and summer, PAH pollution was caused mainly by industrial emissions, gasoline and diesel fuel combustion, whereas in autumn and winter, it was coal, biomass and natural gas combustion. The cluster and potential source factor analyses showed that long-range transport was a significant factor. During spring, autumn, and winter, the northern and northwestern regions had a significant impact, whereas the coastal area south of Bengbu had the greatest influence in summer. The health risk assessment revealed that the annual total carcinogenic equivalent concentration values for PAHs varied from 0.0159 to 7.437 ng/m3, which was classified as moderate. Furthermore, the annual incremental lifetime cancer risk values ranged from 1.431 × 10-4 to 3.671 × 10-3 for adults and from 6.823 × 10-5 to 1.749 × 10-3 for children, which were higher than the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danchen Wu
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Chen
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Ma
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Fu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
- Fuyang Cancer Hospital, Fuyang, 236010, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianer Zhang
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
- Xinchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinchang, 312599, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhen
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China.
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Arregocés HA, Bonivento GJ, Ladino LA, Beristain-Montiel E, Restrepo G, Miranda J, Alvarez-Ospina H, Rojano R. Human health risk assessment of PM 10-bound heavy metals and PAHs around the Latin America's Largest opencast coal mine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125915-125930. [PMID: 38008845 PMCID: PMC10754741 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in opencast coal mine areas is a critical issue, resulting in harmful severe effects on human health. Therefore, it is essential to understand the air pollution factors and to assess the risks to humans. This study evaluated the potential risks (carcinogen and non-carcinogen) of inhalation exposure to PM10-bound heavy metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an open pit mine in northern Colombia. During February-May 2022, PM10 samples were collected at eight sites. Heavy metals (i.e., Al, Cr(VI), Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Pb) and PAHs (thirteen priority PAHs, and one non-priority PAH) levels linked to PM10 were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. PM10 concentrations were found to range between 4.70 and 59.90 µg m-3. Out of the three different zones of the study area (i.e., North Zone, South Zone, and Populated Zone), the North Zone recorded the highest daily average concentrations of Cr(VI) (104.16 ng m-3), Mn (28.39 ng m-3), Cu (33.75 ng m-3), Zn (57.99 ng m-3), As (44.92 ng m-3), and Pb (27.13 ng m-3). The fraction of the analyzed heavy metals at all monitoring sites was 82%-89% for Al, followed by Cr(VI) with 3%-6%. Cr(VI) was the major contributor to the carcinogenic risk values, while Cu, Cr(VI), and As were the main drivers for the non-carcinogenic risk. The average cancer risk range for heavy metals was 3.30 × 10-04 -5.47 × 10-04. On the other hand, the cancer risk for PAHs exposure was acceptable. The average incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values varied between 2.87 × 10-07 and 4.21 × 10-07. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed to 54%-56% of the total risk from inhalation of PM10-bound PAHs, while Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene contributed to 16%-19%. Based on the Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis, exposure to Cr(VI) was the main factor affecting cancer risk in the North, South, and Populated Zones. A suitable risk assessment and management plan requires understanding PM10-bound heavy metals and PAHs concentration levels as well as their potential health risks, mainly in open-cast coal mine zones. Our study found that people living near open-pit mines face potential health risks, so it is crucial to establish policies and regulations to control emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli A Arregocés
- Grupo de Investigación GISA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha, Colombia.
- Grupo Procesos Fisicoquímicos Aplicados, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia SIU/UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Guillermo J Bonivento
- Grupo de Investigación GISA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación ZENTECH, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7 No. 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Ladino
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Gloria Restrepo
- Grupo Procesos Fisicoquímicos Aplicados, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia SIU/UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Javier Miranda
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Harry Alvarez-Ospina
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Roberto Rojano
- Grupo de Investigación GISA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha, Colombia
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Dehhaghi S, Bahiraee H, Pardakhti A, Rashidi Y. Traces of black carbon sources before and after the Covid-19 outbreak in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:853. [PMID: 37326877 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of black carbon was measured in four sites of the industrial and high-traffic metropolis of Tehran with different land uses. Then, the contribution of biomass and fossil fuels in the emission of this pollutant was modeled using the Aethalometer model. The possible locations of important sources of black carbon dissemination were projected using PSCF and CWT models, and the results were compared in the two periods before and after the Covid-19 outbreak. Temporal variations of black carbon illustrated that BC concentration decreased in the period after the onset of the pandemic in all studied areas, and this decline was more explicit in the traffic intersection of the city. Diurnal changes of BC concentration indicated the significant impact of the application of the law banning night traffic of motor vehicles in reducing the BC concentration in this period, and probably the reduction of HDDV traffic has played the most important role in this reduction. The results related to the share of BC sources indicated that black carbon emissions are affected by an average of about 80% of fossil fuel combustion and wood combustion interferes with about 20% of BC emissions. Finally, speculations were made about the possible sources of BC emission and its urban scale transport using PSCF and CWT models, which indicated the superiority of the CWT model in terms of source segregation. The results of this analysis were further utilized to surmise black carbon emission sources based on the land use of receptor points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Dehhaghi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Bahiraee
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Rashidi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Chong H, Lee S, Cho Y, Kim J, Koo JH, Pyo Kim Y, Kim Y, Woo JH, Hyun Ahn D. Assessment of air quality in North Korea from satellite observations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107708. [PMID: 36571994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
North Korea's air quality is poorly understood due to a lack of reliable data. Here, we analyzed urban- to national-scale air quality changes in North Korea using multi-year satellite observations. Pyongyang, Nampo, Pukchang, and Munchon were identified as pollution hotspots. On a national scale, we found that North Korea experienced 6.7, 17.8, and 20.6 times greater amounts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) per unit primary energy supply (PES) than South Korea from 2005 to 2018. Besides, North Korea had a 24.3 times larger aerosol optical depth (AOD) per PES than South Korea from 2011 to 2018. Severe CO and aerosol pollution is aligned with extensive biofuel combustion. High SO2 pollution corresponds with the strong coal dependence of the industry. The change rates of the national average columns for NO2, SO2, and CO were + 3.6, -4.4, and -0.4 % yr-1, respectively. The AOD change rate was -4.8 % yr-1. Overall decreasing trends, except for NO2, are likely due to a decline in coal-fired PES. Positive NO2 trends are consistent with increasing industrial activities. Each pollutant showed consistent patterns of linear trends, even after correcting the influence of transboundary pollution. Flue gas control and biofuel consumption reduction seem necessary to improve North Korea's air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Chong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Cho
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Technology Fusion Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dha Hyun Ahn
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Tan J, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. Spatial origin analysis on atmospheric bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120162. [PMID: 36113643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) onto soil threatens terrestrial ecosystem. To locate potential source areas geographically, a total of 139 atmospheric bulk deposition samples were collected during 2012-2019 at eight sites in Shanghai and its surrounding areas. A multisite joint location method was developed for the first time to locate potential source areas of atmospheric PAHs based on an enhanced three dimensional concentration weighted trajectory model. The method considered spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric boundary layer height and homogenized all results over the eight sites via geometric mean. Regional transport was an important contributor of PAH atmospheric deposition while massive local emissions may disturb the identification of potential source areas. Northwesterly winds were associated with elevated deposition fluxes. Potential source areas were identified by the multisite joint location method and included Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong and Jiangsu to the north, and Anhui to the west of Shanghai. PM and SO2 data from the national ground monitoring stations confirmed the identified source areas of deposited PAHs in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Meteorological IT Support Center, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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Nguyen TNT, Vuong QT, Lee SJ, Xiao H, Choi SD. Identification of source areas of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ulsan, South Korea, using hybrid receptor models and the conditional bivariate probability function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:140-151. [PMID: 34981807 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identifies the emission source areas for the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in Ulsan, South Korea. To achieve this, in addition to a conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), two hybrid receptor models - the three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF) model and the 3D concentration weighted function (3D-CWT) model - were used, both of which adopt trajectory segments within the mixing layer. Notably, the fraction-weighted trajectory (FWT), a combination of PAH gas/particle partitioning with a hybrid receptor model, was introduced for the first time in this study to support the identification of emission source areas using other approaches (i.e., 3D-PSCF, 3D-CWT, and CBPF). Consequently, it was found that gaseous PAHs in Ulsan mostly originated from local emission sources (i.e., transportation and industrial emissions) throughout the year, whereas particulate PAHs were likely to originate from emission sources in China (e.g., Shandong, Hebei, and Liaoning) during spring and winter via long-range transport. However, in summer and fall, the influence of local emissions on particulate PAHs appeared to be stronger. The FWT was able to distinguish between local and distant sources more effectively, especially in summer and fall, i.e., the periods when local sources increased their contribution. This study thus increases the understanding of the long-range transport of PAHs in Northeast Asia, and the novel FWT approach exhibits the potential to be employed in the source area identification of various semi-volatile organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 72710, Vietnam
| | - Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Dimitriou K, Mihalopoulos N, Leeson SR, Twigg MM. Sources of PM 2.5-bound water soluble ions at EMEP's Auchencorth Moss (UK) supersite revealed by 3D-Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) model. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129979. [PMID: 33979931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) model is a well-known tool which combines the residence time (trajectory points) of air masses over specific regions with ambient concentrations of air pollutants, aiming to identify potential long range transport impacts. An upgraded 3D-version of CWT model (3D-CWT), investigating not only the geographical origin of the exogenous emissions but also the altitudinal layers in which the transport occurs, was developed and coupled with PM2.5-bound concentrations of water soluble ions (nss- SO4-2 (non-sea salt sulfates), NO3-, Cl-, NH4+, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2 and K+) for the years 2017-2018, derived by the Auchencorth Moss supersite in Southeast Scotland, United Kingdom (UK). The 3D-CWT model was implemented in two distinct altitudinal layers above ground level (0 m ≤ Layer 1 < 1000 m, 1000 m ≤ Layer 2 < 2000 m), because few trajectory points exceeded the 2000 m limit. Transport of Secondary Inorganic Aerosols (SIA) from South - Southeast England were detected in both vertical layers, affecting SO4-2, NO3-, and NH4+ levels, whilst SIA intrusions from Northwest Europe were detected in Layer 2. Sea salt particle transport from North Atlantic and the North Sea, comprising Cl-, Na+ and Mg+2, were detected in both layers whilst K+ contributions from Southeast England were also detected in both layers, suggesting also impacts from biomass burning. Moreover particle transport of a crustal origin, marked by Ca+2 enhancement, mainly occurred in layer 1 and included soil/dust resuspension from areas around the station and infrequent dust intrusions from the Sahara desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236, Athens, Greece; University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sarah R Leeson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
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Sources and Geographical Origins of PM10 in Metz (France) Using Oxalate as a Marker of Secondary Organic Aerosols by Positive Matrix Factorization Analysis. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An original source apportionment study was conducted on atmospheric particles (PM10) collected in Metz, one of the largest cities of Eastern France. A Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to a sampling filter-based chemical dataset obtained for the April 2015 to January 2017 period. Nine factors were clearly identified, showing mainly contributions from anthropogenic sources of primary PM (19.2% and 16.1% for traffic and biomass burning, respectively) as well as secondary aerosols (12.3%, 14.5%, 21.8% for sulfate-, nitrate-, and oxalate-rich factors, respectively). Wood-burning aerosols exhibited strong temporal variations and contributed up to 30% of the PM mass fraction during winter, while primary traffic concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the year. These two sources are also the main contributors during observed PM10 pollution episodes. Furthermore, the dominance of the oxalate-rich factor among other secondary aerosol factors underlines the role of atmospheric processing to secondary organic aerosol loadings which are still poorly characterized in this region. Finally, Concentration-Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis were performed to investigate the geographical origins of the apportioned sources, notably illustrating a significant transport of both nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich factors from Northeastern Europe but also from the Balkan region.
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A Study on Elevated Concentrations of Submicrometer Particles in an Urban Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mass concentrations of chemical constituents (organics, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, chloride, and black carbon (BC)) and the number size distribution of submicrometer particles in the ambient atmosphere were continuously measured in urban Gwangju, Korea, during the Megacity Air Pollution Studies (MAPS)-Seoul campaign. Organics (9.1 μg/m3) were the most dominant species, followed by sulfate (4.7 μg/m3), nitrate (3.2 μg/m3), ammonium (2.6 μg/m3), and BC (1.3 μg/m3) in submicrometer particles (particulate matter less than 1 μm (PM1)). The potential source regions of the sulfate were located in the South and East regions of China and South and East regions of Korea, while local sources were responsible for the elevated BC concentration. Diurnal variation showed that concentrations of organics, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and BC decreased with increasing mixing layer and wind speed (dilution effect), while sulfate and oxidized organics increased possibly due to their strong photochemical production in the afternoon. During the campaign, an elevated mass concentration of PM1 (PM1 event) and number concentration (nanoparticle formation (NPF) event) were observed (one PM1 event and nine NPF events out of 28 days). The PM1 event occurred with Western and Southwestern air masses with increasing sulfate and organics. Long-range transported aerosols and stagnant meteorological conditions favored the elevated mass concentration of submicrometer particles. Most of the NPF events took place between 10:00 and 14:00, and the particle growth rates after the initial nanoparticle formation were 7.2–11.0 nm/h. The times for increased concentration of nanoparticles and their growth were consistent with those for elevated sulfate and oxidized organics in submicrometer particles under strong photochemical activity.
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