1
|
Zhang X, Tang X, Yang Y, Tong X, Hu H, Zhang X. Tributyl phosphate can inhibit the feeding behavior of rotifers by altering the axoneme structure, neuronal coordination and energy supply required for motile cilia. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132224. [PMID: 37557041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently detected in aquatic environments and can potentially amplify the food chain, posing a potential risk to organisms. Marine invertebrates have primitive nervous systems to regulate behavior, but how they respond to OPFRs that are potentially neurotoxic substances is unclear. This study assessed changes in the feeding behavior of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis exposed to alkyl OPFRs tributyl phosphate (TnBP) (0.376 nM, 3.76 and 22.53 µM) to elucidate the mechanism of behavioral toxicity. TnBP at 22.53 μM reduced the ingestion and filtration rates of rotifers for Chlorella vulgaris and Phaeocystis globosa in a 24-h test and altered rotifer-P. globosa population dynamics in 15-d coculture. Ciliary beat frequency was also reduced, and the expression of genes encoding the cilia axoneme was downregulated. TnBP could inhibit rotifer acetylcholinesterase activity by binding this protein and reduce the expression of the exocytotic membrane protein syntaxin-4, suggesting a disorder in nervous regulation of cilia beat. Moreover, TnBP induced abnormal shape and dysfunction of mitochondria, which caused insufficient energy required for ciliary movement. This study revealed diverse neurotoxicity mechanisms of TnBP, particularly as a potentially competing acetylcholinesterase ligand for aquatic invertebrates. Our research also provides a meaningful reference for OPFR-induced behavioral toxicity assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hanwen Hu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lao JY, Xu S, Zhang K, Lin H, Cao Y, Wu R, Tao D, Ruan Y, Yee Leung KM, Lam PKS. New Perspective to Understand and Prioritize the Ecological Impacts of Organophosphate Esters and Transformation Products in Urban Stormwater and Sewage Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11656-11665. [PMID: 37503546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their prevalence in urban contaminated water, the driving factors of organophosphate esters (OPEs) need to be well examined, and their related ecological impacts should include that of their transformation products (TPs). Additionally, a robust framework needs to be developed to integrate multiple variables related to ecological impacts for improving the ecological health assessment. Therefore, OPEs and TPs in urban stormwater and wastewater in Hong Kong were analyzed to fill these gaps. The results revealed that the total concentrations of OPEs in stormwater were positively correlated with the area of transportation land. Individual TP concentrations and the mass ratios of individual TPs/OPEs were somewhat higher in sewage effluents than that in stormwater. OPEs generally showed relatively higher risk quotients than TPs; however, the total risk quotients increased by approximately 38% when TPs were factored in. Moreover, the molecular docking results suggested that the investigated TPs might cause similar endocrine disruption in marine organisms as their parent OPEs. This study employed the Toxicological-Priority-Index scheme to successfully integrate the ecological risks and endocrine-disrupting effects to refine the ecological health assessment of the exposure to OPEs and their TPs, which can better inform the authority on the prioritization for regulating these contaminants of emerging concern in urban built environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao; Macao Environmental Research Institute, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lao JY, Wu R, Cui Y, Zhou S, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Wu J, Zeng EY, Lam PKS. Significant input of organophosphate esters through particle-mediated transport into the Pearl River Estuary, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129486. [PMID: 35809364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most organophosphate esters (OPEs) enter the marine environment through atmospheric deposition and surface runoff, yet the role of particle-mediated transport in their inputs and loss processes remains poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, samples of size-segregated atmospheric particles, suspended particulate matter (SPM) in seawater, and sediments in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were collected and analyzed for OPEs. Total concentrations of atmospheric particulate OPEs showed a decreasing trend with increasing offshore distance in the PRE. The spatial and vertical distribution patterns of OPEs in SPM were diverse, which could be largely affected by physicochemical properties of SPM, marine microbial activities, hydrodynamic conditions, and environmental factors. Sediment in the region close to Modaomen outlet was subject to relatively high OPE concentrations. Approximately 24,100 and 65,100 g d-1 of particulate OPEs were imported into the PRE through atmospheric deposition and surface runoff, respectively; 83,200 g d-1 of which were exported to the open sea. The input and environmental fate of particulate OPEs were found to be dependent on sources, particulate media, and chemical species. The present study provides insights into the influence of OPEs in the PRE through particle-mediated transport and calls for more concern on anthropogenic impact on the estuary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongsheng Cui
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Liu P, Li M. Tri-n-butyl phosphate induced earthworm intestinal damage by influencing nutrient absorption and energy homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122850. [PMID: 32768812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) is a typical alkyl organophosphate ester that has been used for decades in various products. However, toxicity on terrestrial organisms induced by TnBP has been rarely reported though soil is a predominant sink for hydrophobic organic compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the TnBP-induced intestinal toxicity mechanism on earthworm Eisenia fetida as well as the potential role of gut bacteria on host's health. TnBP was found to have high bioconcentrations in earthworm intestinal tract. Digestive tract degradation and digestive enzyme activities disruption associated with nutrients absorption were noticed. Using multi-omics approaches, detailed intestinal toxic mechanism of earthworms under TnBP exposure was provided. Tight junctions between small intestinal epithelial cells and osmotic equilibrium were destroyed under 10 mg/kg TnBP, leading to nutrient absorption disturbance. To satisfy the excessive energy requirements induced by TnBP, amino acids gluconeogenesis and protein degradation were detected. Moreover, TnBP significantly decreased the diversity of gut microbiota and changed their structure and function involved in hosts' health and nutrients supply. Overall, this study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of intestinal toxicity by which earthworms respond to TnBP exposure and offer important information for risk assessment of organophosphate esters on soil ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Q, Tang X, Jian X, Yang Y, Ma W, Wang Y, Zhang X. Toxic effect and mechanism of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) on the marine alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126467. [PMID: 32222518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphate-based plasticizer and flame retardant with a high production volume. The ubiquitous distribution and persistence of TDCPP in aquatic environment have led to concerns over its possible toxic effects on aquatic organism. However, data regarding the toxicity of TDCPP on algae are limited, and the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, we determined the growth characteristics, physiological changes and transcriptome profiles of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to 4 mg L-1 TDCPP for 24 h. TDCPP caused morphological damage and growth inhibition with an EC50 value of 3.71 mg L-1 at 96 h. A decline in pigments and photosynthetic activity was observed, indicating the occurrence of photosynthesis inhibition. Although the activities of both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were stimulated, oxidative stress was not relieved in the algal cells, as evidenced by the elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed 3312 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and photosynthesis was a key target, as genes related to this process were greatly altered under TDCPP stress. Moreover, some DEGs were also enriched in amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism, implying that TDCPP-induced damage towards algae by various pathways. Additionally, several TFs related to stress signaling were differentially expressed, suggesting roles in the TDCPP stress response. The results will provide critical data to understand the ecological risks and toxic mechanism of OPFRs entering into marine habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jian
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Fushun Road 22, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenqian Ma
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan S, Wang Q, Yang L, Zha J. Comparison of the Toxicity Effects of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) with Tributyl Phosphate (TNBP) Reveals the Mechanism of the Apoptosis Pathway in Asian Freshwater Clams ( Corbicula fluminea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6850-6858. [PMID: 32379427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To compare the toxicities of a chlorinated and a nonchlorinated organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) in this study, adult calms (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) at 20, 200, and 2000 μg/L for 30 days. Toxicity screening using transcriptomics indicated that the apoptosis pathway was significantly affected in the groups exposed to 2000 μg/L TDCIPP and TNBP (p ≤ 0.05), and this finding was further confirmed by the protein interaction network. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay suggested that TDCIPP and TNBP can cause apoptosis. The significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in the activities of caspases 3 and 8 obtained with all treatments and in that of caspase 9 obtained with 2000 μg/L exposure treatments indicated the presence of mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent apoptosis. Interestingly, a noticeable dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was observed in all treatments, resulting in apoptosis. Therefore, our results demonstrate that TDCIPP and TNBP induce DNA damage and apoptosis in C. fluminea, which indicates that these chemicals pose an ecological risk to benthic organisms. Moreover, through a similar mechanism of action in apoptosis, TDCIPP induced more serious toxicity than TNBP, which indicated that chlorination or differences in structure-specific metabolism could be key factors influencing toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gallo A, Guida M, Armiento G, Siciliano A, Mormile N, Carraturo F, Pellegrini D, Morroni L, Tosti E, Ferrante MI, Montresor M, Molisso F, Sacchi M, Danovaro R, Lofrano G, Libralato G. Species-specific sensitivity of three microalgae to sediment elutriates. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 156:104901. [PMID: 32056796 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered good bioindicators of marine environmental quality. Frequently, they are used to investigate the toxicity of sediment elutriates, but their sensitivity is disputed. This paper compared the sensitivity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatom), Skeletonema costatum (diatom), and Dunaliella tertiolecta (green alga), analyzing 257 samples of elutriates (1:4 sediment: water ratio), considering growth inhibition (72 h) as the reference endpoint and sediment chemical (metals, metalloids and polyaromatic hydrocarbons) and grain size. Results of the toxicity tests showed that the microalgae sensitivity was not correlated. The integration of chemical data did not allow to discriminate toxicity effects but contributed to highlight that D. tertiolecta was the most sensitive microalgae (no cell wall) followed by P. tricornutum and S. costatum. Further analysis, including lines of evidence and weight of evidence approaches to calculate risk quotients of elutriate samples, confirmed these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - M Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - G Armiento
- ENEA, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Roma, Italy
| | - A Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - N Mormile
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - F Carraturo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - D Pellegrini
- ISPRA, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via del Cedro (c/o Dogana d'Acqua), 57122, Livorno, Italy
| | - L Morroni
- ISPRA, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via del Cedro (c/o Dogana d'Acqua), 57122, Livorno, Italy
| | - E Tosti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - M I Ferrante
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - M Montresor
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - F Molisso
- Istituto per le Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Calata Porta di Massa, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - M Sacchi
- Istituto per le Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Calata Porta di Massa, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - R Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Lofrano
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - G Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Q, Tang X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang X. ROS changes are responsible for tributyl phosphate (TBP)-induced toxicity in the alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:168-178. [PMID: 30677712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a newly emerging environmental contaminant, tributyl phosphate (TBP) is an additive flame retardant of high production volume that is frequently detected in biota and the environment. Despite evidence that TBP is a potential threat to marine organisms, ecotoxicology data for TBP in marine organisms at low trophic levels are scarce. In this study, the acute toxicological effect of TBP on the marine phytoplankton Phaeodactylum tricornutum was thoroughly investigated, and the possible mechanism was explored. The results showed that TBP at concentrations ≥0.2 mg L-1 significantly inhibited P. tricornutum growth in a clear dose-response manner, with 72-h EC10, EC20, EC50 and EC90 values of 0.067, 0.101, 0.219 and 0.716 mg L-1, respectively. Algal cells treated with TBP exhibited distorted shapes, ruptured cell membranes and damaged organelles, especially mitochondria. Additionally, apoptosis was triggered, followed by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that cellular damage occurred during exposure. Although the activities of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide peroxidase and catalase, were upregulated by TBP at 1.2 mg L-1, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde still accumulated in algal cells after exposure, suggesting that the cells experienced oxidative stress. Moreover, both growth inhibition and apoptosis were positively correlated with ROS levels and were ameliorated by pretreatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Taken together, the results indicate that TBP exposure leads to growth inhibition and cellular damage in P. tricornutum, and a ROS-mediated pathway might contribute to these observed toxicological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Yunchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang L, Huang X, Laserna AKC, Li SFY. Metabolism of tri-n-butyl phosphate in earthworm Perionyx excavatus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:389-395. [PMID: 29202417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) is widely used in various industrial processes and has been detected in all environmental matrices. So far, little work has been done regarding the metabolism of TBP on terrestrial invertebrates. We investigated the metabolism of TBP in the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus, after acute exposure to TBP for one and two days in filter paper contact test, as well as after chronic exposure for 28 days in soil experiment. Biotransformation products were identified by using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and by exploiting the information dependent acquisition in tandem mass spectrometry. TBP exhibited low accumulation in earthworm-soil ecosystem at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. The presence of earthworms significantly enhanced TBP degradation at 50 mg/kg in soil. Dibutyl phosphate and hydroxylated TBP were the major phase I metabolites. Three novel phase II metabolites were identified: ethanol dibutyl phosphate and its sulfate conjugate, and the phosphate conjugate of hydroxylated TBP. Hydroxylation and further phosphorylation dominated metabolism in chronic exposure. An extensive metabolic pathway of TBP in earthworm was proposed. This is the first report of TBP metabolism in terrestrial invertebrates and highlights the necessity to identify metabolites of contaminants when evaluating their bioaccumulation and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | - Xulei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | | | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building (TL), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yan S, Wu H, Qin J, Zha J, Wang Z. Halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardants caused oxidative stress and multixenobiotic resistance in Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:559-568. [PMID: 28318792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardants are widespread in aquatic environments. Although it has been documented that they affect the behavior and reproduction of aquatic species, researches investigating cellular detoxification and the defense system in bivalves are scarce. In this study, adult Asian clams (C. fluminea) were exposed to tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) at 20, 200, and 2000 μg/L for 28 d. The results showed no noticeable difference in siphoning behavior. However, the siphoning behavior displayed a trend toward a slight decrease in the treatment groups. GR activity was markedly reduced compared with the control groups, whereas the levels of cyp4 significantly increased following the 2000 μg/L TBP treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of gsts1 and gstm1 significantly decreased following all TBEP treatments and were significantly inhibited by 20 μg/L TBP (p < 0.05). The adverse effects on antioxidant enzymes suggested that C. fluminea mainly relies on the antioxidant system to reduce damage without an increase in MDA levels following exposure to a low concentration. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of heat shock proteins (hsp 22, 40, 60, 70, and 90) were significantly down-regulated with TBEP and TBP treatments lower than 200 μg/L (p < 0.05), whereas significant up-regulations were observed for hsp 22 and hsp 70 in response to 2000 μg/L TBP treatment (p < 0.05). Up-regulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes (abcb1 and abcc1) showed that TBEP and TBP could activate the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) system to discharge xenobiotics in C. fluminea, which kept its shell closed at high concentrations to prevent xenobiotic entry. Our results provide a new insight into the different mechanisms of cellular detoxification and the MXR system of C. fluminea in response to low and high concentrations of TBEP and TBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianhui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|