The influence of cosolvent and heat on the solubility and reactivity of organophosphorous pesticide DNAPL alkaline hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of Amisulbrom in Buffer Solutions and Natural Water Samples: Kinetics and Products Identification

In this study, the hydrolysis of amisulbrom in buffer solutions and natural water samples were investigated. Effects of pH and temperature were tested in buffer solutions. Amisulbrom was stable in acidic and neutral aqueous solutions at 25°C, while quickly hydrolyzed with a half-life of 4.5 days (25°C) at pH 9.0. The kinetics rate equation was determined as k = 1.0234 × 10¹⁰ exp (-61.3760/R·T) (R² = 0.9642) for hydrolysis of amisulbrom at pH 9.0. The pH, ionic strength, and solubility were important factors influencing the hydrolysis of amisulbrom in natural water samples. Furthermore, three hydrolysis products were separated and identified in buffer solution (pH 9.0) and natural water samples. A tentative transformation mechanism of amisulbrom was proposed to rationalize the formation of HPs (hydrolysis products) based on their structural identification, DFT (density functional theory), and hydrolysis profiles. Toxicity prediction using the quantitative structure-activity relationship model revealed that the HP-I, and HP-II were more toxic than the parent amisulbrom. This investigation was the first to evaluate the behavior of amisulbrom hydrolysis in aquatic systems.

Carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis of parathion for characterizing its natural attenuation by hydrolysis at a contaminated site

The applicability of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for assessing in situ hydrolysis of parathion was investigated in a contaminated aquifer at a former pesticide wastes landfill site. Stable isotope analysis of parathion extracted from groundwater taken from different monitoring wells revealed a maximum enrichment in carbon isotope ratio of +4.9‰ compared to the source of parathion, providing evidence that in situ hydrolysis took place. Calculations based on the Rayleigh-equation approach indicated that the natural attenuation of parathion was up to 8.6% by hydrolysis under neutral and acidic conditions. In degradation experiments with aerobic and anaerobic parathion-degrading microbes, no carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation of parathion were observed. For the first time, CSIA has been applied for the exclusive assessment of the hydrolysis of phosphorothioate-containing organophosphorus pesticides at a contaminated field site.

Coupled Monte Carlo simulation and Copula theory for uncertainty analysis of multiphase flow simulation models

Simulation-optimization techniques are effective in identifying an optimal remediation strategy. Simulation models with uncertainty, primarily in the form of parameter uncertainty with different degrees of correlation, influence the reliability of the optimal remediation strategy. In this study, a coupled Monte Carlo simulation and Copula theory is proposed for uncertainty analysis of a simulation model when parameters are correlated. Using the self-adaptive weight particle swarm optimization Kriging method, a surrogate model was constructed to replace the simulation model and reduce the computational burden and time consumption resulting from repeated and multiple Monte Carlo simulations. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were employed to identify whether the t Copula function or the Gaussian Copula is the optimal Copula function to match the relevant structure of the parameters. The results show that both the AIC and BIC values of the t Copula function are less than those of the Gaussian Copula function. This indicates that the t Copula function is the optimal function for matching the relevant structure of the parameters. The outputs of the simulation model when parameter correlation was considered and when it was ignored were compared. The results show that the amplitude of the fluctuation interval when parameter correlation was considered is less than the corresponding amplitude when parameter estimation was ignored. Moreover, it was demonstrated that considering the correlation among parameters is essential for uncertainty analysis of a simulation model, and the results of uncertainty analysis should be incorporated into the remediation strategy optimization process.