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Mleczek M, Siwulski M, Budka A, Niedzielski P, Mleczek P, Kuczyńska-Kippen N, Budzyńska S, Karolewski Z, Kalač P, Jędryczka M. Can the concentration of elements in wild-growing mushrooms be deduced from the taxonomic rank? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119079. [PMID: 38729408 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The mineral composition of wild-growing mushroom species is influenced by various environmental factors, particularly the chemical properties of the soil/substrate. We hypothesised that element uptake might also correlate with taxonomic classification, potentially allowing us to predict contamination levels based on mushrooms within the same taxonomic rank. This study compared the mineral composition (Ag, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of 16 saprotrophic mushroom species from 11 genera across 4 families and 2 orders. Among these were 13 edible and 3 inedible mushrooms, all collected from natural, wild stands in a forest in central-western Poland between 2017 and 2020. Phallus impudicus exhibited the highest mean content of Ba (together with Phallus hadriani) (6.63 and 8.61 mg kg-1, respectively), Ca (with Paralepista gilva and Stropharia rugosoannulata) (803, 735 and 768 mg kg-1, respectively), Cd (with Lycoperdon perlatum) (3.59 and 3.12 mg kg-1, respectively), Co (0.635 mg kg-1), and Fe (with P. hadriani and S. rugosoannulata) (476, 427 and 477 mg kg-1, respectively), while Macrolepiota mastoidea showed the highest content of Ag (1.96 mg kg-1), As (with Coprinus comatus) (1.56 and 1.62 mg kg-1, respectively) and Cu (with Macrolepiota procera and Chlorophyllum rhacodes) (192, 175 and 180 mg kg-1, respectively). Comparing the content of the analysed elements in the genera represented by at least two species, a similarity was observed, the same as the mean concentration in soil under these species. Soil characteristics could be a superior factor that overshadows the impact of the mushroom genus on the elements accumulation, obscuring its role as a determinant in this process. The results are not definitive evidence that belonging to a particular taxonomic rank is a prerequisite condition affecting the accumulation of all elements. A closer focus on this issue is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Mleczek
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marek Siwulski
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Vegetable Crops, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Budka
- Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Mleczek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94C, 60-649, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Biology, Department of Water Protection, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Budzyńska
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Karolewski
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Pavel Kalač
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Małgorzata Jędryczka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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Krejsa J, Šíma J, Křížek M, Šeda M, Svoboda L. Selected detrimental and essential elements in fruiting bodies of culinary and toxic medicinal macroscopic fungi growing in the Bohemian Forest, the Czech Republic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:483-496. [PMID: 38853697 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2362548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Selected wild-growing edible fungi (Boletus edulis, Neoboletus luridiformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Macrolepiota procera, Amanita rubescens, Russula virescens, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Flammulina velutipes) along with the poisonous medicinal species Amanita muscaria were collected from five sites in the Bohemian Forest, the Czech Republic and analyzed regarding the contents of 19 elements (Ag, Al, As, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Tl, and Zn) in their fruiting bodies. The contents of the elements as well as bioconcentration factors (ratios of the element content in dry matter of the mushroom to the content in the soil; BCF) were significantly species dependent. In general, the analysis revealed the most intensive accumulation of Cd, Rb, Ag, Cu, Se, and Zn in the studied mushrooms. B. edulis accumulated Ag, Se, Cd, Rb, Cu, and Zn with average BCF of 31, 25, 18, 13, 3.9, and 2.6, respectively. On the other hand, A. rubescens accumulated Cd, Rb, Ag, Cu, Zn, and As (BCF of 41, 27, 4.8, 3.3, 2.1, and 1.4). The data concerning the detrimental elements in sporocarps of edible mushrooms indicate no negative effect on human health if the fungi are consumed occasionally or as a delicacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Krejsa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šíma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Křížek
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Svoboda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Niedzielski P, Siwulski M, Szostek M, Budka A, Budzyńska S, Krzesłowska M, Kalač P, Mleczek M. Mineral composition variation in Boletales mushrooms-indication of soil properties and taxonomic influence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41137-41154. [PMID: 38849615 PMCID: PMC11189970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of element accumulation depends on numerous factors, where the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil seem to be very important, and the role of taxonomic rank in the accumulation of elements by mushrooms seems to be important. The aim of the study was to compare the mineral composition of 7 species belonging to Leccinum and Suillus genera, collected between 2019 and 2021 from localizations in the west-central part of Poland. The research aimed to indicate the role of selected soil parameters in stimulating/inhibiting the accumulation of elements by selected Boletales mushroom species and to answer the question about the role of species belonging to the genus as an indicator determining the specific mineral composition of fruiting bodies. Soil pH and other soil properties (granulometric composition, organic carbon, degree of organic matter decomposition) may significantly affect mushrooms' mineral composition. Mushroom species belonging to Leccinum genus exhibited the higher amount of essential major and trace elements than species of Suillus genus). It suggests that the affiliation of the studied mushroom species to a specific genus may affect their mineral composition, and the physicochemical properties of the soil may be responsible for the lack of a clear division in the efficiency of element(s) accumulation. Selected species contain high amounts of K, Cu, Fe, and Zn, while others, such as selected Suillus gravellei fruiting bodies, also contain As and Cd. The results described serve as an introduction to a broader scientific discussion and require many further studies to confirm the role of taxonomic ranks and the influence of soil characteristics on the accumulation of elements by fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Niedzielski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Siwulski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szostek
- Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 8B, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Budka
- Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Budzyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzesłowska
- Laboratory of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pavel Kalač
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, 370 04, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
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Andronikov AV, Andronikova IE, Sebek O, Martinkova E, Stepanova M. Accumulation and within-mushroom distribution of elements in red cracking bolete (Xerocomellus chrysenteron) collected over the extended period from compositionally contrasting substrates. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1157. [PMID: 37673806 PMCID: PMC10482781 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a study of elemental compositions of Xerocomellus chrysenteron samples accompanied by samples of related substrate soils. All samples were collected during the harvesting seasons 2021 and 2022 from three forested sites almost unpolluted by recent human activities and underlain by contrasting bedrock (granite, amphibolite, and serpentinite). Elements such as Ag, Cd, K, P, Rb, S, Se, and Zn were the main elements enriched in the mushroom's fruiting bodies relative to the substrate. Concentrations of most elements in mushrooms were not site-dependent, with only Ag, As, Rb, and Se concentrations significantly depending on the bedrock composition. Some elements analyzed in mushrooms displayed temporal features, but such features were not systematic and varied for each element. Most analyzed elements were distributed unevenly within the mushroom's fruiting bodies, with apical parts generally enriched in mobile elements. Mushrooms influenced concentrations of Ag, Cd, K, and Rb and a few other elements in the substrate via uptake, but such influence was very limited and can be responsible for only 2.5-11.5% of total depletion of the affected substrate in the named elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V Andronikov
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 15200, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irina E Andronikova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 15200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Sebek
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 15200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Martinkova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 15200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Stepanova
- Division of Geochemistry and Laboratories, Czech Geological Survey, Geologicka 6, 15200, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lénárt Z, Bartha A, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Lehel J. Monitoring of metal content in the tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and its food safety aspect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15899-15910. [PMID: 36178655 PMCID: PMC9908636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study was performed on 10 female and 10 male wild boars (Sus scrofa) after shooting during the regular hunting season to investigate the concentration of metals in the muscle and fat tissue. The concentrations of essential and non-essential elements were determined (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn)) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The concentrations of As, Hg, and Cd were below the limit of detection (As, Hg: < 0.5 mg/kg, Cd: < 0.05 mg/kg) in every tissue sample of both sexes. The lead was detected as 0.36 ± 0.16 mg/kg and 0.22 ± 0.06 mg/kg in the muscle of females and males, respectively, showing a significant difference between the sexes (p = 0.0184). The measured concentration of Cr was 0.14 ± 0.08 mg/kg and 0.13 ± 0.06 mg/kg, and that of copper was 1.22 ± 0.14 mg/kg and 1.06 ± 0.16 mg/kg in the muscle of females and males, respectively. The same tendency was observed in the case of copper content of fat tissues (female: 0.13 ± 0.10 mg/kg; male: 0.13 ± 0.04 mg/kg; p = 0.2707). Manganese concentration of muscle was 0.45 ± 0.30 mg/kg (female) and 1.36 ± 0.96 mg/kg (male), and that of fat tissue was 0.32 ± 0.22 mg/kg (female) and 0.74 ± 0.75 mg/kg (male). The Zn was detected as 56.75 ± 7.86 mg/kg and 1.83 ± 0.76 mg/kg in the muscle and fat of females and 52.12 ± 11.51 mg/kg and 1.94 ± 0.57 mg/kg in males, respectively. Based on data, the consumption of fat and muscle tissues of the wild boars tested can be food toxicologically objectionable, mainly due to the lead content, and thus pose a risk to frequent consumers of this type of game meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Lénárt
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Bartha
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Lehel
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
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Dimitrijević M, Stanković M, Nikolić J, Mitić V, Stankov Jovanović V, Stojanović G, Miladinović D. The effect of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead on the genotoxic activity of Boletaceae family mushrooms present in Serbia. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:23-35. [PMID: 36445018 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2150992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids which are widely distributed in the environment and in food chain using wild edible mushrooms belonging to the Boletaceae family mushrooms. In addition, methanol extracts of mushrooms were tested for in vitro protective effect by the cytochalasin-B blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay using chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes as a model. The genotoxic activity of methanol extracts prepared at 4 different concentrations (1, 2, 3 or 6 µg/ml) was examined using amifostine and mitomycin C as positive controls. Extracts of species B. regius and B. edulis exhibited the greatest reduction in the frequency of micronuclei (MN). Extract of B. regius at concentrations of 2 µg/ml showed the highest decrease in number of MN. In comparison, extract of mushroom B. edulis at a concentration of 3 µg/ml displayed less reduction. However, as heavy metals and metalloids are found in mushrooms, another aim was to examine whether these agents affected genotoxicity. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified clustering differences between control and heavy metals and metalloids groups and might explain the influence of heavy element content and genotoxic activity in mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Stanković
- Nuclear Facilities of Serbia, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Nikolić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - V Mitić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - V Stankov Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - G Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - D Miladinović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Vondruška J, Šíma J, Křížek M, Rokos L, Šeda M, Svoboda L. Enrichment of Culinary-Medicinal Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes), Cultivated on the Straw Substrate with Zinc and Selenium. Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:43-53. [PMID: 37560889 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023049038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on a commercially available wheat straw substrate enriched with Zn and Se. Various amounts of Zn (10, 50, and 100 mg) and Se (1, 5, and 10 mg) in suitable forms ((CH3COO)2Zn·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and Na2SeO3·5H2O, respectively) were dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water and homogenously nebulized into the substrate block of 2.4 kg weight. The increase in the Zn content in fruiting bodies cultivated on the enriched substrate was relatively low compared with fruiting bodies cultivated on the substrate with no addition at the first flush. The application of different Zn compounds (acetate vs. nitrate) gave similar results. However, the addition of 1 mg of Se into the cultivation substrate block increased the content of Se in fruiting bodies to about 3-6 mg/kg dry matter. This content was one order of magnitude higher compared with the Se content in fruiting bodies harvested from the substrate with no Se addition (< 0.12-0.58 mg/kg dry matter). In the case of the addition of 5 mg of Se, there was a further significant increase in the content of this element to about 40-60 mg/kg dry matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondruška
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šíma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Křížek
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Rokos
- Department of Biology, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Education, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Svoboda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Badshah H, Khan MU, Mumtaz AS. Elucidating Heavy Metals Concentration and Distribution in Wild Edible Morels and the Associated Soil at Different Altitudinal Zones of Pakistan: a Health Risk Implications Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03496-w. [PMID: 36434421 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates macro-nutrient (MN) and prevailing heavy metal (HM) concentrations in wild edible morels (WEM) species viz., Morchella crassipes, Morchella pulchella, and Morchella eohespera and the associated soil that were collected from different altitudinal zones (Azad Kashmir, Murree, Swat, and Skardu) of Pakistan. A special emphasis on potential health risk analysis for HM in WEM consumption was also explored. In general, MN concentration in fruiting bodies and their associated soil samples were in the following order: potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca) > sodium (Na) and Ca > Mg > K > Na, respectively. The concentration for HM in WEM ranged between 20.0 and 78.0 mg/kg, 1.09 and 22.1 mg/kg, 2.1 and 22.1 mg/kg, 0.26 and 13.1 mg/kg, 0.43 and 9.1 mg/kg, 1.07 and 7.0 mg/kg, 1.01 and 5.4 mg/kg, and BDL and 3.1 mg/kg for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), respectively, and those in underlying soil samples, lowest and highest HM concentration were recorded for Zn (33.7-113.6 mg/kg), Cu (13.0-40.8 mg/kg), Ni (3.1-23.0 mg/kg), Pb (1.3-22.0 mg/kg), Co (2.9-5.6 mg/kg), Cr (2.7-11.1 mg/kg), Mn (2.0-7.1 mg/kg), and Cd (1.1 mg/kg 7.6). Although, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in some of the WEM samples and Cd in the soil had exceeded the permissible limits set by different organizations. The greater accumulation/or transfer potential for Zn, Co, Ni, and Cu were recorded in WEM from their associated soil. The health risk index (HRI) for HM in all assessed samples of WEM was < 1, predicting no risk to the consuming population. Furthermore, the correlation analyses depicted that the power of hydrogen (pH), low organic matter contents, and sandy texture are likely to be responsible for HM transfer to the lower pool of soil. But the increasing concentration of HM in WEM warrants threats and suggests further monitoring and future policy plan and implementation to avoid the potential health risks via its regular consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Badshah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Human & Ecology Analytical Laboratory (HEAL), Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA Campus, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Samad Mumtaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Dried Wild-Grown Mushrooms Can Be Considered a Source of Selected Minerals. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132750. [PMID: 35807930 PMCID: PMC9269615 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried mushrooms might be a source of mineral components, which are indispensable for human health. The aim of this study was to determine the contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) in dried wild-grown mushrooms (Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius) available for sale, and to evaluate these mushrooms’ contribution to the daily reference intake of the studied bioelements. The concentrations of mineral components in the mushroom samples were determined by the flame method (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and the electrothermal (Se) atomic absorption spectrometry method. The mean Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn (in mg/kg), and Se concentrations (in µg/kg) in B. edulis were 82.1, 964.1, 233.4, 97.9, 25.3, 22.1, and 6501.6, respectively, whereas in X. badius: 67.5, 1060.2, 87.8, 197.2, 33.9, 19.8, and 282.4, respectively. We have shown that dried B. edulis can be considered a source of Se. In the case of the other microelements, the tested mushrooms may serve only as additional supplements. Therefore, the studied species of mushrooms cannot be regarded as potential nutritional sources of the macroelements in question. Consumers should be properly informed about this, which should be guaranteed by appropriate legal regulations.
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Vondruška J, Šíma J, Kobera M, Rokos L, Šeda M, Svoboda L. Detrimental and essential elements in fruiting bodies of wild-growing fungi Coprinus comatus, Flammulina velutipes, and Armillaria ostoyae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:243-251. [PMID: 35240938 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2046994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Edible medicinal wild-growing fungi Coprinus comatus, Flammulina velutipes, and Armillaria ostoyae were analyzed with regard to the contents of 21 elements in their fruiting bodies. The samples were collected from selected sites in South Bohemia, the Czech Republic. C. comatus concentrated Ag, Cd, Cu, Se, and Rb with bioconcentration factors of 12, 2.5, 2.3, 1.8, and 1.1, respectively. High contents (all values expressed in mg kg-1 dry matter) of Al (260), Ca (480), Cu (61), Fe (340), Mg (1400), and Zn (86) were determined for this species. F. velutipes was characterized with markedly high contents of Ca (360), Fe (110), Mg (1200), Mn (26), and Zn (98), respectively. A considerably high content of Ag (5.6) was revealed for A. ostoyae. High contents of Ca (150), Cu (28), Fe (190), Mg (1100), Mn (30), and Zn (40) were determined in fruiting bodies of this species as well. The data concerning the detrimental elements in fruiting bodies of studied fungi indicate no considerably negative effect on human health if they are consumed as a delicacy or used in alternative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondruška
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šíma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kobera
- Faculty of Education, Department of Mathematics, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Rokos
- Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Svoboda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Falandysz J. Nutritional and Other Trace Elements and Their Associations in Raw King Bolete Mushrooms, Boletus edulis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:417. [PMID: 35010677 PMCID: PMC8744723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and associations of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cs, Hg, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sr, Tl, U, V, W, and Zn, including data that have not been previously reported on Be, Hf, In, Li, Mo, Nb, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti and Zr, and the sum of (14) rare earth elements (ƩREE), were studied in a spatially diverse collection of the B. edulis caps, stipes, and whole fruiting bodies using a validated procedure with measurement by quadrupole ICP-MS. Toxic Cd and Pb were in B. edulis at concentrations below limits set by the European Union in regulations for raw cultivated mushrooms, while Ag, As, Hg, Sb, Tl, and U, which are not regulated, were at relatively low or typical levels as is usually found in mushrooms from an unpolluted area. The elements Be, Bi, Ga, Ge, Hf, In, Nb, Ta, Th, and W, and also ƩREEs, were found at relatively low concentrations in B. edulis, i.e., with levels from below 0.1 to below 0.01 mg kg-1 dw, and for Ʃ14 REEs, the median was 0.31 mg kg-1 dw. The composite samples of caps showed Ag, Cd, Cu, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hg, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sb, Ti, and Zn at higher concentrations than stipes, while Ba, Co, Hf, Sr, Tl, and Zr were found at higher concentrations in stipes than caps (p < 0.05). Mushrooms were characterized by a low coefficient of variation (CV) of below 20%, between sites for concentrations of As, Cu, Ge, Hg, Ni, V, and Zn, while substantial differences (CV > 100%) were found for Ba, Bi, Co, Hf, Zr, and ƩREEs, and an intermediate variation was found for Sr, W, and U. Principal component analysis performed on mushrooms allowed differentiation with respect to 13 collection sites and separation of a consignment that was specifically contaminated, possibly due to a legacy pollution, with significantly higher levels of Ba, Co, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Sr, Th, Ti, Y, Zr, and ƩREEs, and another due to possible recent pollution (Pb-gasoline and also Ni); two due to geological contamination because of the Bi, In, Sc, Sb, Sn, Ta, V and W; and one more, the Sudety Mts. site, which was considered as "geogenic/anthropogenic" due to Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cs, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, and U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
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12
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Ivanić M, Furdek Turk M, Tkalčec Z, Fiket Ž, Mešić A. Distribution and Origin of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Wild Edible Mushrooms: Urban vs. Forest Areas. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121068. [PMID: 34947050 PMCID: PMC8706631 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the composition of major, trace, and rare earth elements in 15 different species of wild edible mushrooms and the possible effect of urban pollution on elemental uptake. The collected mushrooms include different species from the green areas of the city, exposed to urban pollution, and from the forests, with limited anthropogenic influence. Through a comprehensive approach that included the analysis of 46 elements, an attempt was made to expand knowledge about element uptake by mushroom fruiting bodies. The results showed a wide variability in the composition of mushrooms, suggesting a number of factors influencing their element uptake capacity. The data obtained do not indicate significant exposure to anthropogenic influences, regardless of sampling location. While major elements’ levels appear to be influenced more by species-specific affinities, this is not true for trace elements, whose levels presumably reflect the geochemical characteristics of the sampling site. However, the risk assessment showed that consumption of excessive amounts of the mushrooms studied, both from urban areas and from forests, may have adverse health effects.
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13
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Krejsa J, Šíma J, Kobera M, Šeda M, Svoboda L. Detrimental and essential elements in fruiting bodies of mushrooms with ecological relationship to birch (Betula sp.) collected in the Bohemian Forest, the Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67852-67862. [PMID: 34268685 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four macrofungi species with ecological relationship to birch (Betula sp.) were analyzed with regard to the content of 21 detrimental and essential elements in their fruiting bodies. Two of the species (Leccinum scabrum and Leccinum versipelle) were mycorrhizal forming edible fruiting bodies while the others (Fomitopsis betulina and Inonotus obliquus) parasitic used in alternative medicine. The samples were collected near the town of Vimperk in the Bohemian Forest, the Czech Republic. L. scabrum accumulated Ag, Rb, Cd, Cs, Se, Cu, and Zn with bioconcentration factors of 22, 5.5, 4.7, 3.2, 2.0, 1.7, and 1.4, respectively. Similar trend in bioconcentration was revealed for L. versipelle with bioconcentration factors of 28, 5.2, 2.4, 1.9, 1.6, and 1.6 determined for Ag, Rb, Cu, Se, Zn, and Cd, respectively. Considerably high contents of Ca (400 ± 190 mg kg-1 dry matter), Fe (110 ± 30), Mg (1100 ± 300), and Zn (220 ± 90) were found in F. betulina. Similarly, high contents of Ca (1000 ± 700 mg kg-1 dry matter), Fe (110 ± 30), Mg (2000 ± 1100), Mn (410 ± 270), Rb (160 ± 60), and Zn (140 ± 70) were determined for I. obliquus. The different lifestyles (mycorrhizal vs. parasitic) were reflected in 13 significant differences of element contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Krejsa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šíma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kobera
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Jeronýmova 10, CZ-37115, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Svoboda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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14
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Falandysz J, Treu R, Meloni D. Distribution and bioconcentration of some elements in the edible mushroom Leccinum scabrum from locations in Poland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:396-414. [PMID: 33691593 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1892433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The element concentrations in the fruitbodies of Leccinum scabrum from two forested upland sites and one lowland site of different geochemical background were compared to topsoil concentrations. The aim of the study was to establish baseline concentration datasets, gain insight into the species' bioconcentration potential and to assess the impact of anthropogenic factors. The validated methods for analysis include inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Bioinclusion (bioconcentration factor > 1) by L. scabrum was observed for the elements Ag, Cd, Cu, K, Hg, Mn, Na, Mg, P, Rb, and Zn. In contrast, the elements Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Ni, and Sr as well as the toxic Pb were bioexcluded. Among these elements, the toxic elements Cd and Pb are noteworthy regarding the aspect of human mushroom consumption. The medians of Cd in caps of L. scabrum from the upland sites were in the range of 5.6-6.6 mg kg-1 dm, with a maximum in an individual sample of 14 mg kg-1 dm, which is in the range of concentrations reported previously for polluted soils. Lead concentrations were much lower, with medians in the range of 0.79-1.3 mg kg-1 dm in caps and 0.48-0.59 mg kg-1 dm in stipes. Mineral contents of L. scabrum appear to be the result of a complex interaction of a species' characteristic physiology with local mineral soil geochemistry and with anthropogenic pollution factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Roland Treu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniela Meloni
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and the Aosta Valley, Torino, Italy
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15
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Yue J, Li Z, Zuo Z, Liao Y, Huang H, Wang Y. Geographical traceability and multielement analysis of edible and medicinal fungi: Taking Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden and Gilb. as an example. J Food Sci 2021; 86:770-778. [PMID: 33586786 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Different geographical environment has a certain influence on the accumulation of fungi elements and chemical components. However, our knowledge is limited to elucidate the fungi elements in response to heterogeneous environmental and the quality differences among different habitats. Here, multielement analysis, FTIR spectrum, and feature-level fusion technique combined with chemometrics were used to study Wolfiporia cocos from different geographical areas, different sampling sites and different altitude sources. From the results, (1) there is significant difference in element content of samples from different sampling sites and no positive correlation with geographical ranges. (2) There is a correlation between elevation and elements, and relatively low elevation (<1,800 m) is conducive to the enrichment of elements. (3) From the perspective of elements, the W. cocos in Yuxi have relatively better quality. (4) FTIR and feature-level models can well realize origin identification. The SVM models are better than the PLS-DA models, and the feature-level model is better than the single FTIR models. In summary, this study demonstrated that the developed method was reliable and could realize the genuineness evaluation and origin identification of W. cocos. The results have implications for the establishment of the technology system of geographical traceability and the development of high-quality geographical indication products of W. cocos.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaQi Yue
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.,Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - ZhiMin Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - ZhiTian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - YiJun Liao
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - HengYu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - YuanZhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
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16
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Gałgowska M, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Mineral Composition of Three Popular Wild Mushrooms from Poland. Molecules 2020; 25:E3588. [PMID: 32781786 PMCID: PMC7463485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The region of Warmia and Mazury is characterized by the special diversity and richness of its natural environment, including large forest complexes, where wild mushrooms are commonly collected and consumed. This study aimed to examine the differences in mineral content (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese) of three species of mushrooms collected in north-eastern Poland. The research material consisted of dried samples of king bolete (Boletus edulis), bay bolete (Boletus badius), and chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) collected in the region of Warmia and Mazury. The content of the above-mentioned elements in mushroom fruit bodies was determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry (acetylene-air flame) and the emission technique (acetylene-air flame) for sodium and potassium. For the majority of micro- and macroelements, the studies confirmed the presence of significant differences in their content, depending on the species of fungi. The studied mushrooms cover a significant percentage of daily demand for many of the minerals. This concerns mainly copper, zinc, and potassium, although none of the species was a good source of calcium and sodium. Among the analyzed mushrooms, chanterelle is the best source of most minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Gałgowska
- Department of Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq, 10719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko
- Department of Commodities and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
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17
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Mędyk M, Treu R, Falandysz J. Accumulation of Minerals by
Leccinum scabrum
from Two Large Forested Areas in Central Europe: Notecka Wilderness and Tuchola Forest (Pinewoods). Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000264. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mędyk
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 63 Wita Stwosza Str. 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Roland Treu
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyAthabasca University 1 University Drive Athabasca AB T9S 3A3 Canada
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 63 Wita Stwosza Str. 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
- University of CartagenaEnvironmental and Computational Chemistry GroupSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus 130015 Cartagena Colombia
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18
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Sarikurkcu C, Akata I, Guven G, Tepe B. Metal concentration and health risk assessment of wild mushrooms collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26419-26441. [PMID: 32363460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are rich sources of organic nutrients (especially proteins). However, they can excessively accumulate metals in their fruiting bodies that pose a risk to human health. The aim of this study was the determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents, daily intake, and health risk index values of some mushroom species collected from the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey (Arsin, Trabzon). The samples were collected from hazelnut gardens that are free from industrial pollution and have a low population density. As a result of elemental analysis, it was determined that the concentration ranges of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the mushrooms were as follows: 0.29-9.11, 0.04-3.70, 0.01-8.29, 0.18-20.82, 3.1-79.8, 5.2-673.0, 14.9-752.0, 63.0-7769.0 mg/kg dry weight. Daily intakes of all the elements were found to be below the reference dose in Fistulina hepatica, Hydnum repandum, Macrolepiota procera, and Tapinella atrotomentosa. Amanita caesarea, Agrocybe praecox, Amanita vaginata, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Daedalea quercina, Gymnopus dryophilus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Infundibulicybe gibba were found to have high risk index values especially with respect to Cd, Co, and Pb. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the correlations between Fe-Mn (0.840, p < 0.01) and Pb-Ni (0.7540, p < 0.01) couples are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Guven
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Chemistry, Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Bektas Tepe
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, 79000, Kilis, Turkey
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19
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Elemental bioaccumulation and nutritional value of five species of wild growing mushrooms from South Africa. Food Chem 2020; 319:126596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Saba M, Falandysz J, Loganathan B. Accumulation Pattern of Inorganic Elements in Scaly Tooth Mushroom (Sarcodon imbricatus) from Northern Poland. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000167. [PMID: 32233068 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have documented contamination levels and daily intake of metallic elements from foodstuffs including rice, maize, pulses, vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, egg, milk etc., however, limited literature is available on metal contamination levels in wild growing mushrooms and possible human exposure via consumption of it. Sarcodon imbricatus is an edible mushroom, commonly consumed in many parts of the world. Very few studies have been conducted on inorganic elemental composition in fruiting bodies (edible part) of this fungus. In this study, elements such as silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co,) chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), phosphorous (P), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn) were measured in caps and stems of fruiting bodies of S. imbricatus collected from the Wdzydze forests in Central and the Augustowska Primeval forest in Eastern Poland. Results revealed that a wide variation in concentrations of various metals in caps and stems samples collected from the two forests. Toxic metallic elements such as Cd and Hg showed preferential accumulation in caps than stems samples from both the forests. However, the concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb in the mushroom samples were below the established weekly intake tolerance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Saba
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.,Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Bommanna Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA
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21
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Nutritional and mineral composition of four wild edible mushrooms from Jammu and Kashmir, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42360-020-00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Šíma J, Kobera M, Šeda M, Rokos L, Vondruška J, Krejsa J, Svoboda L. The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:319-328. [PMID: 31793393 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1696618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016-2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1 mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šíma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kobera
- Faculty of Education, Department of Mathematics, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Rokos
- Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondruška
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Krejsa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Svoboda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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23
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Falandysz J, Mędyk M, Treu R. Bio-concentration potential and associations of heavy metals in Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. from northern regions of Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25190-25206. [PMID: 29943250 PMCID: PMC6133115 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting bodies of Amanita muscaria and topsoil beneath from six background areas in northern regions of Poland were investigated for the concentration levels of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sr, and Zn. In addition, the bioconcentration factors (BCF values) were studied for each of these metallic elements. Similar to studies from other basidiomycetes, A. muscaria showed species-specific affinities to some elements, resulting in their bioconcentration in mycelium and fruiting bodies. This mushroom growing in soils with different levels of the geogenic metallic elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sr, and Zn) showed signs of homeostatic accumulation in fruiting bodies of several of these elements, while Cd appeared to be accumulated at a rate dependent of the concentration level in the soil substrate. This species is an efficient bio-concentrator of K, Mg, Cd, Cu, Hg, Rb, and Zn and hence also contributes to the natural cycling of these metallic elements in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Mędyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roland Treu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, AB, T9S 3A3, Canada
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24
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Alaimo MG, Dongarrà G, La Rosa A, Tamburo E, Vasquez G, Varrica D. Major and trace elements in Boletus aereus and Clitopilus prunulus growing on volcanic and sedimentary soils of Sicily (Italy). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:182-190. [PMID: 29621710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine and compare the content of 28 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn) in fruiting bodies of Boletus aereus Bull. and Clitopilus prunulus P. Kumm collected from eleven unpolluted sites of Sicily (Italy) and, also to relate the abundance of chemical elements in soil with their concentration in mushrooms. Median concentrations of the most abundant elements in Boletus aereus ranged from 31,290 μg/g (K) to 107 μg/g (Zn) in caps and from 24,009 μg/g (K) to 57 μg/g (Zn) in stalks with the following abundance order: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Fe > Al > Rb > Zn. The same elements, in the whole fruiting body of Clitopilus prunulus samples, varied in the range 54,073-92 μg/g following the abundance order: K > Na > Mg > Ca > Fe > Al > Rb > Zn. Metal contents in Boletus aereus and in the whole fruiting body of Clitopilus prunulus, collected from the same sampling sites, showed statistically significant differences for most elements. In particular, Clitopilus prunulus contained around two to four times more Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mo, Pb, U and V than caps and stalks of Boletus aereus species which, in turn, was from two to four times more enriched in Cu, Se and Tl. Thus, the elemental content of Boletus aereus and Clitopilus prunulus appeared to be species-dependent. The distribution of chemical elements in Boletus aereus was not uniform throughout the whole fruiting body as most elements were significantly bioconcentrated in caps. Furthermore, the fruit bodies of Boletus aereus from the volcanic soil differed both in major and minor elements concentrations from those collected from sedimentary soils. Cadmium and lead concentrations were below the threshold limits for wild mushrooms proposed by EU Directives (2008 and 2015). The elemental content was not significantly influenced by soil pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Alaimo
- Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare, via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Dongarrà
- Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare, via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - A La Rosa
- Cooperativa Silene, Via D'Ondes Reggio 8/A, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - E Tamburo
- Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare, via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Vasquez
- Associazione Micologica Bresadola (AMB) Catania, via Macallè 18, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - D Varrica
- Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare, via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Su J, Zhang J, Li J, Li T, Liu H, Wang Y. Determination of mineral contents of wild Boletus edulis mushroom and its edible safety assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:454-463. [PMID: 29624491 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1455361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the contents of main mineral elements of wild Boletus edulis and to assess its edible safety, which may provide scientific evidence for the utilization of this species. Fourteen mineral contents (Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr, V and Zn) in the caps and stipes of B. edulis as well as the corresponding surface soils collected from nine different geographic regions in Yunnan Province, southwest China were determined. The analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) after microwave digestion. Measurement data were analyzed using variance and Pearson correlation analysis. Edible safety was evaluated according to the provisionally tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of heavy metals recommended by United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Mineral contents were significantly different with the variance of collection areas. B. edulis showed relative abundant contents of Ca, Fe, Mg and Na, followed by Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn, and the elements with the lower content less were Cd, Co, Ni, Sr and V. The elements accumulation differed significantly in caps and stipes. Among them, Cd and Zn were bioconcentrated (BCF > 1) while others were bioexcluded (BCF < 1). The mineral contents in B. edulis and its surface soil were positively related, indicating that the elements accumulation level was related to soil background. In addition, from the perspective of food safety, if an adult (60 kg) eats 300 g fresh B. edulis per week, the intake of Cd in most of tested mushrooms were lower than PTWI value whereas the Cd intakes in some other samples were higher than this standard. The results indicated that the main mineral contents in B. edulis were significantly different with respect to geographical distribution, and the Cd intake in a few of regions was higher than the acceptable intakes with a potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyan Su
- a College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , China
- b Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Ji Zhang
- b Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
- c Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica , Kunming , China
| | - Jieqing Li
- a College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , China
| | - Tao Li
- d College of Resources and Environment, Yuxi Normal University , Yuxi , China
| | - Honggao Liu
- a College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- b Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
- c Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica , Kunming , China
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26
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Leaching of arsenic and sixteen metallic elements from Amanita fulva mushrooms after food processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Drewnowska M, Hanć A, Barałkiewicz D, Falandysz J. Pickling of chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius mushrooms highly reduce cadmium contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21733-21738. [PMID: 28766143 PMCID: PMC5591812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are considered as potential bio-remediation agents in soil polluted with heavy metals, while many species which efficiently accumulate them in flesh are edible. Question is if there is any possible culinary use of edible mushrooms with high heavy metal contents? This study aimed to investigate and discuss a fate of cadmium (Cd) in common household-treated fruitbodies of common chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius. The samples of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. were collected from five spatially distanced sites in Poland in 2011-2012. We examined from 267 to 358 fruiting bodies per collection, and in total 1565 fruiting bodies were used. Cadmium in fungal materials from all treatments and processes (mushrooms dried, deep frozen, blanched and pickled) was determined using validated methods by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell. Blanching of fresh chanterelles caused decrease of Cd by around 11 ± 7 to 36 ± 7%, while blanching of deep-frozen mushrooms by around 40 ± 6%. A rate of Cd decrease in chanterelles was similar when the fruiting bodies were blanched for 5 or 15 min and when used was potable or deionized water. Pickling of blanched chanterelles with a diluted vinegar marinade had a pronounced effect on further removal of Cd. Blanched chanterelles when pickled lost an extra 37-71% of Cd. Total leaching rate of Cd from fresh or deep-frozen fruitbodies of chanterelle when blanched and further pickled was between 77 ± 7 and 91 ± 4%. Blanching and pickling highly decreased content of Cd in C. cibarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Drewnowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Laboratory of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, PL, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Laboratory of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, PL, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Falandysz J, Sapkota A, Dryżałowska A, Mędyk M, Feng X. Analysis of some metallic elements and metalloids composition and relationships in parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15528-15537. [PMID: 28516351 PMCID: PMC5487902 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterise the multi-elemental composition and associations between a group of 32 elements and 16 rare earth elements collected by mycelium from growing substrates and accumulated in fruiting bodies of Macrolepiota procera from 16 sites from the lowland areas of Poland. The elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using validated method. The correlation matrix obtained from a possible 48 × 16 data matrix has been used to examine if any association exits between 48 elements in mushrooms foraged from 16 sampling localizations by multivariate approach using principal component (PC) analysis. The model could explain up to 93% variability by eight factors for which an eigenvalue value was ≥1. Absolute values of the correlation coefficient were above 0.72 (significance at p < 0.05) for 43 elements. From a point of view by consumer, the absolute content of Cd, Hg, Pb in caps of M. procera collected from background (unpolluted) areas could be considered elevated while sporadic/occasional ingestion of this mushroom is considered safe. The multivariate functional analysis revealed on associated accumulation of many elements in this mushroom. M. procera seem to possess some features of a bio-indicative species for anthropogenic Pb but also for some geogenic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Atindra Sapkota
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Anna Dryżałowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mędyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
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Falandysz J, Drewnowska M, Chudzińska M, Barałkiewicz D. Accumulation and distribution of metallic elements and metalloids in edible Amanita fulva mushrooms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 137:265-271. [PMID: 27984821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Baseline concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tl, V, U and Zn were presented in Amanita fulva collected from unpolluted areas in Poland. There is no previous data published on the bio-element constituents of A. fulva. A very narrow range of values was determined by ICP-DRC-MS and ICP-AES for the trace elements Ag, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Rb, Sr, Tl and Zn in caps and of Ag, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sr, U and Zn in stipes and also for the macro elements K, P, Na and Mg. The fruitbodies of A. fulva from the northern (Baltic Sea coastal forests) and southwestern (Lower Silesia forests) sites differed substantially in cadmium, lead and uranium, and those from the Lower Silesia region showed them in greater concentrations. This observation may imply that A. fulva under typical geochemical site conditions is able to regulate the accumulation of many of the elements mentioned in fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Drewnowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria Chudzińska
- Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, PL 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, PL 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Khani R, Moudi M, Khojeh V. Contamination level, distribution and health risk assessment of heavy and toxic metallic and metalloid elements in a cultivated mushroom Pleurotus florida (Mont.) singer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4699-4708. [PMID: 27975202 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There are great concentrations of toxic metallic and metalloid elements such as lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium or silver in many species of mushrooms comparative to other fruits and vegetables. In this study, contamination with heavy and toxic metallic and metalloid elements in the cultivated mushroom of (Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer) is investigated. P. florida was cultivated on different substrates; wheat straw (as blank), wheat straw + pine cone, wheat straw + soybean straw and wheat straw + urea and the effects of these substrates on contamination levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of essential elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the target mushroom are at the typical levels. The estimated daily intakes of studied metallic and metalloid elements were below their oral reference dosage mentioned by the international regulatory bodies. Health risk index (HRI) was calculated to evaluate the consumer's health risk assessment from the metal intake that contaminated in the cultivated mushroom of P. florida on the different nutrient sources. In this study, the individual HRIs were less than 1, which indicates insignificant potential health risk associated with the consumption of target mushroom from the studied substrates. Based on the HRIs values among the toxic metallic and metalloid elements, As in the target mushroom in the substrate of the wheat straw + pine cone is the main sources of risk, and it may cause severe health problems. Thus, this study suggests that the concentrations of heavy and toxic elements should be periodically monitored in cultivated mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Khani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97179-414, Iran.
| | - Maryam Moudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97179-414, Iran
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